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Review

Immune Evasion Strategies of Pathogens in Macrophages: The Potential for Limiting Pathogen Transmission

by
Yuwei Ren
,
Faheem Ahmed Khan
,
Nuruliarizki Shinta Pandupuspitasari
and
Shujun Zhang
*
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2017, 21(1), 21-40; https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.021.021
Submission received: 2 February 2016 / Revised: 8 March 2016 / Accepted: 11 March 2016 / Published: 2 April 2016

Abstract

Preventing pathogen transmission to a new host is of major interest to the immunologist and could benefit from a detailed investigation of pathogen immune evasion strategies. The first line of defense against pathogen invasion is provided by macrophages. When they sense pathogens, macrophages initiate signals to inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) subsequently mediating phagocytosis and inflammation. The macrophage immune machinery classically includes two subsets: the activated M1 and the activated M2 that respond accordingly in diverse immune challenges. The lipid and glycogen metabolic pathways work together with the lysosome to help the mature phagosome to degrade and eliminate intracellular pathogens in macrophages. The viral evasion strategies are even more complex due to the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis. However, pathogens evolve several strategies to camouflage themselves against immune responses in order to ensure their survival, replication and transmission. These strategies include the muting of PRRs initiated inflammatory responses, attenuation of M1 and/or induction of M2 macrophages, suppression of autophago-lysosomal formation, interference with lipid and glycogen metabolism, and viral mediation of autophagy and apoptosis cross-talk to enhance viral replication. This review focuses on pathogen immune evasion methods and on the strategies used by the host against camouflaged pathogens.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ren, Y.; Khan, F.A.; Pandupuspitasari, N.S.; Zhang, S. Immune Evasion Strategies of Pathogens in Macrophages: The Potential for Limiting Pathogen Transmission. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2017, 21, 21-40. https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.021.021

AMA Style

Ren Y, Khan FA, Pandupuspitasari NS, Zhang S. Immune Evasion Strategies of Pathogens in Macrophages: The Potential for Limiting Pathogen Transmission. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2017; 21(1):21-40. https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.021.021

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ren, Yuwei, Faheem Ahmed Khan, Nuruliarizki Shinta Pandupuspitasari, and Shujun Zhang. 2017. "Immune Evasion Strategies of Pathogens in Macrophages: The Potential for Limiting Pathogen Transmission" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 21, no. 1: 21-40. https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.021.021

APA Style

Ren, Y., Khan, F. A., Pandupuspitasari, N. S., & Zhang, S. (2017). Immune Evasion Strategies of Pathogens in Macrophages: The Potential for Limiting Pathogen Transmission. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 21(1), 21-40. https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.021.021

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