Progress and Future Potential of All-Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells Based on the Benzodithiophene Donor Material
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Synthesis and Developments of BDT-Based Donor Molecules in OSCs
2.1. Lateral Side Chain Engineering
2.2. End Group Engineering
2.3. π-. Bridge Engineering
2.4. Miscellaneous BDT-Based Small Donor Molecules
3. Morphology Optimization Techniques
3.1. By Subtle Structure Modification
3.2. By Post Treatment (TA, SVA, and Solvent Additives)
4. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Donor | Acceptor | Eg (eV) | HOMO/LUMO (eV) | µh (cm2V−1s−1) | VOC (V) | JSC (mAcm−2) | FF (%) | PCE (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DCAO3T(BDT)3T | PC61BM | 1.83 | −5.11/−3.54 | 1.51 × 10−4 | 0.93 | 9.77 | 59.9 | 5.44 | [19] |
TB-BDT6T | PC61BM | 1.76 | −5.31/−3.63 | 5.38 × 10−5 | 0.85 | 6.87 | 58.7 | 3.59 | [20] |
ST-BDT6T | PC61BM | 1.75 | −5.40/−3.67 | 8.19 × 10−5 | 0.96 | 8.47 | 60.5 | 4.98 | [20] |
TT-BDT6T | PC61BM | 1.78 | −5.35/−3.64 | 1.94 × 10−4 | 0.97 | 9.40 | 61.8 | 5.79 | [20] |
DCAO3TBDT | PC61BM | 1.84 | −5.04/−3.24 | 1.38 × 10−4 | 0.95 | 8.00 | 60.0 | 4.56 | [21] |
DR3TBDT | PC71BM | 1.74 | −5.02/−3.27 | 2.47 × 10−4 | 0.93 | 12.21 | 65.0 | 7.38 | [21] |
DCA3TBDTP | PC61BM | 1.82 | −5.25/−3.43 | 2.74 × 10−4 | 0.90 | 7.88 | 63.6 | 4.51 | [22] |
SMD1 | PC71BM | 1.82 | −5.23/−3.47 | 1.40 × 10−4 | 0.96 | 6.95 | 53.8 | 3.59 | [23] |
SMD2 | PC71BM | 1.83 | −5.19/−3.45 | 1.04 × 10−4 | 0.95 | 5.11 | 64.4 | 3.13 | [23] |
SMD3 | PC71BM | 1.74 | −5.40/−3.72 | 1.95 × 10−4 | 0.94 | 8.00 | 62.2 | 4.67 | [23] |
DR3TBDTT | Y6 | 1.92cv | −5.25/−3.33 | 4.60 × 10−4 | 0.80 | 21.71 | 60.9 | 10.64 | [24] |
BTEC-1F | Y6 | 2.00cv | −5.37/−3.37 | 4.17 × 10−4 | 0.87 | 21.21 | 61.3 | 11.33 | [24] |
BTEC-2F | Y6 | 2.01cv | −5.39/−3.38 | 5.43 × 10−4 | 0.85 | 21.55 | 72.3 | 13.34 | [24] |
BT-2F | Y6 | 2.00cv | −5.40/−3.40 | 3.93 × 10−4 | 0.85 | 22.38 | 72.27 | 13.80 | [25] |
BT-2F | N3 | - | - | - | 0.84 | 23.81 | 70.22 | 14.09 | [25] |
SM4 | BO-4Cl | 1.83 | −5.18/−3.51 | 3.51 × 10−4 | 0.76 | 18.18 | 46.8 | 6.44 | [26] |
SM8 | BO-4Cl | 1.82 | −5.21/−3.55 | 3.93 × 10−4 | 0.85 | 21.23 | 72.5 | 13.11 | [26] |
SM12 | BO-4Cl | 1.82 | −5.23/−3.57 | 2.25 × 10−4 | 0.84 | 19.20 | 65.9 | 10.59 | [26] |
BT-RO-Cl | Y6 | 1.84 | −5.41/−3.57 | 2.46 × 10−4 | 0.86 | 22.50 | 68.6 | 13.35 | [27] |
BT-REH-Cl | Y6 | 1.83 | −5.41/−3.58 | 2.81 × 10−4 | 0.86 | 22.93 | 69.8 | 13.90 | [27] |
H21 | IDIC | 1.81 | −5.38/−3.63 | 2.49 × 10−4 | 0.90 | 13.00 | 65.6 | 7.62 | [28] |
H22 | IDIC | 1.89 | −5.39/−3.59 | 4.26 × 10−4 | 0.94 | 15.38 | 71.2 | 10.29 | [28] |
BDTF-CA | IDIC | 1.90 | −5.44/−3.53 | 5.4 × 10−4 | 0.99 | 12.09 | 51.14 | 6.12 | [29] |
BDTF-CA | IDIC-2F | - | - | 1.9 × 10−4 | 0.94 | 12.69 | 58.07 | 9.11 | [29] |
BDTF-CA | IDIC-4F | - | - | 6.3 × 10−4 | 0.88 | 14.96 | 63.95 | 8.42 | [29] |
