Importance of Human Breast Milk in the Early Colonization of Streptococcus mutans
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Alam, S.; Nibir, Y.M.; Tusty, T.A.; Bulbul, S.M.; Islam, M.; Hossain, M.S. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Streptococcus mutans strains isolated from patients with dental caries. Iran. J. Microbiol. 2021, 13, 449–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ravikumar, D.; Ramani, P.; Gayathri, R. Genotypic diversity of Streptococcus mutans in children with and without early childhood caries- A systematic review. J. Oral Biol. Craniofacial Res. 2021, 11, 308–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eckermann, H.A.; Meijer, J.; Cooijmans, K.; Lahti, L.; de Weerth, C. Daily skin-to-skin contact alters microbiota development in healthy full-term infants. Gut Microbes 2024, 16, 2295403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaan, A.M.; Kahharova, D.; Zaura, E. Acquisition and establishment of the oral microbiota. Periodontology 2000 2021, 86, 123–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xiao, J.; Fiscella, K.A.; Gill, S.R. Oral microbiome: Possible harbinger for children’s health. Int. J. Oral Sci. 2020, 12, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arishi, R.A.; Lai, C.T.; Geddes, D.T.; Stinson, L.F. Impact of breastfeeding and other early-life factors on the development of the oral microbiome. Front. Microbiol. 2023, 14, 1236601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Latifi-Xhemajli, B.; Rexhepi, A.; Veronneau, J.; Kutllovci, T.; Ahmeti, D.; Bajrami, S. Streptococcus Mutans Infections in Infants and Related Maternal and Child Factors. Acta Stomatol. Croat. 2021, 55, 308–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Uribe, S.E.; Innes, N.; Maldupa, I. The global prevalence of early childhood caries: A systematic review with meta-analysis using the WHO diagnostic criteria. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2021, 31, 817–830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Y.; Fang, J.; Yang, J.; Gao, X.; Dong, L.; Zheng, X.; Sun, L.; Xia, B.; Zhao, N.; Ma, Z.; et al. Streptococcus mutans-associated bacteria in dental plaque of severe early childhood caries. J. Oral Microbiol. 2022, 14, 2046309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holgerson, P.L.; Esberg, A.; Sjödin, A.; West, C.E.; Johansson, I. A longitudinal study of the development of the saliva microbiome in infants 2 days to 5 years compared to the microbiome in adolescents. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 9629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oba, P.M.; Holscher, H.D.; Mathai, R.A.; Kim, J.; Swanson, K.S. Diet Influences the Oral Microbiota of Infants during the First Six Months of Life. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- García-Quintana, A.; Frattaroli-Pericchi, A.; Feldman, S.; Luengo, J.; Acevedo, A.M. Initial oral microbiota and the impact of delivery mode and feeding practices in 0 to 2 month-old infants. Braz. Oral Res. 2023, 37, e078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Notarbartolo, V.; Giuffrè, M.; Montante, C.; Corsello, G.; Carta, M. Composition of Human Breast Milk Microbiota and Its Role in Children’s Health. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Nutr. 2022, 25, 194–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yi, D.Y.; Kim, S.Y. Human Breast Milk Composition and Function in Human Health: From Nutritional Components to Microbiome and MicroRNAs. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, S.Y.; Yi, D.Y. Components of human breast milk: From macronutrient to microbiome and microRNA. Clin. Exp. Pediatr. 2020, 63, 301–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allison, L.; Walker, L.; Sanders, B.; Yang, Z.; Eckert, G.; Gregory, R. Effect of Human Milk and its Components on Streptococcus Mutans Biofilm Formation. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent. 2015, 39, 255–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lunteren, A.W.v.M.-V.; Voortman, T.; Elfrink, M.E.; Wolvius, E.B.; Kragt, L. Breastfeeding and Childhood Dental Caries: Results from a Socially Diverse Birth Cohort Study. Caries Res. 2021, 55, 153–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, Y.J. Immunomodulatory Effects of Human Colostrum and Milk. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Nutr. 2021, 24, 337–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lokossou, G.A.G.; Kouakanou, L.; Schumacher, A.; Zenclussen, A.C. Human Breast Milk: From Food to Active Immune Response With Disease Protection in Infants and Mothers. Front. Immunol. 