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Article

Molecular Characterization of Two Genes Encoding Novel Ca2+-Independent Phospholipase A2s from the Silkworm, Bombyx mori

by
Xin Hu
†,
Bili Zhang
†,
Xi Zheng
,
Haoyan Ji
,
Kun Feng
,
Xiaosong Hu
,
Isma Gul
,
Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
,
Hongjuan Cui
* and
Yong Zhu
*
State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2022, 44(2), 777-790; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44020054
Submission received: 16 December 2021 / Revised: 17 January 2022 / Accepted: 21 January 2022 / Published: 4 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Eicosanoids are crucial downstream signals in the insect immune responses. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes phospholipids, the initial step in eicosanoid biosynthesis. In mammals, the biological roles of Ca2+-independent Phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) have been extensively studied; however, only a few studies have attempted to explore iPLA2 functions in insects. In this study, we identified two iPLA2 genes (designated as BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B) in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. BmiPLA2A had a 2427 base pair (bp) open reading frame (ORF) that coded for a protein with 808 amino acids. In contrast, BmiPLA2B had a 1731 bp ORF that coded for a protein with 576 amino acids. Domain analysis revealed that BmiPLA2A had six ankyrin repeat domains, but BmiPLA2B lacks these domains. BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B were transcribed widely in various tissues and developmental stages with different expression patterns. The administration of 20-hydroxyecdysone increased their expression levels in the epidermis and hemocytes. Furthermore, challenged with virus, fungus, Gram-negative bacteria, and Gram-positive bacteria induced the expression of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B with variable degrees along with different time points. Our findings imply that BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B may have important biological roles in the development and innate immunity of B. mori.

1. Introduction

In living organisms, the PLA2 superfamily is divided into 16 groups [1], which were further classified into three types based on their properties: Ca2+-dependent cellular PLA2 (cPLA2), secretory PLA2 (sPLA2), and Ca2+-independent cellular PLA2 (iPLA2) [2]. Among PLA2, iPLA2s have only been found in a few insects. iPLA2s are Ca2+-independent enzymes that range in molecular masses from 28 kDa to 146 kDa [1,3]. iPLA2 plays a key role in membrane remodeling [4], AAs release [5], secretion, and other processes in mammals [6], etc. However, there is little research on iPLA2s in insects despite their relevance in various physiological processes. Insect iPLA2s, such as SeiPLA2A and SeiPLA2B, were first discovered in Spodoptera exigua, and have been demonstrated to play crucial physiological roles in insect immunity and larval growth [7,8]. IMD/Toll pathways have been shown to regulate these two iPLA2s, and immune challenges with different types of pathogens significantly increased their transcription [9]. Otherwise, PLA2-VIA mutation in Drosophila caused increased sensitivity to oxidative stress, progressive neurodegeneration, and a severely reduced lifespan [10]. These studies show that insect iPLA2 may play crucial biological roles in development and immunity.
In addition to iPLA2s, some sPLA2s have been characterized in different insects. sPLA2s are a family of small secreted proteins (14–18 kDa) that typically have 5–8 disulfide bonds [3]. Since their discovery in Drosophila melanogaster, sPLA2s have been widely studied in insects [11]. For example, in Spodoptera exigua, a lepidopteran insect, one (Se-sPLA2A) has been linked to cellular immune response and larval development [12]. In Maruca vitrata, another sPLA2 (Mv-sPLA2) has been shown to be upregulated in response to immune challenges [13]. Knockdown with respect to expression remarkably reduced hemocyte-spreading behavior, the formation of hemocytic nodules, and larval development, showing that it plays important roles in immunity and development. sPLA2s have also been reported in many other insects including Bactrocera dorsalis [14], B. mori [15], Ostrinia furnacalis [16], Tribolium castaneum [17], Rhodnius prolixus [18], etc. cPLA2s are large cytosolic proteins with a range of sizes (61–114 kDa) and utilize serine for catalysis. In comparison to sPLA2s, Ca2+ is not required for the catalysis of cPLA2s, but it is necessary for translocation of the enzyme to intracellular membranes by binding to a C2-domain [3]. However, so far, no cPLA2 has been found in the genomes of insects.
B. mori is an important model insect for biological research, and understanding its physiological processes will be useful in understanding physiological processes in other insects [19]. In the present study, we first reported two iPLA2 genes from B. mori and studied their expression profiles in depth. We also investigated the expression patterns of iPLA2s in B. mori after immune challenge with various types of pathogens to better understand their biological roles.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Exprimental Animals

B. mori larvae were obtained from the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology at Southwest University (Chongqing, China) and cultured in a laboratory incubator as described in previous studies [20,21].

