Preserved Sleep for the Same Level of Respiratory Disturbance in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Prader-Willi Syndrome (n = 29) | Matched Comparison Group (n = 87) |
---|---|---|
Age at PSG (years, mean ± SD) | 4.4 ± 5.2 | 4.4 ± 5.1 |
Sex (F:M, % female) | 17:12 (59%) | 47:40 (54%) |
Weight z-score ± SD | −0.99 ± 1.90 | −0.12 ± 2.28 |
Height z-score ± SD ** | −2.09 ± 1.99 | −0.80 ± 2.08 |
BMI z-score | 0.28 ± 2.28 | 0.38 ± 1.88 |
Indications for PSG (n, %) †: | ||
Recombinant human growth hormone ‡ | 6 (21%) | 0 |
Obstructive sleep apnea | 22 (76%) | 54 (65%) |
Central sleep apnea | 1 (3%) | 2 (2%) |
Excessive daytime sleepiness | 1 (3%) | 3 (3%) |
Other | 0 | 2 (2%) |
Not reported | 3 (10%) | 5 (6%) |
Symptom | Prader-Willi Syndrome (n = 20) | Matched Comparison Group (n = 60) |
---|---|---|
Snoring | 48% | 47% |
Witnessed apnea | 14% | 12% |
Restless sleep ** | 14% | 41% |
Nighttime awakening | 21% | 28% |
Morning headache | 0% | 11% |
Mouth breathing | 45% | 52% |
Daytime sleepiness | 28% | 27% |
Poor school performance | 21% | 17% |
Attention concerns * | 0% | 13% |
Prader-Willi Syndrome | Matched Comparison Group | |
---|---|---|
Total sleep time (min) ** | 434 ± 72 | 370 ± 118 |
Sleep efficiency (%) * | 86 ± 7 | 78 ± 15 |
N3 sleep (%) | 29 ± 15 | 31 ± 13 |
REM sleep (%) | 27 ± 10 | 26 ± 13 |
Arousal index (events/h) * | 8.1 ± 4.5 | 13.0 ± 8.9 |
AHI (median (IQR), events/h) | 7.3 (11.8) | 6.0 (13.8) |
OMAHI (median (IQR), events/h) | 3.2 (6.7) | 2.5 (7.0) |
Central index (median (IQR), events/h) | 2.9 (10.1) | 1.8 (5.4) |
ODI (median (IQR), events/h) | 3.6 (12.6) | 4.7 (22.7) |
Mean SpO2 (%) * | 94.3 ± 6.0 | 96.0 ± 2.0 |
Minimum SpO2 (%) | 82.9 ± 6.1 | 84.0 ± 11.1 |
%TST with SpO2 < 90% (%) | 3.1 ± 7.3 | 4.2 ± 15.1 |
Mean ETCO2 (mmHg) | 41.6 ± 58 | 41.5 ± 5.4 |
Maximum ETCO2 (mmHg) | 51.9 ± 8.0 | 51.3 ± 8.8 |
%TST with ETCO2 > 50 mmHg (%) | 3.1 ± 8.7 | 3.5 ± 14.5 |
Parameter | Before Starting rhGH | After Starting rhGH | Mean Difference (95% CI) or Wilcoxon Test Statistic |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) *** | 3.2 ± 3.3 | 4.3 ± 5.6 | −1.0 (−1.3, −0.80) |
Total sleep time (min) | 467 ± 50 | 477 ± 38 | −10.0 (−49.6, 29.3) |
Sleep efficiency (%) | 89 ± 5 | 88 ± 7 | 1.2 (−3.4, 5.8) |
N3 sleep (%) | 26 ± 15 | 29 ± 14 | −2.9 (−17.3, 11.6) |
REM sleep (%) | 30 ± 13 | 22 ± 7 | 8.1 (−0.44, 16.2) |
Arousal index (events/h) | 11.4 ± 8.8 | 6.2 ± 2.5 | 5.2 (−1.2, 11.6) |
AHI (median (IQR), events/h) | 5.7 (5.3) | 2.0 (0.0) | −0.58 |
OMAHI (median (IQR), events/h) | 1.8 (3.5) | 2.2 (8.0) | −1.07 |
Central index (median (IQR), events/h) | 3.6 (8.5) | 1.8 (3.5) | −1.89 |
ODI (median (IQR), events/h) | 2.9 (13.4) | 7.8 (12.3) | −1.58 |
Mean SpO2 (%) | 93.5 ± 9.7 | 95.1 ± 1.9 | −1.6 (−8.4, 5.1) |
Min SpO2 (%) | 85.0 ± 4.9 | 74.9 ± 23.1 | 10.1 (−4.6, 24.8) |
%TST with SpO2 < 90% (%) | 0.39 ± 0.35 | 3.3 ± 8.4 | −2.9 (−8.5, 2.7) |
Mean ETCO2 (mmHg) | 39.7 ± 7.3 | 42.7 ± 2.7 | −3.0 (−7.3, 1.4) |
Max ETCO2 (mmHg) | 48.8 ± 4.4 | 49.6 ± 7.1 | −0.78 (−7.3, 5.7) |
%TST with ETCO2 > 50 mmHg (%) | 0.12 ± 0.18 | 2.0 ± 4.8 | −1.8 (−5.1, 1.4) |
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Tan, Q.; He, X.T.; Kang, S.; Haqq, A.M.; MacLean, J.E. Preserved Sleep for the Same Level of Respiratory Disturbance in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 10580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810580
Tan Q, He XT, Kang S, Haqq AM, MacLean JE. Preserved Sleep for the Same Level of Respiratory Disturbance in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(18):10580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810580
Chicago/Turabian StyleTan, Qiming, Xiao Tian (Tim) He, Sabrina Kang, Andrea M. Haqq, and Joanna E. MacLean. 2022. "Preserved Sleep for the Same Level of Respiratory Disturbance in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18: 10580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810580
APA StyleTan, Q., He, X. T., Kang, S., Haqq, A. M., & MacLean, J. E. (2022). Preserved Sleep for the Same Level of Respiratory Disturbance in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(18), 10580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810580