SM | IDIC | 1.92 | −5.25/−3.33 | 3.39 × 10−4 | 0.91 | 15.18 | 67.8 | 9.39 | [30] |
SM-Cl | IDIC | 2.08 | −5.42/−3.34 | 2.58 × 10−4 | 0.97 | 12.61 | 63.08 | 7.73 | [30] |
SM:SM-Cl (1.8:0.2) | IDIC | - | - | 4.01 × 10−4 | 0.92 | 16.05 | 69.58 | 10.29 | [30] |
DR3TBDTT | PC71BM | 1.72 | −5.02/−3.27 | 2.88 × 10−4 | 0.93 | 13.17 | 66.2 | 8.12 | [31] |
DR3TBDTT-HD | PC71BM | 1.76 | −5.06/−3.29 | 1.52 × 10−4 | 0.96 | 11.92 | 59.4 | 6.79 | [31] |
DR3TBDT2T | PC71BM | 1.76 | −5.07/−3.29 | 3.29 × 10−4 | 0.92 | 12.09 | 72.1 | 8.02 | [31] |
DR3TSBDT | PC71BM | 1.74 | −5.07/−3.30 | 6.13 × 10−4 | 0.91 | 14.45 | 73.0 | 9.95 | [32] |
BDTT-S-TR | PC70BM | 1.73 | −5.18/−3.25 | 6.57 × 10−4 | 0.97 | 13.45 | 70.5 | 9.20 | [33] |
BDTT-TR | PC70BM | 1.74 | −5.17/−3.39 | 5.48 × 10−4 | 0.93 | 11.75 | 68.1 | 7.44 | [34] |
BDTT-O-TR | PC70BM | 1.74 | −5.14/−3.34 | 3.70 × 10−4 | 0.90 | 11.03 | 65.5 | 6.50 | [34] |
DRBDT-TT | PC71BM | 1.78 | −5.13/−3.33 | 5.41 × 10−4 | 0.92 | 13.12 | 72.0 | 8.70 | [35] |
DRBDT-STT | PC71BM | 1.80 | −5.15/−3.34 | 4.74 × 10−4 | 0.91 | 12.40 | 71.0 | 8.01 | [35] |
DR3TBDTT | PC71BM | - | - | 6.57 × 10−4 | 0.88 | 14.21 | 76.0 | 9.58 | [36] |
DR3TDOBDT | PC71BM | 1.79 | −5.08/−3.27 | 4.08 × 10−4 | 0.94 | 12.56 | 70.0 | 8.26 | [37] |
BTR | Y6 | 1.78 | −5.34/−3.53 | 3.01 × 10−4 | 0.85 | 22.25 | 56.4 | 10.67 | [38] |
BTR-Cl | Y6 | 1.78 | −5.46/−3.70 | 2.72 × 10−4 | 0.86 | 24.17 | 65.5 | 13.61 | [38] |
BTR-Cl | Y6 | - | - | 8.51 × 10−5 | 0.83 | 23.66 | 74.7 | 14.7 | [39] |
BTR-Cl | PC71BM:Y6 | - | - | 9.78 × 10−4 | 0.84 | 23.75 | 77.1 | 15.34 | [13] |
DRBDT-TVT | PC71BM | 1.75 | −5.11/−3.41 | 3.6 × 10−4 | 0.88 | 10.73 | 72.76 | 6.87 | [40] |
DRBDT-STVT | PC71BM | 1.76 | −5.14/−3.43 | 3.4 × 10−4 | 0.91 | 10.25 | 73.61 | 6.84 | [40] |
DRBDT-TVT | IDIC | - | - | 1.4 × 10−4 | 0.84 | 12.22 | 64.58 | 6.63 | [40] |
DRBDT-STVT | IDIC | - | - | 5.0 × 10−5 | 0.89 | 10.93 | 67.17 | 6.51 | [40] |
BDTTS-F-R | PC71BM | 1.76 | −5.28/−2.82 | 3.24 × 10−4 | 0.95 | 14.31 | 68.9 | 9.37 | [41] |
DTTS-Cl-R | PC71BM | 1.77 | −5.35/−2.84 | 2.79 × 10−4 | 0.96 | 14.92 | 75.3 | 10.78 | [41] |
BDTTS-Br-R | PC71BM | 1.78 | −5.40/−2.87 | 1.85 × 10−4 | 0.98 | 13.85 | 63.1 | 8.55 | [41] |
DRBDTCO | PC71BM | 1.73 | −4.94/−3.30 | 6.5 × 10−4 | 0.87 | 12.54 | 75.0 | 8.18 | [42] |
dDRBDTCO | PC71BM | 1.80 | −5.02/−3.30 | 5.9 × 10−4 | 0.89 | 10.88 | 73.0 | 7.07 | [42] |
BTR-TIPS | PC71BM | 1.84 | −5.42/−3.13 | 2.8 × 10−4 | 0.94 | 8.4 | 62.0 | 5.0 | [43] |
BTR-TE | PC71BM | 1.78 | −5.39/−3.33 | 9.4 × 10−4 | 0.90 | 14.0 | 70.0 | 9.0 | [43] |
BTR-H | PC71BM | 1.76 | −5.32/−3.29 | 3.9 × 10−4 | 0.87 | 10.1 | 58.0 | 5.1 | [43] |
BTR-EH | PC71BM | 1.73 | −5.32/−3.34 | 7.2 × 10−4 | 0.89 | 11.8 | 67.0 | 7.0 | [43] |
BTR | Y6 | - | - | 3.81 × 10−4 | 0.83 | 22.1 | 61.0 | 11.0 | [44] |
BTR-TE | Y6 | - | - | 2.92 × 10−4 | 0.84 | 23.4 | 67.0 | 13.2 | [44] |