2022, 13, 849012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nizar, A.; Sheikh, M.; Khan, F.R.; Iqbal, N.T.; Azam, S.I.; Qureshi, S.; Ali, A.; Jehan, F. Streptococcus mutans carriage in the saliva of mothers and its association with dental caries and Streptococcus mutans carriage in the saliva of children between 6 and 30 months old in a low-income setting in Karachi, Pakistan. Clin. Exp. Dent. Res. 2022, 8, 1523–1532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Butler, C.A.; Adams, G.G.; Blum, J.; Byrne, S.J.; Carpenter, L.; Gussy, M.G.; Calache, H.; Catmull, D.V.; Reynolds, E.C.; Dashper, S.G. Breastmilk influences development and composition of the oral microbiome. J. Oral Microbiol. 2022, 14, 2096287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Acharya, P.; Khanal, V. The effect of mother’s educational status on early initiation of breastfeeding: Further analysis of three consecutive Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys. BMC Public Health 2015, 15, 1069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Variable | n (%) |
---|---|
Sex | |
Female | 16 (53.3) |
Male | 14 (46.7) |
Type of feeding | |
Breastfeeding | 11 (36.7) |
Formula feeding | 7 (23.3) |
Mixed feeding | 12 (40.0) |
Presence of infections | |
No | 27 (90.0) |
Yes | 3 (10.0) |
Medications taken previous month | |
No | 17 (56.7) |
Anti-inflammatory | 1 (3.3) |
Antibiotic | 3 (10.0) |
Other | 9 (30.0) |
Personal medical history | |
No | 28 (93.3) |
Yes | 2(6.7) |
Birth weight | |
Low weight | 3 (10) |
Proper weight | 24 (80) |
High weigth | 3 (10) |
Complications at birth | |
No | 24 (80) |
Yes | 6 (20) |
Gestation weeks | |
Preterm | 3 (10) |
Full Term | 26 (86.7) |
Postterm | 1 (3.3) |
Type of delivery | |
Natural Birth | 13 (43.3) |
Cesarean | 17 (56.7) |
Mother’s academic degree | |
Elementary School | 1 (3.3) |
High School | 2 (6.7) |
Bachelor’s Degree | 25 (83.2) |
Postgraduate | 2 (6.7) |
Oral hygiene | |
No | 27 (90) |
Yes | 3 (10) |
Colony-forming units | |
Breastfeeding | 9 × 10/mL (5 × 10 CFU/mL–53 × 10 CFU/mL) |
Formula feeding | 78 × 10 CFU/mL (6 × 10 CFU/mL–286 × 10 CFU/mL) |
Mixed feeding | 21 × 10 CFU/mL (2 × 10 CFU/mL–106 × 10 CFU/mL) |
Variable | Breastfeeding | Formula Feeding | Mixed Feeding | p (X2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | 6 | 3 | 5 | 0.804 |
Female | 5 | 4 | 7 | |
Previous month’s medications | ||||
Yes | 6 | 2 | 5 | 0.549 |
No | 5 | 5 | 7 | |
Personal medical history | ||||
Yes | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.157 |
No | 9 | 7 | 12 | |
Birth weight | ||||
Low | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0.133 |
Proper | 8 | 6 | 10 | |
High | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Birth complications | ||||
Yes | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.808 |
No | 9 | 5 | 10 | |
Gestation week | ||||
Preterm | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.472 |
Full Term | 9 | 6 | 11 | |
Postterm | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Type of delivery | ||||
Vaginal | 4 | 4 | 5 | 0.679 |
Cesarean | 7 | 3 | 7 | |
Mother’s academic degree | ||||
Elementary school | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.074 |
High school | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
Bachelor’s Degree | 10 | 5 | 10 | |
Postgraduate | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
Oral hygiene | ||||
Yes | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0.004 |
No | 11 | 4 | 12 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Córdova-Carrillo, K.; De la Peña-Lobato, C.; Cuevas-González, M.V.; Cuevas-González, J.C.; Espinosa-Cristóbal, L.F.; Tovar-Carrillo, K.L.; Saucedo-Acuña, R.A.; Zambrano-Galván, G.; Reyes-López, S.Y. Importance of Human Breast Milk in the Early Colonization of Streptococcus mutans. Medicina 2024, 60, 1308. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081308
Córdova-Carrillo K, De la Peña-Lobato C, Cuevas-González MV, Cuevas-González JC, Espinosa-Cristóbal LF, Tovar-Carrillo KL, Saucedo-Acuña RA, Zambrano-Galván G, Reyes-López SY. Importance of Human Breast Milk in the Early Colonization of Streptococcus mutans. Medicina. 2024; 60(8):1308. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081308
Chicago/Turabian StyleCórdova-Carrillo, Karina, Cristina De la Peña-Lobato, María Verónica Cuevas-González, Juan Carlos Cuevas-González, León Francisco Espinosa-Cristóbal, Karla Lizette Tovar-Carrillo, Rosa Alicia Saucedo-Acuña, Graciela Zambrano-Galván, and Simón Yobanny Reyes-López. 2024. "Importance of Human Breast Milk in the Early Colonization of Streptococcus mutans" Medicina 60, no. 8: 1308. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081308
APA StyleCórdova-Carrillo, K., De la Peña-Lobato, C., Cuevas-González, M. V., Cuevas-González, J. C., Espinosa-Cristóbal, L. F., Tovar-Carrillo, K. L., Saucedo-Acuña, R. A., Zambrano-Galván, G., & Reyes-López, S. Y. (2024). Importance of Human Breast Milk in the Early Colonization of Streptococcus mutans. Medicina, 60(8), 1308. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081308