Effects of Long-Term Physical Activity and BCAA Availability on the Subcellular Associations between Intramyocellular Lipids, Perilipins and PGC-1α
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Active Co-Twins Have Increased IMCL in Type I Fibers
2.2. Inactive Twins Show Decreased IMCL-PLIN2 Association
2.3. PLIN5 Abounds in C2C12 Myotube Nuclei, PLIN2 Detected
2.4. PLIN2 Dissociates from IMCL upon BCAA Deprivation in Myotubes
2.5. PLIN5 Moves to Myotube Nuclei upon Stimulation, Further Associating with IMCL and PGC-1
3. Discussion
3.1. Overview
3.2. Active Twins Resemble Athlete Phenotype
3.3. Myotubes Resembling Type II Fibers
3.4. BCAA Necessary for PLIN2 Coating of IMCL
3.5. Setting Transcription in Cytosol?
3.6. Nuclear Affairs
3.7. Limitations and Strengths
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Human Twin Pairs
4.2. Myotube Experiments
4.3. Protein Extraction and Western Blotting
4.4. Gene-Expression Arrays
4.5. Histology
4.6. Image Acquisition
4.7. Image Analyses
4.8. Data Cleaning and Statistics
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACAA2 | Acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 2 |
ACAT1 | Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial |
ACAT2 | Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, cytosolic |
ATGL | Adipose triglyceride lipase |
BCAA | Branched-chain amino acids |
EPS | Electrical pulse stimulation |
ERR | Estrogen-related receptor alpha |
HMGCS2 | 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2, mitochondrial |
HSL | Hormone-sensitive lipase |
ICA | Intensity correlation analysis |
IMCL | Intramyocellular lipids |
LDs | Lipid droplets |
LTPA | Leisure time physical activity |
mTORC1 | Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 |
MUFAs | Monounsaturated fatty acids |
MyHC | Myosin heavy chain |
PGC-1 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha |
PLIN2 | Perilipin 2 |
PLIN3 | Perilipin 3 |
PLIN5 | Perilipin 5 |
PLINs | Perilipin protein family |
PPAR- | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha |
SIRT1 | Sirtuin 1 |
SIRT3 | Sirtuin 3 |
TAG | Triacylglycerol |
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Inactive | Active | |
---|---|---|
Number of Participants | 4 | 4 |
LTPA (MET-hours · day−1) ** | 2.9 +/− 1.4 | 13.8 +/− 1.0 |
Age (years) | 58.0 +/− 2.9 | 58.0 +/− 2.9 |
VO2 max (mL · min−1 · kg−1) | 30.2 +/− 1.4 | 32.8 +/− 1.8 |
Body weight (kg) | 71.5 +/− 3.4 | 69.8 +/− 5.1 |
BMI (kg · m−2) | 25.0 +/− 0.6 | 24.6 +/− 1.1 |
Body fat (%) | 24.1 +/− 2.9 | 20.2 +/− 3.3 |
Triglycerides (mmol · L−1) | 0.9 +/− 0.2 | 1.0 +/− 0.3 |
HOMA index | 1.9 +/− 0.3 | 1.5 +/− 0.5 |
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Fachada, V.; Silvennoinen, M.; Sahinaho, U.-M.; Rahkila, P.; Kivelä, R.; Hulmi, J.J.; Kujala, U.; Kainulainen, H. Effects of Long-Term Physical Activity and BCAA Availability on the Subcellular Associations between Intramyocellular Lipids, Perilipins and PGC-1α. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 4282. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054282
Fachada V, Silvennoinen M, Sahinaho U-M, Rahkila P, Kivelä R, Hulmi JJ, Kujala U, Kainulainen H. Effects of Long-Term Physical Activity and BCAA Availability on the Subcellular Associations between Intramyocellular Lipids, Perilipins and PGC-1α. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(5):4282. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054282
Chicago/Turabian StyleFachada, Vasco, Mika Silvennoinen, Ulla-Maria Sahinaho, Paavo Rahkila, Riikka Kivelä, Juha J. Hulmi, Urho Kujala, and Heikki Kainulainen. 2023. "Effects of Long-Term Physical Activity and BCAA Availability on the Subcellular Associations between Intramyocellular Lipids, Perilipins and PGC-1α" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5: 4282. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054282