BTR-TIPS | Y6 | - | - | 5.89 × 10−5 | 0.83 | 18.5 | 54.0 | 8.3 | [44] |
PM6:BTR(0.9:0.1) | Y6 | - | - | - | 0.84 | 24.6 | 76.0 | 15.7 | [44] |
PM6:BTR-TE(0.9:0.1) | Y6 | - | - | - | 0.84 | 24.5 | 78.0 | 16.1 | [44] |
PM6:BTR-TIPS(0.9:0.1) | Y6 | - | - | - | 0.82 | 24.1 | 71.0 | 14.0 | [44] |
BTR | NITI | - | - | 2.91 × 10−4 | 0.95 | 15.02 | 48.69 | 6.82 | [45] |
BTR | PC71BM | - | - | 4.43 × 10−4 | 0.90 | 13.80 | 72.86 | 9.03 | [45] |
BTR | PC71BM:NITI | - | - | 6.14 × 10−4 | 0.94 | 19.50 | 73.83 | 13.63 | [45] |
BSFTR | Y6 | 1.98cv | −5.59/−3.61 | 6.43 × 10−4 | 0.85 | 23.16 | 69.66 | 13.69 | [46] |
BDT3TR-SF | NBDTP-Fout | 1.81 | −5.37/−2.85 | 1.80 × 10−4 | 0.80 | 21.40 | 64.6 | 11.02 | [47] |
BDT3TR-SF | NBDTP-Fin | - | - | 3.27 × 10−5 | 0.87 | 0.07 | 32.4 | 0.01 | [47] |
BTR | BO-4Cl | 1.82cv | −5.34/−3.52 | 1.4 × 10−3 | 0.83 | 18.93 | 72.0 | 11.3 | [12] |
B1 | BO-4Cl | 1.86cv | −5.37/−3.51 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 0.83 | 24.41 | 75.0 | 15.3 | [12] |
SM-BF1 | Y6 | 1.75 | −5.49/−3.69 | 1.42 × 10−4 | 0.85 | 26.64 | 69.7 | 15.71 | [14] |
SM-BF2 | Y6 | 1.77 | −5.45/−3.66 | 4.86 × 10−5 | 0.80 | 20.21 | 63.1 | 10.23 | [14] |
S35 | Y6 | 1.80 | −5.37/−3.57 | 4.11 × 10−4 | 0.85 | 22.54 | 62.35 | 11.95 | [48] |
S35−1Si | Y6 | 1.80 | −5.43/−3.63 | 7.00 × 10−4 | 0.86 | 22.93 | 61.84 | 12.19 | [48] |
S35−2Si | Y6 | 1.81 | −5.38/−3.57 | 8.20 × 10−4 | 0.83 | 23.59 | 68.80 | 13.50 | [48] |
C-F | N3 | 1.88 | −5.29/−3.53 | 2.81 × 10−4 | 0.79 | 20.51 | 47.52 | 7.76 | [49] |
C-2F | N3 | 1.90 | −5.36/−3.54 | 2.70 × 10−3 | 0.85 | 24.87 | 69.33 | 14.64 | [49] |
PM6:Y6 | PC71BM | - | - | 1.04 × 10−3 | 0.85 | 26.37 | 76.0 | 17.00 | [50] |
PM6:CNS-6-8 | Y6:PC71BM | 1.93cv | −5.55/−3.62 | 1.21 × 10−3 | 0.87 | 26.43 | 78.8 | 18.07 | [50] |
SW1 | Y6 | 1.79 | −5.42/−3.43 | 4.11 × 10−4 | 0.81 | 25.09 | 63.8 | 12.90 | [51] |
SW2 | Y6 | 1.81 | −5.47/−3.45 | 3.28 × 10−4 | 0.84 | 25.10 | 74.0 | 15.51 | [51] |
BO-1 | BTP-eC9 | 1.72 | −5.30/−3.51 | 1.03 × 10−3 | 0.85 | 25.56 | 77.74 | 16.79 | [52] |
HD-1 | BTP-eC9 | 1.73 | −5.31/−3.46 | 1.14 × 10−3 | 0.84 | 26.04 | 78.46 | 17.19 | [52] |
OD-1 | BTP-eC9 | 1.73 | −5.36/−3.48 | 0.99 × 10−3 | 0.83 | 25.49 | 71.89 | 15.18 | [52] |
Donor | Acceptor | Eg (eV) | HOMO/LUMO (eV) | µh (cm2V−1s−1) | VOC (V) | JSC (mAcm−2) | FF (%) | PCE (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SMPV1 | PC71BM | 1.77 | −5.51/−3.64 | 3.3 × 10−4 | 0.94 | 12.5 | 69.0 | 8.1 | [53] |
D(T3-DCRD)-BDT | PC61BM | 1.62 | −5.39/−2.84 | 5.07 × 10−5 | 0.93 | 2.44 | 49.0 | 1.10 | [54] |
D(T3-DCRD)-BDTT | PC61BM | 1.61 | −5.46/−2.83 | 6.22 × 10−4 | 0.96 | 3.69 | 55.0 | 1.94 | [54] |
DRT3-BDT | PC71BM | 1.74 | −5.42/−3.54 | 8.68 × 10−5 | 0.90 | 11.92 | 63.0 | 6.76 | [55] |
DTT3-BDT | PC71BM | 1.84 | −5.38/−3.44 | 2.94 × 10−5 | 0.86 | 10.52 | 58.0 | 5.25 | [55] |