2.2. RNA Extraction and cDNA Synthesis

Total RNA was isolated with the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to its protocol. Then, the isolated RNA was subjected to 1.0% agarose gel electrophoresis for the integrity inspection, and quality was determined by an ultraviolet spectrophotometer. RNA measuring 2 μg was used to synthesize the first-strand cDNA by using GoScript™ Reverse Transcriptase (Promega, WI, USA) as previously described [22].

2.3. Gene Amplification

Two query sequences from S. frugiperda, SeiPLA2A (GenBank accession number: KJ995815.1) and SeiPLA2B (KY575276.1) were used to obtain orthologous genes of B. mori through BlastN search in three databases, including SilkDB (https://silkdb.bioinfotoolkits.net/main/species-info/-1, accessed 20 August 2021), SilkBase (silkbase.ab.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp), and NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, accessed 20 August 2021). The open reading frames (ORF) were determined by the online tool ORF Finder (https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tag/orffinder/, accessed on 20 August 2021). Subsequently, the nucleotide sequences of the obtained ORFs were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with gene-specific primers (Table 1). The PCR program was executed as follows: an initial denaturation (94 °C for 5 min), followed by 35 cycles of denaturation (94 °C for 30 s), annealing (55 °C for 30 s), and extension (70 °C for 45 °C) and a final extension (70 °C for 10 min). After purification by 1.0% agarose gel electrophoresis and Multifunction DNA Purification Kit (Biomed, China), the PCR products were sequenced by the Beijing Genomics Institute (Beijing, China).

2.4. Bioinformatic Analysis

The online tool TMHMM server version 2.0 (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM/, accessed on 10 September 2021) and SignalP-5.0 (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/, accessed on 10 September 2021) were used for prediction of the transmembrane region and signal peptide, and SMART (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/, accessed on 10 September 2021) and NCBI Conserved Domain Search (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi, accessed on 10 September 2021) were used for functional motifs and conserved domains prediction. The gene structure was analyzed according to SilkBase.
Software Clustal X and Jalview were employed to conduct homologous sequence alignment with the homologous proteins of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B. The phylogenetic trees of PLA2A and PLA2B proteins were constructed by MEGA 7 software based on a Neighbor-joining method with 1000 bootstrapped replicates. All homologous protein sequences of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B were obtained from NCBI.
The 3D structures of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B were predicted by using SWISS-MODEL (http://swissmodel.expasy.org/interactive, accessed on 10 September 2021), and bioinformatics software PyMOL was used to highlight the conserved domains and motifs of the 3D structures.

2.5. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) Analysis

The specific primers used for qRT-PCR were designed by NCBI Primer-BLAST and are listed in Table 1. qRT-PCR was conducted using GoTaq® qPCR Master Mix (Promega, USA) on a LightCycler 96 (Roche) apparatus. The eif4A gene (Genbank accession number: DQ443290) was used as a reference gene. The relative mRNA expression level was calculated using the 2−ΔΔCt method [23].

2.6. Culture of Microbial Pathogens and Pathogen Stimulation

E. coli (Gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli, DH5α) and S. aureus (Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-positive bacterium) were grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium at 37 °C in a shaking (220 rpm) incubator, then washed twice with 1 × PBS, and finally diluted with 1 × PBS to a concentration of 108 cells/mL. B. bassiana (Beauveria bassiana) was cultured on potato dextrose agar medium at 25 °C for 7 days. Cultured fungal colonies were washed twice with 1 × PBS and finally diluted with 1 × PBS to a 108 cells/mL concentration.
Four different types of microbes were used to test the immune responses of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B to immune stimulation in two immune-related tissues, hemocytes and fat bodies. Briefly, silkworm larvae at the 5th instar with similar body weight and size were randomly divided into five groups. Pathogens including Gram-negative bacteria E. coli (1 × 106 cells), Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus (1 × 106 cells), fungus B. bassiana (1 × 106 cells), and virus BmNPV (B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus, 500 PFU) were injected into hemocoel with a glass capillary, and 1 × PBS was used as a control. Subsequently, hemocytes and fat bodies were collected at different time points (6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h) post-infection.

2.7. 20-Hydroxyecdysone Induction

The effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone on the expression of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B was detected after 20-hydroxyecdysone hemocoel injection. Briefly, 10 μL 20-hydroxyecdysone (1 µg/µL) diluted in 75% ethanol was injected into each larva, and 10 μL 75% ethanol was used as a control. Relative mRNA expression levels of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B were detected by qRT-PCR at different time points (3, 6, 12, and 24 h) after 20-hydroxyecdysone application.

2.8. Statistical Analysis

All data from three biologically independent replicates are presented as the means ± SD. The significance of the difference between the two groups was evaluated using Student’s t-test. The asterisks indicate the significance was statistically significant or extremely significant (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001).

