Binary Secretary Bird Optimization Clustering by Novel Fitness Function Based on Voronoi Diagram in Wireless Sensor Networks

Minimizing energy consumption remains a critical challenge in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because of their reliance on nonrechargeable batteries. Clustering-based hierarchical communication has been widely adopted to address this issue by improving residual energy and balancing the network load. In this architecture, cluster heads (CHs) are responsible for data collection, aggregation, and forwarding, making their optimal selection essential for prolonging network lifetime. The effectiveness of CH selection is highly dependent on the choice of metaheuristic optimization method and the design of the fitness function. Although numerous studies have applied metaheuristic algorithms with suitably designed fitness functions to tackle the CH selection problem, many existing approaches fail to fully capture both the spatial distribution of nodes and dynamic energy conditions. To address these limitations, we propose the binary secretary bird optimization clustering (BSBOC) method. BSBOC introduces a binary variant of the secretary bird optimization algorithm (SBOA) to handle the discrete nature of CH selection. Additionally, it defines a novel multiobjective fitness function that, for the first time, considers the Voronoi diagram of CHs as an optimization objective, besides other well-known objectives. BSBOC was thoroughly assessed via comprehensive simulation experiments, benchmarked against two advanced methods (MOBGWO and WAOA), under both homogeneous and heterogeneous network models across two deployment scenarios. Findings from these simulations demonstrated that BSBOC notably decreased energy usage and prolonged network lifetime, highlighting its effectiveness as a reliable method for energy-aware clustering in WSNs.