DOO3OTTBDT | PC71BM | 1.76 | −5.19/−3.46 | 1.4 × 10−4 | 0.94 | 8.0 | 70.0 | 5.26 | [56] |
DOP3HTTBDT | PC71BM | 1.77 | −5.11/−3.37 | 1.1 × 10−4 | 0.87 | 9.94 | 65.0 | 5.64 | [56] |
BDT3SCNCOO | PC71BM | 1.84 | −5.08/−3.47 | 1.2 × 10−4 | 0.89 | 9.98 | 72.0 | 6.4 | [57] |
BDT3SCNCO | PC71BM | 1.76 | −5.18/−3.46 | 4.0 × 10−5 | 0.92 | 10.2 | 65.0 | 6.4 | [57] |
BDT3SCNSOO | PC71BM | 1.85 | −5.11/−3.46 | 1.4 × 10−6 | 0.93 | 6.1 | 53.0 | 3.0 | [57] |
BTID-0F | PC71BM | 1.71 | −4.91/−3.20 | 4.70 × 10−4 | 0.93 | 14.0 | 64.0 | 8.30 | [58] |
BTID-1F | PC71BM | 1.70 | −4.98/−3.28 | 6.4 × 10−4 | 0.94 | 15.3 | 72.0 | 10.4 | [58] |
BTID-2F | PC71BM | 1.68 | −5.05/−3.37 | 1.4 × 10−3 | 0.95 | 15.7 | 76.0 | 11.3 | [58] |
2F-C4C6 | IDIC | 1.82 cv | −5.19/−3.37 | 7.26 × 10−5 | 0.84 | 12.05 | 57.2 | 6.21 | [59] |
2F-C6C8 | IDIC | 1.83 cv | −5.24/−3.41 | 8.72 × 10−5 | 0.90 | 13.98 | 65.2 | 8.23 | [59] |
V-BDT | PC71BM | 2.02 | −5.34/−3.64 | - | 0.89 | 6.88 | 61.0 | 3.73 | [60] |
BTR-OH | PC71BM | 1.82 | −5.49/−3.45 | 1.4 × 10−5 | 0.90 | 13.56 | 65.3 | 8.0 | [61] |
BTR:BTR-OH(0.8:0.2) | PC71BM | - | - | 6.8 × 10−5 | 0.93 | 14.62 | 74.2 | 10.14 | [61] |
BDT-1 | PC71BM | 1.73 | −5.28/−3.25 | 6.9 × 10−5 | 0.90 | 11.4 | 52.9 | 5.46 | [62] |
BDT-2 | PC71BM | 1.78 | −5.27/−3.22 | 7.0 × 10−6 | 0.82 | 8.3 | 43.9 | 2.99 | [62] |
BDT-3 | PC71BM | 1.96 | −5.25/−2.90 | 1.0 × 10−8 | 0.55 | 2.6 | 27.0 | 0.38 | [62] |
DR3TBDTT | PC71BM | 1.77 | −5.02/−3.27 | 3.53 × 10−4 | 0.90 | 13.37 | 74.8 | 9.09 | [63] |
DCAO3TBDTT | IDIC | 1.88 | −5.24/−2.28 | 5.70 × 10−4 | 0.91 | 15.53 | 66.9 | 9.49 | [63] |
DR3TBDTT-S-E: DR3TBDTT | PC71BM | 1.73 | −5.33/−3.50 | 6.74 × 10−4 | 0.91 | 14.89 | 76.9 | 10.38 | [63] |
DCAO3TBDTT: DR3TBDTT-S-E | IDIC | - | - | 7.21 × 10−4 | 0.91 | 16.37 | 67.4 | 10.04 | [63] |
BDT-2T-DCV-Me | IDIC | 1.90 | −5.56/−3.35 | 3.48 × 10−4 | 1.06 | 4.75 | 29.3 | 1.56 | [64] |
BDT-2T-CNAB | IDIC | 1.90 | −5.54/−3.31 | 4.67 × 10−3 | 1.04 | 10.10 | 58.8 | 6.17 | [64] |
BDT-HTOX | PC71BM | 1.72 | −5.44/−3.62 | - | 0.88 | 3.26 | 27.9 | 0.80 | [65] |
BDT-TBT | PC71BM | 2.14 | −5.43/−3.29 | - | 0.84 | 2.56 | 31.9 | 0.69 | [66] |
BDT-THTBT | PC71BM | 2.02 | −5.33/−3.31 | - | 0.82 | 4.20 | 30.1 | 1.04 | [66] |
SD1 | Y6T | 1.87 | −5.08/−3.41 | 8.32 × 10−4 | 0.88 | 18.23 | 63.1 | 10.12 | [67] |
SD2 | Y6T | 1.88 | −5.11/−3.41 | 5.18 × 10−4 | 0.89 | 17.79 | 52.3 | 8.28 | [67] |
SD3 | Y6T | 1.89 | −5.10/−3.40 | 3.59 × 10−4 | 0.89 | 14.47 | 45.0 | 5.79 | [67] |
Donor | Acceptor | Eg (eV) | HOMO/LUMO (eV) | µh (cm2V−1s−1) | VOC (V) | JSC (mAcm−2) | FF (%) | PCE (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D1 | PC70BM | 1.61 | −5.19/−3.56 | 2.04 × 10−4 | 1.03 | 10.07 | 54.7 | 5.67 | [68] |
DO1 | PC70BM | 1.59 | −5.18/−3.56 | 1.71 × 10−4 | 0.91 | 9.47 | 48.2 | 4.15 | [68] |
D2 | PC70BM | 1.60 | −5.16/−3.54 | 2.82 × 10−2 | 0.92 | 11.05 | 66.4 | 6.75 | [68] |