3. Results

3.1. Subsection

3.1.1. Molecular Cloning and Amino Acid Sequence Analysis of BmiPLA2 Genes in Silkworm

In order to identify the genes of interest in the silkworm, B. mori genome, we performed multiple sequence searches using BLAST analysis at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. By conducting multiple searches, we found two PLA2 sequences from the B. mori, which were identified and named as BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B. The obtained sequences were confirmed by using PCR cloning and sequencing. The BmiPLA2A included a 2427 base-pair open reading frame (ORF) (Figure S1) that encoded 808 amino acid residues. BmiPLA2B, on the other hand, comprised 1731 bp (Figure S2), which encoded a protein of 576 amino acids. BmiPLA2A protein has a molecular weight of 88.02 kDa and a theoretical pI of 6.59. The BmiPLA2B protein comprises a molecular weight of 63.87 kDa and a theoretical pI of 9.64. In addition, both of these genes are located on different chromosomes and have distinct gene architectures. BmiPLA2A is located on chromosome 11 in the silkworm genome, with 15 exons and 14 introns, whereas BmiPLA2B is located on chromosome 28, with 11 exons and 10 introns (Figure 1). They have certain similarities in amino acid sequences, including patatin domain, motifs of nucleophile elbow, and active site (Figure 1B,D, Figures S1 and S2). While BmiPLA2B shares several characteristics with BmiPLA2A, BmiPLA2B does not contain ankyrin repeats, which are composed of six ANK domains.

3.1.2. Conserved Analysis and Phylogenetic Analysis of BmiPLA2s Protein in Silkworm

In order to identify conserved domains and motifs architecture, multiple sequence alignments were carried out by comparing amino acid sequences of the iPLA2A and iPLA2B proteins from both vertebrates and invertebrates. Homologous sequence alignments revealed that iPLA2As from a wide range of taxa shared highly conserved posterior regions where they contained a patatin domain and a comparatively less conserved frontier region containing six ankyrin repeats that were connected by a short unconserved middle region (Figure S3). IPLA2Bs are highly conserved in the middle and posterior regions, and the patatin domains in the posterior regions are less conserved (Figure S4). In addition, by multiple sequence alignments, we found that active site “GGxRG” and a lipase signature motif “GxSTG” are conserved in both groups (Figure 2).
Evolutionary analysis showed that PLA2s formed three separate branches, including cPLA2, sPLA2, and iPLA2, with BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B forming a distinct clade with the iPLA2 group (Figure 3A). Another phylogenetic tree was constructed to further understand the evolutionary differences between BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B. Interestingly, according to the presence of the N-terminal ankyrin repeat domain, iPLA2 is divided into two distinct branches, which is a unique feature of this gene. BmiPLA2A was separated into ankyrin type, and BmiPLA2B was separated into non-ankyrin type (Figure 3B).

3.1.3. Tissue Distribution of BmiPLA2s

BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B expression levels in various tissues of silkworm larvae were evaluated using qRT-PCR assay (Figure 4). The ubiquitous transcription levels of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B were observed in all the tested tissues, including hemocyte, testis, epidermis, head, Malpighian tubule, midgut, silk gland, fat body, and ovary. However, their tissue distribution patterns differed except for their relatively lowest transcription levels in the silk gland. BmiPLA2A produced the highest mRNA expression levels in the fat body, followed by moderate levels in the testis and epidermis. In contrast, the lowest levels were observed in the silk gland and hemocytes (Figure 4A). BmiPLA2B mRNAs were most abundant in the head, followed by the testis, Malpighian tubule, and fat body, with the lowest mRNA expression levels found in the hemocyte and silk gland.

3.1.4. Temporal Expression Profiles of BmiPLA2s in Silkworm

In order to investigate the temporal expression profiles of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B, fat body, midgut, and hemocytes from larvae at fourth instar day one through pupae were collected. The results revealed that the mRNA expression of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B had different expression patterns on the tested B. mori stages (Figure 5). This inconsistency was evident since the expression of BmiPLA2A was much higher in fat bodies when compared to the expression of BmiPLA2B (Figure 5A,D). In the fat body, BmiPLA2A had the maximum expression levels at the fifth instar at 4 days, and then the expression levels gradually decreased, reaching the lowest levels at the wandering stage. BmiPLA2B had comparably low expression levels at L5D2 and L5D6 to the pre-pupa stage. In the midgut, BmiPLA2A had a moderate expression peak during the fourth molting stage and wandering stage, and the highest expression level appeared at L5D3; the expression level of BmiPLA2B showed a decrease-to-increase trend with the highest mRNA levels appearing at the fourth molting stage and wandering stage (Figure 5B,E). In the hemocytes, BmiPLA2A showed relatively low expression levels near the fourth molting and wandering stages, whereas BmiPLA2B had the highest transcription level in the fourth molting stage and a moderate peak level at the pre-pupa stage (Figure 5C,F).
In addition, total RNA was isolated from embryonic developmental stages and hatch day to analyze the embryonic developmental profile of BmiPLA2s, and then total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the expression levels of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B followed mRNA expression patterns that were quite similar. Furthermore, we observed that BmiPLA2s mRNA levels were at their peak in the middle stages of embryonic development (Figure 6).

