Inhibition or Reversal of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Gastric Cancer: Pharmacological Approaches
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Gastric Carcinogenesis
3. Generation of the Reactive Oxygen Species
4. Interplay between ROS and EMT in Gastric Cancer
5. Current Treatment Strategies for EMT Inhibition in Gastric Cancer
5.1. Polyphenols
5.1.1. Resveratrol
5.1.2. Tangeretin
5.1.3. Luteolin
5.1.4. Genistein
5.2. Proton Pump Inhibitors
5.3. Terpenes
5.3.1. Ursolic Acid
5.3.2. Astragaloside IV
5.4. Plant Extracts
5.4.1. Celastrus orbiculatus
5.4.2. Trametes robiniophila
5.4.3. Poria cocos
5.5. Inorganic Compounds
5.5.1. Arsenic Derivatives
5.5.2. Cisplatin
5.6. Monoclonal Antibodies
5.7. Other Treatment Strategies
6. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
18β-GA | 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid |
AG | Astragalus saponine IV |
ATO | arsenic trioxide |
CAT | catalase |
COE | Celastrus orbiculatus |
CSC | cancer stem cell |
DADS | diallyl disulfide |
DFOG | difluoromethoxyl-5,4′-di-n-octyl genistein |
DS | dextran sulfate |
EBV | Epstein-Barr Virus |
ECM | extracellular matrix |
EMT | epithelial-mesenchymal transition |
ERK | mitogen activated protein kinase 1 |
ETS | electron transport system |
FAK | focal adhesion kinase |
FoxM1 | forkhead box M1 |
GC | gastric cancer |
GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disease |
GPxs | glutathione peroxidases |
H. pylori | Helicobacter pylori |
HCC | hepatocellular carcinoma |
HIF-1α | hypoxia-inducible factor |
LIMK1 | LIM kinase-1 |
MA | monocloncal antibodies |
MEFs | mouse embryonic fibroblasts |
MET | mesenchymal-epithelial transition |
MMPs | metalloproteinases |
NET1 | neuroepithelial cell transforming gene 1 |
NF | κB-nuclear factor kappa B |
NSAIDs | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
PDCD4 | programmed death cell protein 4 |
PKC isoenzyme α | protein kinase C-α |
PPIs | proton pump inhibitors |
RhoA | ras homolog gene family member A |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
SESN | sestrins |
SOD | superoxide dismutase |
Src | proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src |
TR | Trametes robiniophila |
Trx | hioredoxin |
YAP1 | Yes-associated protein 1 |
ZEB | zinc-finger E-box binding homeobox family |
ZO-1 | zona-occludens 1 |
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Kozak, J.; Forma, A.; Czeczelewski, M.; Kozyra, P.; Sitarz, E.; Radzikowska-Büchner, E.; Sitarz, M.; Baj, J. Inhibition or Reversal of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Gastric Cancer: Pharmacological Approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010277
Kozak J, Forma A, Czeczelewski M, Kozyra P, Sitarz E, Radzikowska-Büchner E, Sitarz M, Baj J. Inhibition or Reversal of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Gastric Cancer: Pharmacological Approaches. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(1):277. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010277
Chicago/Turabian StyleKozak, Joanna, Alicja Forma, Marcin Czeczelewski, Paweł Kozyra, Elżbieta Sitarz, Elżbieta Radzikowska-Büchner, Monika Sitarz, and Jacek Baj. 2021. "Inhibition or Reversal of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Gastric Cancer: Pharmacological Approaches" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1: 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010277