DO2 | PC70BM | 1.60 | −5.16/−3.52 | 2.63 × 10−2 | 0.92 | 8.58 | 64.8 | 5.11 | [68] |
0TBM | PC71BM | 1.42 | −5.13/−4.11 | 9.06 × 10−6 | 0.64 | 0.10 | 31.5 | 0.02 | [69] |
1TBM | PC71BM | 1.46 | −5.11/−3.84 | 6.70 × 10−5 | 0.83 | 3.49 | 33.2 | 0.95 | [69] |
2TBM | PC71BM | 1.46 | −5.10/−3.80 | 2.37 × 10−5 | 0.79 | 6.66 | 35.1 | 1.85 | [69] |
2TBM (out) | PC71BM | 1.48 | −5.09/−3.75 | 2.37 × 10−5 | 0.81 | 6.33 | 30.4 | 1.56 | [69] |
3TBM | PC71BM | 1.42 | −5.10/−3.75 | 7.74 × 10−3 | 0.80 | 13.81 | 56.4 | 6.29 | [69] |
4TBM | PC71BM | 1.42 | −5.06/−3.76 | 1.27 × 10−5 | 0.78 | 5.01 | 40.3 | 1.56 | [69] |
4TBM out) | PC71BM | 1.56 | −5.12/−3.76 | 1.27 × 10−5 | 0.76 | 2.33 | 25.3 | 0.45 | [69] |
5TBM | PC71BM | 1.42 | −5.10/−3.74 | 4.00 × 10−3 | 0.81 | 9.62 | 68.8 | 5.35 | [69] |
TBDT-2HT-ID | PC71BM | 1.78 | −5.47/−3.68 | 7.6 × 10−5 | 1.07 | 12.4 | 55.5 | 7.36 | [70] |
BDT-1T-ID | PC71BM | 1.80 | −5.23/−3.43 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.06 | 11.0 | 49.0 | 5.9 | [71] |
BDT-2T-ID | PC71BM | 1.72 | −5.13/−3.41 | 7.1 × 10−3 | 0.96 | 14.0 | 49.0 | 6.9 | [71] |
BDT-3T-ID | PC71BM | 1.65 | −5.03/−3.38 | 4.2 × 10−3 | 0.93 | 13.5 | 49.0 | 6.2 | [71] |
BDT-4T-ID | PC71BM | 1.64 | −4.99/−3.35 | 5.4 × 10−3 | 0.88 | 11.3 | 51.0 | 5.1 | [71] |
BDTTID | PC70BM | 1.74 | −5.36/−3.59 | 1.96 × 10−5 | 1.03 | 10.20 | 53.0 | 5.54 | [72] |
BDT3TID | PC70BM | 1.67 | −5.16/−3.48 | 1.87 × 10−5 | 0.89 | 9.04 | 59.0 | 4.74 | [72] |
BDT(ThBTTh)2 | PC61BM | 1.77 | −5.17/−3.40 | 4.7 × 10−4 | 0.89 | 9.33 | 54.5 | 4.53 | [73] |
BDT(BTTh)2 | PC61BM | 1.77 | −5.11/−3.34 | 0.86 × 10−4 | 0.82 | 4.74 | 40.5 | 1.58 | [73] |
a-SM1 | PC61BM | 1.66 | −5.15/−3.49 | 9.2 × 10−4 | 0.67 | 4.13 | 50.1 | 1.40 | [74] |
a-SM2 | PC61BM | 1.66 | −5.13/−3.47 | 1.29 × 10−3 | 0.65 | 6.50 | 60.3 | 2.57 | [74] |
SM-BT-2OR | IDIC | 1.77 | −5.34/−3.12 | 7.37 × 10−5 | 0.94 | 13.57 | 56.5 | 7.20 | [75] |
SM-BT-2F | IDIC | 1.66 | −5.36/−3.26 | 1.77 × 10−5 | 0.98 | 6.74 | 41.7 | 2.76 | [75] |
BDTSe-TTPD | PC71BM | 1.86 | −5.34/−3.48 | 3.04 × 10−6 | 0.90 | 10.5 | 46.3 | 4.37 | [76] |
M7a | PC71BM | 1.84 | −5.01/−3.36 | - | 0.98 | 7.74 | 51.0 | 3.9 | [77] |
M7b | PC71BM | 1.88 | −5.12/−3.26 | - | 0.97 | 5.54 | 49.0 | 2.5 | [77] |
b-SM1 | PC71BM | 1.84 | −5.32/−3.16 | 9.89 × 10−5 | 0.99 | 11.18 | 56.0 | 6.20 | [78] |
b-SM2 | PC71BM | 1.72 | −5.28/−3.24 | 1.89 × 10−4 | 1.04 | 12.06 | 60.0 | 7.45 | [78] |
BDT(TVT-SR)2 | IDIC | 1.82 | −5.33/−3.18 | 1.48 × 10−4 | 0.98 | 15.92 | 71.2 | 11.10 | [79] |
SBDT-BDD | IDIC | 1.77 | −5.25/−3.55 | 3.5 × 10−4 | 0.97 | 15.15 | 62.5 | 9.2 | [80] |
SBDT-BDD | PC71BM:IDIC | - | - | 3.8 × 10−4 | 0.97 | 16.21 | 69.3 | 10.9 | [80] |
BDTTNTTR | PC71BM | 1.51 | −5.29/−3.53 | 2.01 × 10−3 | 0.89 | 15.70 | 71.7 | 10.02 | [81] |
BDTSTNTTR | PC71BM | 1.50 | −5.35/−3.60 | 3.18 × 10−3 | 0.93 | 16.21 | 76.5 | 11.53 | [81] |
H11 | IDIC | 1.87 | −5.31/−3.03 | 7.7 × 10−5 | 0.98 | 15.21 | 65.5 | 9.73 | [82] |
