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Article

Preliminary Evidence of the Differential Expression of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Kawasaki Disease and SARS-CoV-2-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children

by
Emanuela Balestrieri
1,*,
Elena Corinaldesi
2,
Marianna Fabi
3,*,
Chiara Cipriani
1,
Martina Giudice
1,
Allegra Conti
4,
Antonella Minutolo
1,
Vita Petrone
1,
Marialaura Fanelli
1,
Martino Tony Miele
1,
Laura Andreozzi
3,
Fiorentina Guida
3,
Emanuele Filice
3,
Matteo Meli
3,
Sandro Grelli
1,
Guido Rasi
1,
Nicola Toschi
4,5,
Francesco Torcetta
2,
Claudia Matteucci
1,
Marcello Lanari
3,† and
Paola Sinibaldi-Vallebona
1,6,†add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
2
Pediatric Unit, Ramazzini Hospital, 41012 Carpi, Italy
3
Pediatric Emergency Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
4
Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
5
Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
6
National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, 00133 Rome, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Co-senior authors: M. Lanari is co-senior author on the paper with P. Sinibaldi-Vallebona.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(20), 15086; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015086
Submission received: 23 August 2023 / Revised: 3 October 2023 / Accepted: 4 October 2023 / Published: 11 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates in Cell and Molecular Mechanisms of Autoimmune Diseases—2nd Edition)
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Abstract

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a postinfectious sequela of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with some clinical features overlapping with Kawasaki disease (KD). Our research group and others have highlighted that the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 can trigger the activation of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), which in turn induces inflammatory and immune reactions, suggesting HERVs as contributing factors in COVID-19 immunopathology. With the aim to identify new factors involved in the processes underlying KD and MIS-C, we analysed the transcriptional levels of HERVs, HERV-related genes, and immune mediators in children during the acute and subacute phases compared with COVID-19 paediatric patients and healthy controls. The results showed higher levels of HERV-W, HERV-K, Syn-1, and ASCT-1/2 in KD, MIS-C, and COV patients, while higher levels of Syn-2 and MFSD2A were found only in MIS-C patients. Moreover, KD and MIS-C shared the dysregulation of several inflammatory and regulatory cytokines. Interestingly, in MIS-C patients, negative correlations have been found between HERV-W and IL-10 and between Syn-2 and IL-10, while positive correlations have been found between HERV-K and IL-10. In addition, HERV-W expression positively correlated with the C-reactive protein. This pilot study supports the role of HERVs in inflammatory diseases, suggesting their interplay with the immune system in this setting. The elevated expression of Syn-2 and MFSD2A seems to be a distinctive trait of MIS-C patients, allowing to distinguish them from KD ones. The understanding of pathological mechanisms can lead to the best available treatment for these two diseases, limiting complications and serious outcomes.
Keywords: human endogenous retroviruses; HERVs; inflammation; COVID-19; Kawasaki disease; multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children human endogenous retroviruses; HERVs; inflammation; COVID-19; Kawasaki disease; multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Balestrieri, E.; Corinaldesi, E.; Fabi, M.; Cipriani, C.; Giudice, M.; Conti, A.; Minutolo, A.; Petrone, V.; Fanelli, M.; Miele, M.T.; et al. Preliminary Evidence of the Differential Expression of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Kawasaki Disease and SARS-CoV-2-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 15086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015086

AMA Style

Balestrieri E, Corinaldesi E, Fabi M, Cipriani C, Giudice M, Conti A, Minutolo A, Petrone V, Fanelli M, Miele MT, et al. Preliminary Evidence of the Differential Expression of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Kawasaki Disease and SARS-CoV-2-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(20):15086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015086

Chicago/Turabian Style

Balestrieri, Emanuela, Elena Corinaldesi, Marianna Fabi, Chiara Cipriani, Martina Giudice, Allegra Conti, Antonella Minutolo, Vita Petrone, Marialaura Fanelli, Martino Tony Miele, and et al. 2023. "Preliminary Evidence of the Differential Expression of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Kawasaki Disease and SARS-CoV-2-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 20: 15086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015086

APA Style

Balestrieri, E., Corinaldesi, E., Fabi, M., Cipriani, C., Giudice, M., Conti, A., Minutolo, A., Petrone, V., Fanelli, M., Miele, M. T., Andreozzi, L., Guida, F., Filice, E., Meli, M., Grelli, S., Rasi, G., Toschi, N., Torcetta, F., Matteucci, C., ... Sinibaldi-Vallebona, P. (2023). Preliminary Evidence of the Differential Expression of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Kawasaki Disease and SARS-CoV-2-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(20), 15086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015086

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