The Relationship between Sleeping Position and Sleep Quality: A Flexible Sensor-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study of a Flexible Wearable Sleeping-Position Monitoring Device
2.1. Structure of the Flexible Wearable Sleeping-Position Monitoring Device
2.2. Experimental Procedure for the Reliability of the Flexible Wearable Sleeping-Position Monitoring Device
2.3. Statistical Analysis of the Reliability of the Flexible Wearable Sleeping-Position Monitoring Device
2.4. Validation of the Reliability Results of the Flexible Wearable Sleeping-Position Monitoring Device
3. Experimental Study on the Effect of Sleeping-Position Change on Sleep
3.1. Sleep Effects of Changes in Sleeping Position
3.2. Experimental Design for Sleep Effects of Changes in Sleeping Position
3.3. Experimental Procedure for the Effect of Changes in Sleeping Position on Sleep
3.4. Objective and Subjective Sleep-Quality Measures
3.5. Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data on the Effect of Changes in Sleeping Position on Sleep
3.6. Experimental Results on the Effect of Changes in Sleeping Position on Sleep
4. Discussion
- The average number of posture changes of the 13 subjects in the reliability experiment of the flexible wearable sleeping-position monitoring device was 55.69 ± 1.93, the number of correct judgments was 51.00 ± 2.00, and the number of incorrect judgments was 4.69 ± 1.11; thus, the accuracy rate was 91.58% ± 1.98%. During the sleep experiment, the experiment validated the accuracy and reliability of the data measured by the flexible wearable sleeping-position monitoring device.
- Analysis of data on sleeping-position preferences showed that the supine position was preferred by more than half of the subjects, followed by the left lateral position and finally the right lateral position, with a lack of subjects in the prone position due to the small number of subjects. According to the proportion of time spent in each of the four positions, the biggest difference between subjects who prefer the three different decumbent positions was that they spent about half of their night in their preferred position and about 10% of their time in the prone position.
- Analysis of the subjective sleep-quality data revealed that sleep-position preference influenced sleep quality, with subjects in the right lateral position having the best sleep quality and those in the left lateral position having slightly higher sleep quality than those in the supine position. Subjective sleep quality was reflected in the results of the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and the Mood Scale. Each day of the experiment, these scales were completed the night before and the morning after. Subjects who preferred to sleep on their right side scored significantly lower in the early morning of the second day than they did the night before, implying that subjects who spent most of their time sleeping on their right side recovered better after a night of rest and adjustment.
- The effect of turning frequency on subjective sleep quality showed that subjects would turn over more frequently when their sleep quality was poor. When subjects were deeply asleep, they would turn less frequently, and when they first went to bed, they would turn over frequently to find a suitable position to fall asleep, but the preferred position was not always the one in which they fell asleep. Individual variation in turning frequency precludes fitting a mathematical equation. The frequency of turning in subjects ranged from 1.86/h to 2.40/h, and subjects could turn over dozens of times in a single night’s sleep, indicating that each individual does not stay in the same position for long periods during sleep.
- Analysis of the objective sleep data revealed that sleeping-position preference and frequency of turning interacted with sleep parameters such as multiple awakenings and the rapid eye movement period. For starters, subjects with a right-sided preference had fewer awakenings and shorter awakening times than those with other sleeping-position preferences. On the other hand, subjects with a supine preference had a slightly higher number of awakenings than subjects with a left lateral preference, with the lower awakening time being a higher number of awakenings but a shorter duration of the awakenings. In subjects who preferred to sleep supine, the increased number of awakenings may have resulted in a lower subjective sleep-quality rating. Second, subjects who preferred the right lateral position had the longest duration of slow-wave sleep and a significantly shorter duration of rapid eye movement, indicating a lower proclivity to wake up during the night.
5. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SPP | ST (%) | PT (%) | LST (%) | RST (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
SP | 45.68 ± 1.04 | 9.35 ± 0.93 | 21.43 ± 0.76 | 23.54 ± 1.32 |
LSP | 21.62 ± 0.63 | 9.86 ± 0.52 | 44.86 ± 0.71 | 23.67 ± 0.56 |
RSP | 10.53 ± 2.00 | 10.03 ± 0.59 | 22.35 ± 1.06 | 57.08 ± 0.35 |
SPP | SP | LSP | RSP |
---|---|---|---|
TIB (min) | 471.50 ± 4.94 | 472.15 ± 2.96 | 471.77 ± 7.02 |
SOL (min) | 20.81 ± 5.05 | 19.47 ± 4.63 | 26.00 ± 0.94 |
TST (min) | 445.20 ± 6.63 | 442.30 ± 6.68 | 441.23 ± 7.68 |
TWT (min) | 3.69 ± 0.50 | 7.03 ± 3.43 | 4.20 ± 0.38 |
Awakings (n) | 0.80 ± 0.46 | 0.75 ± 0.70 | 0.23 ± 0.05 |
Awake (min) | 1.81 ± 2.11 | 3.35 ± 2.37 | 0.33 ± 0.09 |
SWS (min) | 245.87 ± 27.93 | 231.40 ± 47.07 | 274.07 ± 5.37 |
REM (min) | 82.59 ± 17.07 | 89.55 ± 3.61 | 70.37 ± 16.36 |
Awake (%TIB) | 0.41 ± 0.48 | 0.75 ± 0.53 | 0.08 ± 0.02 |
SWS (%TIB) | 55.25 ± 6.70 | 52.27 ± 10.24 | 62.15 ± 2.39 |
REM (%TIB) | 18.52 ± 3.66 | 20.26 ± 1.10 | 15.92 ± 3.43 |
SEI (%) | 94.43 ± 1.07 | 93.68% ± 1.34 | 93.53% ± 0.24 |
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Zhang, Y.; Xiao, A.; Zheng, T.; Xiao, H.; Huang, R. The Relationship between Sleeping Position and Sleep Quality: A Flexible Sensor-Based Study. Sensors 2022, 22, 6220. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166220
Zhang Y, Xiao A, Zheng T, Xiao H, Huang R. The Relationship between Sleeping Position and Sleep Quality: A Flexible Sensor-Based Study. Sensors. 2022; 22(16):6220. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166220
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yuan, Aiping Xiao, Tianhao Zheng, Huafei Xiao, and Ruiyan Huang. 2022. "The Relationship between Sleeping Position and Sleep Quality: A Flexible Sensor-Based Study" Sensors 22, no. 16: 6220. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166220