H12 | IDIC | 1.87 | −5.28/−3.01 | 7.9 × 10−5 | 0.96 | 10.51 | 54.9 | 5.51 | [82] |
H13 | IDIC-4F | 1.93 | −5.43/−3.39 | 2.02 × 10−4 | 0.94 | 17.3 | 63.2 | 10.3 | [83] |
H14 | IDIC-4F | 1.94 | −5.46/−3.47 | 4.41 × 10−4 | 0.94 | 18.3 | 70.2 | 12.1 | [83] |
BDT(TTzT)2 | PC71BM | 1.91 | −5.51/−3.67 | 8.76 × 10−5 | 0.98 | 9.56 | 53.5 | 5.01 | [84] |
BDT(TTz2T)2 | PC71BM | 1.77 | −5.30/−3.64 | 2.14 × 10−4 | 0.88 | 10.55 | 57.2 | 5.29 | [84] |
TBDT(TTzT)2 | PC71BM | 1.99 | −5.59/−3.69 | 4.63 × 10−4 | 1.03 | 9.50 | 61.6 | 6.10 | [85] |
TBDT(TTz2T)2 | PC71BM | 1.82 | −5.37/−3.65 | 7.25 × 10−4 | 0.94 | 10.65 | 65.1 | 6.56 | [85] |
BDTQ-BDT(EH) | PC70BM | 2.10 | −5.36/−3.26 | - | 0.83 | 4.50 | 32.0 | 1.20 | [86] |
BDTQ-BDT(OC) | PC70BM | 2.11 | −5.30/−3.19 | - | 0.79 | 3.52 | 30.0 | 0.83 | [86] |
SM-0F | PC71BM | 1.56cv | −5.09/−3.53 | 2.10 × 10−4 | 0.73 | 7.3 | 43.4 | 2.56 | [87] |
SM-2F | PC71BM | 1.49cv | −5.12/−3.63 | 3.52 × 10−4 | 0.75 | 11.0 | 44.9 | 3.94 | [87] |
SM-4F | PC71BM | 1.55cv | −5.13/−3.58 | 2.35 × 10−4 | 0.77 | 9.1 | 46.7 | 3.48 | [87] |
BBDDR | IDIC | 1.79 | −5.40/−3.61 | 2.4 × 10−4 | 1.01 | 14.6 | 53.0 | 7.8 | [88] |
BDT-TITRh | PC71BM | 1.78 | −5.24/−3.74 | 2.1 × 10−5 | 0.80 | 13.05 | 33.8 | 3.52 | [89] |
BDT-TI2TRh | PC71BM | 1.75 | −5.17/−3.71 | 8.0 × 10−5 | 0.85 | 13.23 | 37.3 | 4.19 | [89] |
BDT-BTF | PC71BM | 1.78 | −5.20/−3.24 | 3.9 × 10−3 | 0.85 | 10.48 | 66.0 | 5.88 | [90] |
BDTDPTz | PC71BM | 1.65 | −5.42/−3.65 | 8.20 × 10−5 | 0.87 | 12.83 | 56.4 | 6.28 | [91] |
B2TPR | PC71BM | 1.68 | −5.23/−3.55 | 1.26 × 10−4 | 0.98 | 11.3 | 64.0 | 7.1 | [92] |
BTRO | IDIC-4F | 1.79 | −5.30/−3.41 | 4.29 × 10−4 | 0.91 | 11.04 | 41.0 | 4.08 | [93] |
BTCN | IDIC-4F | 1.82 | −5.31/−3.43 | 6.94 × 10−4 | 0.89 | 11.46 | 45.0 | 4.62 | [93] |
ECTBD | Y6 | 1.93 | −5.47/−3.54 | - | 0.81 | 6.37 | 30.5 | 1.58 | [94] |
ECTBD(15%):PM6 | Y6 | - | - | - | 0.85 | 25.54 | 76.2 | 16.51 | [94] |
BER6 | IDIC | 1.91 | −5.41/−2.90 | 1.47 × 10−4 | 0.97 | 14.86 | 63.0 | 9.03 | [95] |
BECN | IDIC | 1.85 | −5.44/−2.99 | 6.44 × 10−5 | 0.96 | 11.10 | 51.0 | 5.52 | [95] |
D18-Cl:G17(0.9:0.1) | Y6 | 1.80 | −5.39/−3.60 | 2.53 × 10−4 | 0.88 | 25.99 | 76.7 | 17.13 | [96] |
D18-Cl:G19(0.9:0.1) | Y6 | 1.83 | −5.30/−3.53 | 2.77 × 10−4 | 0.87 | 27.36 | 77.7 | 18.53 | [96] |
SM-BDT | Y8 | 1.84 | −5.10/−2.70 | 2.04 × 10−4 | 0.84 | 21.63 | 58.7 | 10.68 | [97] |
SMBDT-S | PC71BM | 1.85 | −5.56/−3.56 | - | 1.05 | 5.55 | 50.0 | 2.89 | [98] |
SM-BDT-SF | PC71BM | 1.86 | −5.72/−3.59 | - | 1.18 | 1.39 | 55.0 | 0.90 | [98] |
Donor | Acceptor | Eg (eV) | HOMO/LUMO (eV) | µh (cm2V−1s−1) | VOC (V) | JSC (mAcm−2) | FF (%) | PCE (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BDT-1 | PC71BM | 1.77 | −5.14/−3.37 | 5.38 × 10−5 | 0.89 | 13.02 | 62.0 | 7.18 | [99] |
BDT-2 | PC71BM | 1.76 | −5.13/−3.37 | 2.44 × 10−4 | 0.89 | 13.17 | 73.0 | 8.56 | [99] |