3.1.5. 20-Hydroxyecdysone Enhanced the Expression Levels of BmiPLA2s

In order to examine the expression patterns of BmiPLA2s response to ecdysone, silkworm larvae were administrated with 20-hydroxyecdysone, a steroid hormone. The results revealed that 20-hydroxyecdysone significantly increased the expression level of BmiPLA2s in general (Figure 7). In both hemocytes (Figure 7A) and the epidermis (Figure 7B), BmiPLA2A mRNA levels induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone showed an upward-downward-upward trend, and the mRNA level of BmiPLA2A at 12 h was significantly decreased by 20-hydroxyecdysone in the epidermis (Figure 7B). The transcription levels of BmiPLA2B in hemocyte and epidermis gradually increased and then declined after exposure to 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment, with peak levels observed at 6 h in hemocytes and 3 h in the epidermis (Figure 7C,D).

3.1.6. Responses of BmiPLA2s to Microbial Challenges

We performed a qRT-PCR assay to determine relative expression patterns of BmiPLA2s in two immune-related tissues (hemocyte and fat body) after infection with E. coli, S. aureus, B. bassiana, or BmNPV. As shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9, the mRNA expression levels of BmiPLA2s were significantly changed with different degrees in response to immunological stress. Furthermore, BmiPLA2s expression levels in hemocytes and fat bodies varied with the type of pathogen used, and the maximum expression level induced differed at different time points in the examined tissues. When larvae were exposed to immunological challenges involving E. coli, S. aureus, or B. bassiana, the expression levels gradually or sharply increased at first and then decreased to some extent. Of note, when exposed to E. coli infection, the expression levels of BmiPLA2A in the fat body increased dramatically at 3 h post-infection and then returned to normal after that (Figure 9A), while the expression levels of BmiPLA2B continuously increased and reached a peak at 48 h (Figure 8E). Moreover, among the four tested pathogens, S. aureus strongly induced the transcription levels of BmiPLA2A in the fat body. However, although BmNPV stimulation increased mRNA levels of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B in hemocytes (Figure 8D,H) and in the fat body, BmNPV mediated immune stress significantly increased the expression levels of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B in the first two days and dropped down lower than normal levels in the following time (Figure 9D,H).

