A Tree Attenuation Factor Model for a Low-Power Wide-Area Network in a Ruby Mango Plantation †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Related Work
1.2. Contribution
- TAFs are proposed for a Ruby mango plantation. These factors can be used for both short- and long-distance path loss prediction with an accuracy comparable to conventional regression models.
- An exponential decay model is modified to be suitable for Ruby mango plantations.
- RSSI measurement data were captured for a LoRa LPWAN in the 433 MHz frequency channel.
2. Proposed Path Loss Models
2.1. ABC Model
2.2. Tree Attenuation Factors Model
3. Field Measurements
3.1. Site Description
3.2. Measurement Setup
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. LOS Routes
- -
- Trunk level (h = 0.3 m)
- -
- Bottom canopy level (h = 1.2 m)
- -
- Middle canopy level (h = 2.2 m)
- -
- Top canopy level (h = 2.7 m)
4.2. NLOS Routes
- -
- Trunk level (h = 0.3 m)
- -
- Bottom canopy level (h = 1.2 m)
- -
- Middle canopy level (h = 2.2 m)
- -
- Top canopy level (h = 2.7 m)
4.3. Model Comparison
- (1)
- ITU-R Foliage Attenuation Model
- (2)
- COST 235 Model
- (3)
- FITU-R Foliage Attenuation with Plane-Earth Model
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Total Height | Trunk Height | Trunk Diameter | Canopy Depth | Canopy Diameter |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tree 1 | 3.82 | 0.56 | 0.40 | 3.4 | 5.5 |
Tree 2 | 4.66 | 0.66 | 0.56 | 4.0 | 6.0 |
Tree 3 | 4.79 | 0.49 | 0.45 | 4.3 | 5.6 |
Tree 4 | 5.15 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 4.5 | 6.5 |
Tree 5 | 4.77 | 0.47 | 0.63 | 4.3 | 6.2 |
Tree 6 | 3.96 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 3.5 | 4.7 |
Tree 7 | 4.85 | 0.65 | 0.54 | 4.2 | 6.0 |
Tree 8 | 3.97 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 3.5 | 5.0 |
Average | 4.50 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 3.96 | 5.69 |
No. | Parameters | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Power Amplifier (PA) | 18 | dBm |
2 | Antenna gain | 2.2 | dBi |
3 | Frequency | 433 | MHz |
4 | Bandwidth (BW) | 125 | kHz |
5 | Spreading factor | 7 | - |
6 | Code rate (CR) | 4/5 | - |
7 | Antenna height | 0.3–2.7 | m |
Antenna Height (m) | PLE (LOS) | PLE (NLOS) | Tree Attenuation Factors | A | B | C | Validation (RMSE) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Through | TAF (dB) | |||||||
0.3 (trunk) | 3.67 | 3.79 | 1 | 2.40 | 0.98 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 2.11 |
2 | 2.76 | |||||||
3 | 2.97 | |||||||
4 | 3.12 | |||||||
5 | 3.24 | |||||||
6 | 3.34 | |||||||
7 | 3.42 | |||||||
8 | 3.49 | |||||||
1.2 (bottom canopy) | 3.07 | 3.84 | 1 | 2.62 | 0.8 | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.42 |
2 | 3.98 | |||||||
3 | 4.79 | |||||||
4 | 5.35 | |||||||
5 | 5.79 | |||||||
6 | 6.15 | |||||||
7 | 6.46 | |||||||
8 | 6.72 | |||||||
2.2 (middle canopy) | 2.86 | 4.33 | 1 | 7.46 | 0.98 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.31 |
2 | 11.47 | |||||||
3 | 13.81 | |||||||
4 | 15.47 | |||||||
5 | 16.76 | |||||||
6 | 17.82 | |||||||
7 | 18.71 | |||||||
8 | 19.48 | |||||||
2.7 (top canopy) | 2.93 | 3.71 | 1 | 5.09 | 1.0 | 0.39 | 0.3 | 1.18 |
2 | 6.70 | |||||||
3 | 7.63 | |||||||
4 | 8.30 | |||||||
5 | 8.82 | |||||||
6 | 9.24 | |||||||
7 | 9.60 | |||||||
8 | 9.91 |
Antenna Height (m) | MAE (dB) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proposed | ITU-R | COST235 | FITU-R | ||
TAF | ABC | ||||
0.3 (trunk) | 4.79 | 5.54 | 19.63 | 10.19 | 20.55 |
1.2 (bottom canopy) | 2.22 | 2.66 | 16.39 | 7.91 | 16.49 |
2.2 (middle canopy) | 4.21 | 5.14 | 19.08 | 6.86 | 19.09 |
2.7 (top canopy) | 4.13 | 4.96 | 17.69 | 7.45 | 17.84 |
Average | 3.84 | 4.58 | 18.2 | 8.1 | 18.49 |
Antenna Height (m) | RMSE (dB) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proposed | ITU-R | COST235 | FITU-R | ||
TAF | ABC | ||||
0.3 (trunk) | 6.2 | 7.08 | 21.65 | 11.77 | 22.59 |
1.2 (bottom canopy) | 2.65 | 3.69 | 16.96 | 8.61 | 17.10 |
2.2 (middle canopy) | 5.61 | 6.70 | 19.85 | 8.63 | 19.10 |
2.7 (top canopy) | 5.26 | 6.12 | 18.62 | 9.09 | 18.53 |
Average | 4.93 | 5.90 | 19.27 | 9.53 | 19.33 |
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Phaiboon, S.; Phokharatkul, P. A Tree Attenuation Factor Model for a Low-Power Wide-Area Network in a Ruby Mango Plantation. Sensors 2024, 24, 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030750
Phaiboon S, Phokharatkul P. A Tree Attenuation Factor Model for a Low-Power Wide-Area Network in a Ruby Mango Plantation. Sensors. 2024; 24(3):750. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030750
Chicago/Turabian StylePhaiboon, Supachai, and Pisit Phokharatkul. 2024. "A Tree Attenuation Factor Model for a Low-Power Wide-Area Network in a Ruby Mango Plantation" Sensors 24, no. 3: 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030750