BDT-3 | PC71BM | 1.82 | −5.10/−3.28 | 9.19 × 10−5 | 0.90 | 11.34 | 70.0 | 7.14 | [99] |
BDTx-2TVTDPP | PC61BM | 1.61 | −5.10/−3.32 | 1.61 × 10−4 | 0.67 | 3.61 | 65.8 | 1.58 | [100] |
BDTy-2TVTDPP | PC71BM | 1.71 | −5.30/−3.32 | 2.8 × 10−5 | 0.86 | 8.60 | 38.7 | 2.85 | [100] |
aBDT | PC61BM | 1.96 | −5.23/−3.39 | 3.5 × 10−5 | 0.81 | 1.74 | 27.0 | 0.40 | [101] |
BDT | PC61BM | 1.85 | −5.16/−3.40 | 2.7 × 10−4 | 0.85 | 8.67 | 49.0 | 3.60 | [101] |
B-BDP | PC71BM | 1.46 | −5.11/−3.65 | 4.53 × 10−4 | 0.73 | 11.84 | 53.8 | 4.65 | [102] |
PH | PC61BM | 1.70 | −5.36/−3.66 | 7.45 × 10−6 | 0.83 | 8.36 | 59.6 | 4.15 | [103] |
PF2 | PC61BM | 1.70 | −5.47/−3.75 | 4.01 × 10−6 | 0.94 | 7.81 | 57.8 | 4.26 | [103] |
PH:PF2 (0.1:0.9) | PC61BM | - | - | 7.17 × 10−6 | 0.93 | 9.18 | 57.6 | 4.90 | [103] |
DRTB-T-C2 | IT-4F | 2.0 | −5.51/−3.34 | 3.27 × 10−5 | 0.89 | 16.66 | 64.0 | 9.52 | [104] |
DRTB-T-C4 | IT-4F | 1.99 | −5.50/−3.32 | 1.74 × 10−5 | 0.91 | 18.27 | 68.0 | 11.24 | [104] |
DRTB-T-C6 | IT-4F | 1.98 | −5.50/−3.32 | 5.55 × 10−5 | 0.93 | 17.92 | 63.0 | 10.52 | [104] |
DRTB-T-C8 | IT-4F | 1.97 | −5.52/−3.33 | 3.14 × 10−5 | 0.93 | 16.15 | 61.0 | 9.14 | [104] |
DRTB-O | PC71BM | 1.90 | −5.50/−3.56 | 5.44 × 10−5 | 1.01 | 7.49 | 65.0 | 4.91 | [105] |
DRTB-T | PC71BM | 1.90 | −5.48/−3.56 | 1.14 × 10−4 | 1.01 | 10.02 | 70.0 | 7.08 | [105] |
DRTB-O | IDIC | - | - | 3.74 × 10−7 | 0.99 | 0.57 | 27.0 | 0.15 | [105] |
DRTB-T | IDIC | - | - | 3.46 × 10−4 | 0.98 | 14.22 | 65.0 | 9.06 | [105] |
DRTB-FT | F-2Cl | 1.99 | −5.64/−3.61 | 8.56 × 10−5 | 1.07 | 13.46 | 53.2 | 7.66 | [106] |
BDT(DPP-9-BTI)2 | PC71BM | 1.46 | −5.07/−3.61 | 2.06 × 10−4 | 0.55 | 11.84 | 54.1 | 3.52 | [107] |
BDT(DPP-8-BTI)2 | PC71BM | 1.43 | −5.20/−3.77 | 2.19 × 10−4 | 0.64 | 11.91 | 63.4 | 4.80 | [107] |
SeBDT-DPP | PC71BM | 1.63 | −5.42/−3.79 | 5.9 × 10−3 | 0.79 | 10.98 | 58.0 | 5.04 | [108] |
BDT(DPP)4 | PC71BM | 1.69 | −5.36/−3.33 | - | 0.75 | 8.54 | 39.0 | 2.5 | [109] |
BDT(DPP)4 | C8-ITIC | - | - | - | 0.86 | 10.1 | 45.0 | 3.9 | [109] |
M1 | PC61BM | 2.31 | −5.79/−3.49 | - | 0.55 | 3.07 | 32.0 | 0.54 | [110] |
M2 | PC61BM | 2.10 | −5.66/−3.52 | - | 0.61 | 2.10 | 32.0 | 0.41 | [110] |
c-SM1 | ITIC-4F | 1.79 | −5.37/−3.58 | - | 0.83 | 2.28 | 21.0 | 0.41 | [111] |
c-SM2 | ITIC-4F | 1.64 | −5.50/−3.86 | - | 0.71 | 4.77 | 24.0 | 0.82 | [111] |
C8T-BDTDP | 6TIC | 1.58 | −5.28/−3.70 | 1.66 × 10−4 | 0.75 | 17.75 | 64.0 | 8.73 | [112] |
C8ST-BDTDP | 6TIC | 1.59 | −5.24/−3.65 | 3.82 × 10−4 | 0.79 | 19.53 | 65.6 | 10.39 | [112] |
C8TEBDT-2P | IDIC | 1.57 | −5.24/−3.67 | 1.26 × 10−4 | 0.86 | 14.5 | 64.6 | 7.46 | [113] |
C8TBDT-2P | IDIC | 1.72 | −5.19/−3.47 | 3.75 × 10−5 | 0.80 | 6.83 | 45.8 | 2.68 | [113] |
BDT-Qx | PC71BM | 2.08 | −5.34/−3.26 | - | 0.75 | 2.20 | 31.4 | 0.52 | [114] |
BDT-T-Qx | PC71BM | 1.95 | −5.35/−3.40 | - | 0.78 | 2.41 | 31.7 | 0.59 | [114] |