4. Discussion

PLA2s are an important group of a gene family, serving as a crucial regulator of diverse physiological processes, including development and immunity [24]. sPLA2s have been described in a variety of insect species [10,11,12,14,16]. However, only a few iPLA2s have been identified among insects, such as Spodoptera exigua [7,8,9] and Drosophila melanogaster [10]. The present study reports two novel iPLA2s from B. mori, and their expression patterns. With the exception of the comparable C-terminal lipase catalytic domain, there are numerous differences in their putative protein sequences. For example, the N-terminal region of BmiPLA2A has a unique ankyrin repeat domain that serves as a scaffold for protein–protein interactions [25]. BmiPLA2A (GTSTG) differs from BmiPLA2B (GVSTG) in that it has a distinct lipase motif. Likewise, Spodoptera exigua, SeiPLA2A, and SeiPLA2B have the same protein sequence differences [9]. Due to the greatest degree of similarity between the protein sequence features of iPLA2s in B. mori to SeiPLA2A and SeiPLA2B in Spodoptera exigua, they have been classified as BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B. Homologous protein sequence alignments revealed that iPLA2As were conserved at both the N-terminus and the C-terminus and that iPLA2Bs were conserved at the C-terminus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BmiPLA2s were clustered with the iPLA2 group and that they were further subdivided into two distinct groups. Collectively, we inferred that BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B are two members of the iPLA2 family who may play multiple biological roles in silkworm development and immunity.
Tissue distribution patterns of genes are an important parameter for determining their possible biological roles. Therefore, in the present study, first, we analyzed the tissue expression profiles iPLA2 in B. mori. In Spodoptera exigua, PLA2A is expressed strongly in various tissues, with approximately similar expression patterns [7]. However, in B. mori tissues, the expression levels of BmiPLA2A varied greatly. For example, the mRNA level of BmiPLA2A in the fat body was nearly 17-fold higher than that in the silk gland. BmiPLA2B is also widely transcribed in all tested tissues, with the silk gland having the lowest transcription level, which is consistent with BmiPLA2A. This expression is not consistent with BmiPLA2B homolog SeiPLA2B of Spodoptera exigua, which is not expressed in the digestive tract [8]. In addition, BmiPLA2s were found to be expressed at various developmental stages in the three immune-related tissues of B. mori. The broad tissue and temporal distribution of BmiPLA2s indicate that they may be involved in various biological functions [9].
A growing body of evidence suggests that this gene family has a crucial biological role in the development of living organisms [12,13,15,26]. Thus, to determine the possible functions of PLA2s in development, we quantified the expression levels of these genes after 20-hydroxyecdysone administration. The results revealed that BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B expression significantly increased. In Spodoptera exigua, Se-sPLA2A has been reported to be regulated by pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analog [12]. Moreover, a number of studies demonstrate that 20-hydroxyecdysone can play an important role in the metamorphosis process [20,22,27,28]. These results suggest that the PLA2A family may have a crucial biological role in the developmental process of insects. However, further studies are needed to verify their functions.
It has been well documented that sPLA2s mediate both cellular and humoral immune responses via the eicosanoid signaling pathway [12,13,16,29]. However, despite the fact that they function as a release of fatty acids hydrolyzed from phospholipids, another subgroup of the PLA2 gene family, iPLA2, is still poorly understood in insect-immune responses [8,30]. Therefore, we quantified the mRNA levels of iPLA2 genes after the immune challenge. The results showed that viral, bacterial, or fungal pathogen stimuli significantly impacted BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B expression levels. Interestingly, viral infection increased the mRNA levels of BmiPLA2s in the fat body in the early infection while suppressing their transcription levels in the fat body at certain times during infection. Previous studies have shown that the expression of Se-iPLA2A and Se-iPLA2B in Spodoptera exigua are induced upon bacterial challenge [9].
BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B may play important biological roles in the immunity of B. mori, as evidenced by their broad responses to diverse microbial infections. Insect hemocytes are involved in both cellular (e.g., phagocytosis and encapsulation) and humoral immune responses, including AMPs release [31]. Increased transcription levels of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B in response to immune challenge may contribute to hemocyte [12,32,33], and fat body also mediated immune responses, such as the synthesis AMPs [34,35]. Therefore, increased expression levels may improve the humoral immune responses via lipid homeostasis. However, further studies are required to elucidate the biological mechanisms of iPLA2s in the immunity of silkworm.
