Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Defense/Stress Responses Activated by Chitosan in Sycamore Cultured Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Effect of cPTIO on the CHT-Induced NO Accumulation in the Cells and of Tiron and DPI on the CHT-Induced O2•− and H2O2 Accumulations in the Culture Medium
2.2. Effect of cPTIO, Tiron and DPI on CHT-Induced Cell Death and DNA Fragmentation
2.3. Effect of CHT, cPTIO, Tiron and DPI on Caspase-3-Like Activity
2.4. Effect of CHT, cPTIO, Tiron and DPI on the Level of Lipid Peroxidation
2.5. Effect of cPTIO, Tiron and DPI on the CHT-Induced Release of Cytochrome c from Mitochondria and Increase in the Levels of Cytosolic 14-3-3 Proteins and BiP
2.6. Discussion
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Cell Culture Growth and Experimental Conditions
3.2. O2•− and H2O2 Assays and NO Imaging
3.3. Cell Viability Assay
3.4. TUNEL Procedure
3.5. Activity of Caspase-3-Like Proteases
3.6. Level of Lipid Peroxidation
3.7. Cell Fraction Preparation
3.8. SDS-PAGE and Protein Gel Blot Analysis
3.9. Statistical Analyses
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Abbreviation
BiP | Binding Protein |
CHT | Chitosan |
DAF-FM | 4-Amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein |
DiOC6 | 3,3'-Dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide |
ER | Endoplasmic reticulum |
NO | Nitric oxide |
PCD | Programmed cell death |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
RNS | Reactive nitrogen species |
TUNEL | Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling |
XTT | 2,3-Bis-(2-Methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide |
Tiron | 4,5-Dihydroxy-1,3-benzene disulfonic acid |
DPI | Diphenylene iodonium |
cPTIO | 2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide |
Conflicts of Interest
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Malerba, M.; Cerana, R. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Defense/Stress Responses Activated by Chitosan in Sycamore Cultured Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 3019-3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16023019
Malerba M, Cerana R. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Defense/Stress Responses Activated by Chitosan in Sycamore Cultured Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015; 16(2):3019-3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16023019
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalerba, Massimo, and Raffaella Cerana. 2015. "Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Defense/Stress Responses Activated by Chitosan in Sycamore Cultured Cells" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 2: 3019-3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16023019