3BDTBDD | ITIC | 2.03 | −5.50/−3.38 | 1.73 × 10−5 | 0.90 | 9.51 | 50.6 | 4.33 | [115] |
5BDTBDD | ITIC | 1.87 | −5.46/−3.51 | 1.12 × 10−4 | 0.91 | 13.23 | 65.6 | 7.89 | [115] |
3BDT-4 | Y6 | 1.83 | −5.14/−3.44 | 8.0 × 10−5 | 0.83 | 17.0 | 41.3 | 5.82 | [116] |
3BDT-5 | Y6 | 1.90 | −5.15/−3.40 | 3.64 × 10−4 | 0.84 | 21.3 | 58.1 | 10.4 | [116] |
O-BDTdFBT | PC71BM | 1.83 | −5.37/−3.52 | 3.1 × 10−5 | 0.97 | 11.48 | 70.0 | 8.10 | [117] |
BDT-O-DPP | PC61BM | 1.69 | −5.16/−3.47 | 1.54 × 10−4 | 0.88 | 9.54 | 51.1 | 4.28 | [118] |
BDT-PO-DPP | PC61BM | 1.70 | −5.25/−3.55 | 2.98 × 10−4 | 0.83 | 11.23 | 60.3 | 5.63 | [118] |
BDT(DPP-TTHex)2 | PC71BM | 1.49 | −5.16/−3.64 | 1.01 × 10−5 | 0.65 | 6.08 | 60.0 | 2.36 | [119] |
BDT(DPP-TT)2 | PC71BM | 1.53 | −5.15/−3.61 | 1.28 × 10−5 | 0.69 | 13.39 | 56.0 | 5.12 | [119] |
BDT(DPP)2 | PC61BM | 1.55 | −5.62/−3.47 | - | 0.81 | 3.20 | 49.2 | 1.26 | [120] |
BDTT(DPP)2 | PC61BM | 1.52 | −5.68/−3.46 | - | 0.78 | 2.83 | 34.9 | 0.77 | [120] |
BDT(TPD-DPP)2 | PC61BM | 1.55 | −5.67/−3.63 | - | 0.78 | 5.69 | 54.5 | 2.41 | [120] |
BDTT(TPD-DPP)2 | PC61BM | 1.55 | −5.68/−3.64 | - | 0.77 | 10.83 | 50.9 | 4.25 | [120] |
TBCA-C2 | IT-4F | 2.03 | −5.51/−3.48 | 1.52 × 10−5 | 0.91 | 13.61 | 59.0 | 7.34 | [121] |
TBCA-C4 | IT-4F | 2.03 | −5.49/−3.46 | 1.06 × 10−4 | 0.93 | 15.43 | 64.0 | 9.21 | [121] |
TBCA-C6 | IT-4F | 2.03 | −5.53/−3.50 | 2.42 × 10−5 | 0.94 | 13.97 | 60.0 | 7.91 | [121] |
TBCA-C8 | IT-4F | 2.03 | −5.52/−3.49 | 1.38 × 10−5 | 0.94 | 13.52 | 57.0 | 7.24 | [121] |
BDT-3Th | Y6 | 1.97 | −5.04/−3.39 | - | 0.87 | 11.90 | 36.5 | 3.78 | [122] |
BDT-4Th | Y6 | 2.01 | −5.14/−3.38 | - | 0.84 | 17.20 | 40.3 | 5.83 | [122] |
BSCl-C1 | IDIC-4Cl | 1.87 | −5.59/−2.25 | 4.17 × 10−5 | 0.56 | 4.90 | 33.9 | 0.90 | [123] |
BSCl-C2 | IDIC-4Cl | 1.82 | −5.58/−2.19 | 3.83 × 10−4 | 0.86 | 20.10 | 71.3 | 12.40 | [123] |
BSCl-C3 | IDIC-4Cl | 1.84 | −5.55/−2.18 | 1.58 × 10−4 | 0.87 | 14.20 | 67.0 | 8.25 | [123] |
BSCl | IDIC-4Cl | 1.58 | −5.55/−3.30 | 5.4 × 10−5 | 0.86 | 21.5 | 70.0 | 13.03 | [124] |
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Alam, S.; Lee, J. Progress and Future Potential of All-Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells Based on the Benzodithiophene Donor Material. Molecules 2023, 28, 3171. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073171
Alam S, Lee J. Progress and Future Potential of All-Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells Based on the Benzodithiophene Donor Material. Molecules. 2023; 28(7):3171. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073171
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlam, Shabaz, and Jaewon Lee. 2023. "Progress and Future Potential of All-Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells Based on the Benzodithiophene Donor Material" Molecules 28, no. 7: 3171. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073171