Taken together, this study reports two novel iPLA2 genes that may play a vital role in the development and immunity of silkworm. In B. mori, the tissue distribution and temporal expression profiles of identified iPLA2s were examined. The mRNA levels of both the genes were increased by 20-hydroxyecdysone induction. The immune challenge with various types of pathogens induced the expression levels of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B in immune-related tissues. This study broadens our understanding of iPLA2s in insect immunity and development, providing a baseline for future studies on insect development and immune responses.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/cimb44020054/s1, Figure S1: Nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the Bombyx mori BmiPLA2A gene. Figure S2: Nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the Bombyx mori BmiPLA2B gene. Figure S3: Alignment of the BmiPLA2A protein with other homologous proteins. Figure S4: Alignment of the BmiPLA2B protein with other homologous proteins.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, X.H. (Xin Hu) and B.Z.; methodology, K.F.; software, X.H. (Xin Hu); validation, Y.Z., H.C., and X.H. (Xin Hu); formal analysis, X.H. (Xiaosong Hu); investigation, H.J. and I.G.; resources, Y.Z.; data curation, X.H. (Xiaosong Hu); writing—original draft preparation, Xin Hu; writing—review and editing, B.Z.; visualization, M.N.A.; supervision, X.Z.; project administration, X.H. (Xin Hu); funding acquisition, H.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, grant number (No. SKLSGB-ORP202003).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Two calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) genes from Bombyx mori. (A) The gene structure of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B in silkworm. Exons and introns are represented by black line segments and grey boxes, and 5′ untranslated regions (UTR, left) and 3′ UTR (right) were shown in red boxes. The black scale bar indicates 500 bp. (B) Conserved domains of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B predicted by SMART program. (C) The chromosome location of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B. (D) Three-dimensional structure prediction of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B. The six ankyrin repeats of BmiPLA2A are colored with orange. The conserved patatin domains of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B were colored with green and yellow, respectively. The active sites and nucleophile elbows were shown in red and blue in the sticks, respectively.
Figure 1. Two calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) genes from Bombyx mori. (A) The gene structure of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B in silkworm. Exons and introns are represented by black line segments and grey boxes, and 5′ untranslated regions (UTR, left) and 3′ UTR (right) were shown in red boxes. The black scale bar indicates 500 bp. (B) Conserved domains of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B predicted by SMART program. (C) The chromosome location of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B. (D) Three-dimensional structure prediction of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B. The six ankyrin repeats of BmiPLA2A are colored with orange. The conserved patatin domains of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B were colored with green and yellow, respectively. The active sites and nucleophile elbows were shown in red and blue in the sticks, respectively.
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Figure 2. Alignment of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B protein with other homologous proteins. The conserved active site “GGXRG” was marked with a black rectangle, and the conserved nucleophile elbow “GXSTG” was marked with a red rectangle. GenBank accession numbers are as follows: Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 from Drosophila melanogaster (NP_729565.2), Homo sapiens (NP_001336793.1), Mus musculus (NP_001185952.1), Danio rerio (NP_998262.1), Tribolium castaneum (EFA06489.1), Homo sapiens (NP_001242939.1), Mus musculus (NP_080440.2), and Danio rerio (XP_001918731.2).
Figure 2. Alignment of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B protein with other homologous proteins. The conserved active site “GGXRG” was marked with a black rectangle, and the conserved nucleophile elbow “GXSTG” was marked with a red rectangle. GenBank accession numbers are as follows: Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 from Drosophila melanogaster (NP_729565.2), Homo sapiens (NP_001336793.1), Mus musculus (NP_001185952.1), Danio rerio (NP_998262.1), Tribolium castaneum (EFA06489.1), Homo sapiens (NP_001242939.1), Mus musculus (NP_080440.2), and Danio rerio (XP_001918731.2).
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Figure 3. Phylogenetic analysis of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B. (A) Phylogenetic analysis of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B (underlined in red) with other iPLA2, cellular PLA2 (cPLA2) and secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) from different species. (B) Phylogenetic analysis of two subgroups of insect iPLA2s. BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B are labeled with red diamond. The organisms and GenBank accession numbers are listed as follows: Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 from Homo sapiens (AAD30424.1), Mus musculus (NP_001185954.1), Acyrthosiphon pisum (XP_001944054.1), Bos taurus (XP_024848555.1), Drosophila melanogaster (NP_729567.2), Tribolium castaneum (XP_015833132.1), Manduca sexta (XP_030021740.1), Spodoptera litura (XP_022829935.1), Trichoplusia ni (XP_026746517.1), Danio rerio (NP_998262.1), Aptenodytes patagonicus (KAF1649516.1), Athalia rosae (XP_012263482.1), Bombus terrestris (XP_012166304.1), Colletes gigas (XP_043250117.1), Dufourea novaeangliae (KZC12673.1), Formica exsecta (XP_029667145.1), Formica