Gelsemium elegans Benth: Chemical Components, Pharmacological Effects, and Toxicity Mechanisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Chemical Components of GEB
3. Pharmacological Effects of GEB
3.1. Clinical Pharmacology of GEB
3.1.1. Anti-Tumor Effects
3.1.2. Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects
3.1.3. Anti-Anxiety Effects
3.1.4. Immunomodulatory Effects
3.1.5. Cardiovascular Repair
3.1.6. Hematopoietic Protection
3.1.7. Mydriasis
3.2. Pharmacokinetic Research of GEB
4. Mechanisms of GEB Toxicity
5. Summary and Prospect
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Active Component | Tumor Type | Mechanism | EC50(mm)/EC50(um) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Koumine | H22 liver cancer cells | Inhibits the proliferation of solid tumors derived from H22 in mice | [19] | |
Koumine | SW480 human colon cancer cells | Induces apoptosis and blocks the S/G2 transitio n in SW480 cells | EC50: 0.45 ± 0.10 | [20] |
Gelsenicine | SW480 human colon cancer cells | Inhibits tumor cell proliferation | EC50: 0.52 ± 0.22 | [20] |
Gelsenicine | MGC80-3 human gastric cancer cells | Inhibits tumor cell proliferation | EC50: 1.14 ± 0.23 | [20] |
N1-methoxygelsemine | SW480 human colon cancer cells | Inhibits tumor cell proliferation | EC50: 1.41 ± 0.06 | [20] |
N1-methoxygelsemine | MGC80-3 human gastric cancer cells | Inhibits tumor cell proliferation | EC50: 1.22 ± 0.01 | [20] |
Koumine | HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells | By reducing the expression of Bcl-2 to activate the apoptotic pathway; the expression of Bcl-2 is related to the increase of BAX, CytC, and caspase-3 | EC50: 0.07056 | [22,23] |
Koumine | HT29 human colorectal cancer cells | By reducing the expression of Bcl-2 to activate the apoptotic pathway; the expression of Bcl-2 is related to the increase of BAX, CytC, and caspase-3 | EC50: 0.06282 | [22,23] |
Gelsebanine | A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells | Has strong cytotoxicity in A549 cells | EC50: 6.34 × 10−4 | [24] |
6, Gelsenicine | A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells | Has strong cytotoxicity in A431 cells | EC50: 37 | [25] |
7, Gelsedine | A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells | Has strong cytotoxicity in A431 cells | EC50: 0.35 | [25] |
8, Gelsemicine | A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells | Has strong cytotoxicity in A431 cells | EC50: 0.75 | [25] |
Active Component | Laboratory Animal | Mode of Administration | LD50 or MLC Range/(mg/kg) | Poisoning Symptoms | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total alkaloids of GEB | Mice | Oral administration | LD50: 15 (13–17) | Reduced activity, slowed breathing, convulsions, respiratory depression | [56] |
Total alkaloids of GEB | Mice | Intraperitoneal injection | LD50: 4 (4–5) | Reduced activity, slowed breathing, convulsions, respiratory depression | [56] |
Gelsenicine | Mice | Intraperitoneal injection | LD50: 0.165 | Death | [57] |
Gelsenicine | Mice | Subcutaneous injection | LD50: 0.1–0.2 | Death | [28] |
Koumine | Mice | Intraperitoneal injection | LD50: 99 | Dyspnea and tonic convulsions before death | [58] |
Gelsemine | Mice | Intraperitoneal injection | LD50: 56.2 | Convulsions before death | [58] |
N1-methoxygelsemine | Mice | Intraperitoneal injection | LD50: 63.1 | Increased activity, convulsions before death | [58] |
Kouminicine | Mice | Intraperitoneal injection | LD50: 2.83 | Death | [58] |
Kouminicine | Rats | Intravenous injection | LD50: 0.7 | Tonic convulsion and death due to respiratory depression | [58] |
Koumidine | Mice | Intraperitoneal injection | LD50 >125 | Paralysis or death | [58] |
Koumicine | Mice | Intraperitoneal injection | LD50 >125 | Reduced activity, dyskinesia, and dyspnea | [58] |
Gelsedine | Rats | Intraperitoneal injection | MLC: 0.1–0.12 | Respiratory depression, convulsions | [59] |
Gelsedine | Frogs | Injection to abdominal lymphatic sac | MLC: 20–30 | Respiratory depression, convulsions | [59] |
Gelsedine | Rabbits | Intravenous injection | MLC: 0.05–0.06 | Respiratory depression, convulsions | [59] |
Gelsedine | Dogs | Intravenous injection | MLC: 0.5–1.0 | Respiratory depression, convulsions | [59] |
Total alkaloids of GEB | Rabbits | Intravenous injection | MLC: 4–8 | Decreased heart rate and respiratory depression before death | [60] |
GEB alkaloids injection | Male rats | Intraperitoneal injection | LD50: 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | Decrease in quiet activities, dyspnea, convulsions before death, death within 3–12 h | [26] |
GEB alkaloids injection | Female mice | Intramuscular injection | LD50: 1.5 (1.4–1.6) | Respiratory depression and convulsions before death | [26] |
GEB alkaloids injection | Mice (male-to-female ratio: 1:1) | Intravenous injection | LD50: 1.56 (1.4–1.69) | Respiratory depression and convulsions before death | [26] |
GEB alkaloids injection | Male rabbits | Intravenous injection | LD50: 76 | Excitement, convulsions, and dyspnea before death | [26] |
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Lin, H.; Qiu, H.; Cheng, Y.; Liu, M.; Chen, M.; Que, Y.; Que, W. Gelsemium elegans Benth: Chemical Components, Pharmacological Effects, and Toxicity Mechanisms. Molecules 2021, 26, 7145. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237145
Lin H, Qiu H, Cheng Y, Liu M, Chen M, Que Y, Que W. Gelsemium elegans Benth: Chemical Components, Pharmacological Effects, and Toxicity Mechanisms. Molecules. 2021; 26(23):7145. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237145
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Hailing, Hongqiang Qiu, Yu Cheng, Maobai Liu, Maohua Chen, Youxiong Que, and Wancai Que. 2021. "Gelsemium elegans Benth: Chemical Components, Pharmacological Effects, and Toxicity Mechanisms" Molecules 26, no. 23: 7145. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237145
APA StyleLin, H., Qiu, H., Cheng, Y., Liu, M., Chen, M., Que, Y., & Que, W. (2021). Gelsemium elegans Benth: Chemical Components, Pharmacological Effects, and Toxicity Mechanisms. Molecules, 26(23), 7145. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237145