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Molecules
Volume 30
Issue 15
10.3390/molecules30153234
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Toxic Effects of the Most Common Components of Energetic Co-Crystals

by
Xinying Peng
1,2,
Cunzhi Li
1,2,
Huan Li
1,2,
Hui Deng
1,2,
Xiaoqiang Lv
1,2,
Ting Gao
1,2,
Jiachen Shen
1,2,
Bin Zhao
1,2,
Zhiyong Liu
1,2,* and
Junhong Gao
1,2,*
1
Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, NO. 12 Zhangbadong Road, Yanta District, Xi’an 710065, China
2
Xi’an Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Biological Effects, NO. 12 Zhangbadong Road, Yanta District, Xi’an 710065, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3234; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153234 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 19 June 2025 / Revised: 25 July 2025 / Accepted: 31 July 2025 / Published: 1 August 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) is a high-energy-density material known for its exceptional explosive performance, but it suffers from significant safety concerns due to its high sensitivity. To mitigate this issue, researchers have explored the synthesis of CL-20-based cocrystals with other energetic materials to achieve a balance between energy output and safety. Recent advancements in CL-20 cocrystals have focused on developing novel synthesis methods and leveraging computational design techniques to predict and optimize their physicochemical properties. However, the toxicity of CL-20 cocrystals, along with their environmental and health risks, remains a critical concern. This review systematically examines recent progress in CL-20 cocrystal energetic materials, emphasizing toxicity profiles and mechanistic insights into their components. The findings serve as a foundation for the development of safer energetic materials, thereby facilitating sustainable advancements in manufacturing technologies and industrial applications of CL-20.
Keywords: Cocrystal Materials; CL-20; Toxicities; Toxic Mechanism; Energetic Materials Cocrystal Materials; CL-20; Toxicities; Toxic Mechanism; Energetic Materials

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MDPI and ACS Style

Peng, X.; Li, C.; Li, H.; Deng, H.; Lv, X.; Gao, T.; Shen, J.; Zhao, B.; Liu, Z.; Gao, J. Toxic Effects of the Most Common Components of Energetic Co-Crystals. Molecules 2025, 30, 3234. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153234

AMA Style

Peng X, Li C, Li H, Deng H, Lv X, Gao T, Shen J, Zhao B, Liu Z, Gao J. Toxic Effects of the Most Common Components of Energetic Co-Crystals. Molecules. 2025; 30(15):3234. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153234

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peng, Xinying, Cunzhi Li, Huan Li, Hui Deng, Xiaoqiang Lv, Ting Gao, Jiachen Shen, Bin Zhao, Zhiyong Liu, and Junhong Gao. 2025. "Toxic Effects of the Most Common Components of Energetic Co-Crystals" Molecules 30, no. 15: 3234. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153234

APA Style

Peng, X., Li, C., Li, H., Deng, H., Lv, X., Gao, T., Shen, J., Zhao, B., Liu, Z., & Gao, J. (2025). Toxic Effects of the Most Common Components of Energetic Co-Crystals. Molecules, 30(15), 3234. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153234

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