exsecta (XP_029667146.1), Hyposmocoma kahamanoa (XP_026316138.1), Osmia bicornis (XP_029043715.1), Plutella xylostella (XP_011550190.2), Protobothrops mucrosquamatus (XP_015679970.1), Spodoptera litura (XP_022837497.1), Tachysurus fulvidraco (XP_026996720.1), Tribolium castaneum (EFA06489.1), Tyto alba (XP_042648402.1), Vanessa tameamea (XP_026499977.1), Bicyclus anynana (XP_023941666.1), Bombus pyrosoma (XP_043599526.1), Cimex lectularius (XP_024082546.1), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (XP_028131355.1), Helicoverpa armigera (XP_021198040.1), Hyposmocoma kahamanoa (XP_026317005.1), Manduca sexta (XP_030021740.1), Myzus persicae (XP_022176520.1), Onthophagus taurus (XP_022912622.1), Ostrinia furnacalis (XP_028157864.1), Penaeus vannamei (XP_027210009.1), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (XP_037523510.1), Rhopalosiphum maidis (XP_026822162.1), Spodoptera frugiperda (XP_035445232.1), Tribolium castaneum (XP_008196222.1), Trichoplusia ni (XP_026746517.1); Cytosolic phospholipase A2 from Homo sapiens (NP_077734.2), Mus musculus (NP_032895.1), Bos taurus (NP_001069332.1), Rattus norvegicus (NP_598235.2), Danio rerio (XP_017208191.1), Rana temporaria (XP_040215687.1), Branchiostoma floridae (XP_035685090.1), Carassius auratus (XP_026139465.1); Secretory Phospholipase A2 from Mus musculus (AAF22290.1), Culex quinquefasciatus (EDS35072.1), Manduca sexta (XP_030040460.1,sPLA2GXII), Rattus norvegicus (NP_001099485.1,sPLA2GIII), Culex quinquefasciatus (EDS36384.1,sPLA2), Oryctolagus cuniculus (Q7M334.1,sPLA2GIB), Trichinella pseudospiralis (KRZ32035.1,sPLA2GIII), Camelus ferus (EQB78640.1,sPLA2GV), and Metarhizium acridum (EFY85256.1,sPLA2GXIII).
Figure 3. Phylogenetic analysis of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B. (A) Phylogenetic analysis of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B (underlined in red) with other iPLA2, cellular PLA2 (cPLA2) and secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) from different species. (B) Phylogenetic analysis of two subgroups of insect iPLA2s. BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B are labeled with red diamond. The organisms and GenBank accession numbers are listed as follows: Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 from Homo sapiens (AAD30424.1), Mus musculus (NP_001185954.1), Acyrthosiphon pisum (XP_001944054.1), Bos taurus (XP_024848555.1), Drosophila melanogaster (NP_729567.2), Tribolium castaneum (XP_015833132.1), Manduca sexta (XP_030021740.1), Spodoptera litura (XP_022829935.1), Trichoplusia ni (XP_026746517.1), Danio rerio (NP_998262.1), Aptenodytes patagonicus (KAF1649516.1), Athalia rosae (XP_012263482.1), Bombus terrestris (XP_012166304.1), Colletes gigas (XP_043250117.1), Dufourea novaeangliae (KZC12673.1), Formica exsecta (XP_029667145.1), Formica exsecta (XP_029667146.1), Hyposmocoma kahamanoa (XP_026316138.1), Osmia bicornis (XP_029043715.1), Plutella xylostella (XP_011550190.2), Protobothrops mucrosquamatus (XP_015679970.1), Spodoptera litura (XP_022837497.1), Tachysurus fulvidraco (XP_026996720.1), Tribolium castaneum (EFA06489.1), Tyto alba (XP_042648402.1), Vanessa tameamea (XP_026499977.1), Bicyclus anynana (XP_023941666.1), Bombus pyrosoma (XP_043599526.1), Cimex lectularius (XP_024082546.1), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (XP_028131355.1), Helicoverpa armigera (XP_021198040.1), Hyposmocoma kahamanoa (XP_026317005.1), Manduca sexta (XP_030021740.1), Myzus persicae (XP_022176520.1), Onthophagus taurus (XP_022912622.1), Ostrinia furnacalis (XP_028157864.1), Penaeus vannamei (XP_027210009.1), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (XP_037523510.1), Rhopalosiphum maidis (XP_026822162.1), Spodoptera frugiperda (XP_035445232.1), Tribolium castaneum (XP_008196222.1), Trichoplusia ni (XP_026746517.1); Cytosolic phospholipase A2 from Homo sapiens (NP_077734.2), Mus musculus (NP_032895.1), Bos taurus (NP_001069332.1), Rattus norvegicus (NP_598235.2), Danio rerio (XP_017208191.1), Rana temporaria (XP_040215687.1), Branchiostoma floridae (XP_035685090.1), Carassius auratus (XP_026139465.1); Secretory Phospholipase A2 from Mus musculus (AAF22290.1), Culex quinquefasciatus (EDS35072.1), Manduca sexta (XP_030040460.1,sPLA2GXII), Rattus norvegicus (NP_001099485.1,sPLA2GIII), Culex quinquefasciatus (EDS36384.1,sPLA2), Oryctolagus cuniculus (Q7M334.1,sPLA2GIB), Trichinella pseudospiralis (KRZ32035.1,sPLA2GIII), Camelus ferus (EQB78640.1,sPLA2GV), and Metarhizium acridum (EFY85256.1,sPLA2GXIII).
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Figure 4. Tissue distribution of BmiPLA2A (A) and BmiPLA2B (B). Si: silk gland, Ma: Malpighian tube, Ep: epidermis, Fa: fat body, He: head, Te: testis, Mi: midgut, and Ha: hemocyte, and Ov: Ovary. The expression levels in the silk gland were used as the calibrator for each group.
Figure 4. Tissue distribution of BmiPLA2A (A) and BmiPLA2B (B). Si: silk gland, Ma: Malpighian tube, Ep: epidermis, Fa: fat body, He: head, Te: testis, Mi: midgut, and Ha: hemocyte, and Ov: Ovary. The expression levels in the silk gland were used as the calibrator for each group.
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Figure 5. The temporal expression profiles BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B in the fat body (A,D), midgut (B,E), and hemocyte (C,F) from fourth instar day 3 (L4D3) to the pupal stage. 4M: fourth molting stage, W: wandering stage, PP: pre-pupa stage, P1: day 1 of pupa stage.
Figure 5. The temporal expression profiles BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B in the fat body (A,D), midgut (B,E), and hemocyte (C,F) from fourth instar day 3 (L4D3) to the pupal stage. 4M: fourth molting stage, W: wandering stage, PP: pre-pupa stage, P1: day 1 of pupa stage.
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Figure 6. The temporal expression profiles BmiPLA2A (A) and BmiPLA2B (B) in embryonic developmental stages.
Figure 6. The temporal expression profiles BmiPLA2A (A) and BmiPLA2B (B) in embryonic developmental stages.
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Figure 7. Expression of BmiPLA2A in hemocytes (A) and epidermis (B) of 20-E (20-hydroxyecdysone) induced silkworm larvae, and expression of BmiPLA2B in hemocytes (C) and epidermis (D) of 20-E (20-hydroxyecdysone) induced silkworm larvae. The asterisks indicate the significance was statistically significant or extremely significant (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001).
Figure 7. Expression of BmiPLA2A in hemocytes (A) and epidermis (B) of 20-E (20-hydroxyecdysone) induced silkworm larvae, and expression of BmiPLA2B in hemocytes (C) and epidermis (D) of 20-E (20-hydroxyecdysone) induced silkworm larvae. The asterisks indicate the significance was statistically significant or extremely significant (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001).
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Figure 8. Temporal mRNA expression of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B in hemocytes of immune challenged silkworm larvae. The expression profiles at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h were analyzed after treatment with (A,E) Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli), (B,F) Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), (C,G) fungus Beauveria bassiana (B. bassiana), and (D,H) virus Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). The asterisks indicate the significance was statistically significant or extremely significant (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001).
Figure 8. Temporal mRNA expression of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B in hemocytes of immune challenged silkworm larvae. The expression profiles at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h were analyzed after treatment with (A,E) Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli), (B,F) Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), (C,G) fungus Beauveria bassiana (B. bassiana), and (D,H) virus Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). The asterisks indicate the significance was statistically significant or extremely significant (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001).
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Figure 9. Temporal mRNA expression of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B in fat bodies of immune challenged silkworm larvae. The expression profiles at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h were analyzed after treatment with (A,E) Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli), (B,F) Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), (C,G) fungus Beauveria bassiana (B. bassiana), and (D,H) virus Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). The asterisks indicate the significance was statistically significant or extremely significant (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001).
Figure 9. Temporal mRNA expression of BmiPLA2A and BmiPLA2B in fat bodies of immune challenged silkworm larvae. The expression profiles at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h were analyzed after treatment with (A,E) Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli), (B,F) Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), (C,G) fungus Beauveria bassiana (B. bassiana), and (D,H) virus Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). The asterisks indicate the significance was statistically significant or extremely significant (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001).
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Table
Table 1. Primers used in this study.
Table 1. Primers used in this study.
Gene Name and PurposePrimer NameAnnealing Temperature (°C)Sequence (5’–3’)
BmiPLA2A
cDNA cloning		BmiPLA2AF54.36ATGCTGAATTCATTTTTTCGTG
BmiPLA2AR56.74CTAACCGGTCGTGCCGTTGTGTTC
BmiPLA2B
cDNA cloning		BmiPLA2BF54.47AGCCAGGCTACTATACGGAGCG
BmiPLA2BR57.76TCAGTGCCCCTGGACTAGGCCCATG
BmiPLA2A
qPCR		iPLA2AF55.40ACTCATGCGGCGGTAAAGAA
iPLA2AR57.45TCTCCTTGTTGCTAGCTGCC
BmiPLA2B
qPCR		iPLA2BF57.45TCGGAGCCAAGTTGGAAGTC
iPLA2BR57.45CTGACCGCACCTTCCTTGAT
Sw22934
qPCR		sw22934 F55.40TTCGTACTGGCTCTTCTCGT
sw22934 R51.95CAAAGTTGATAGCAATTCCCT
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Hu, X.; Zhang, B.; Zheng, X.; Ji, H.; Feng, K.; Hu, X.; Gul, I.; Abbas, M.N.; Cui, H.; Zhu, Y. Molecular Characterization of Two Genes Encoding Novel Ca2+-Independent Phospholipase A2s from the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2022, 44, 777-790. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44020054

AMA Style

Hu X, Zhang B, Zheng X, Ji H, Feng K, Hu X, Gul I, Abbas MN, Cui H, Zhu Y. Molecular Characterization of Two Genes Encoding Novel Ca2+-Independent Phospholipase A2s from the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2022; 44(2):777-790. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44020054

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hu, Xin, Bili Zhang, Xi Zheng, Haoyan Ji, Kun Feng, Xiaosong Hu, Isma Gul, Muhammad Nadeem Abbas, Hongjuan Cui, and Yong Zhu. 2022. "Molecular Characterization of Two Genes Encoding Novel Ca2+-Independent Phospholipase A2s from the Silkworm, Bombyx mori" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 44, no. 2: 777-790. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44020054

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