α-Mangostin Nanoparticles Cytotoxicity and Cell Death Modalities in Breast Cancer Cell Lines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Chemical Characteristics of AMG
3. The Activity of AMG in Breast Cancer
3.1. Molecular Development of Breast Cancer
3.2. Mechanisms of Molecules Drug Resistance (MDR)
3.3. Cytotoxicity
3.4. Mechanisms of Cell Death
4. Molecular Cell Death Mechanisms of AMG in Cancer Cells
4.1. In Vitro Effect of AMG in Breast Cancer
4.2. In Vivo Effect of AMG in Breast Cancer
5. Nanotechnology of AMG in Breast Cancer
6. Perspective
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Anticancer Activity | Cell Models/Methods | Delivery | IC50/Concentration | Molecular Mechanisms | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cytotoxicity | SKBR3/The MTT assay/intracellular ROS level induced by H2 O2 | AMG | 8.21 μg/mL (ED50) | ↓ cancer cell production | [70] |
Water-soluble extracts | 160 μg/mL (ED50) | ↓ cancer cell production | |||
intracellular ROS level induced by H2O | AMG | 20 μg/mL | ↓ ROS | ||
Water-soluble extracts | 50 μg/ml | ↓ ROS | |||
Attenuation of inflammation | MDA-MB-231 | 10 μM AMG −20 μM AMG | iNOS protein ↓, mRNA expressions COX-2↓, NO↓, PGE2production from PEG2↓ | [71] | |
Induction of cell cycle arrest | MDA-MB-231 cells | 12 μM–20 μM AMG | 20 μM IC50 (24 h), 16 μM (48 h) | G1-arrest, p21CIP1expression↑, cyclins expression↓, CDC(s) expression↓, CDKs expression↓, PCNA↓, CHEK2 expression↑ | [72] |
Induction of the apoptotic signaling pathway | MDA-MB-231/The MTT assay | 20 μM AMG | 20 μM IC50 (24 h), 16 μM (48 h) | Mitochondrial membrane potential↓, caspase-7, caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-3 expression↑, ROS↑, Bcl-2 expression↓, Bax expression↑, Hsp70 protein expression↓, NF-κB translocation↓, PARP cleavage, Cytochrome c ↑ | [72,73] |
MCF-7, MCF-10A(normal cell)/ The MTT assay | 20 µg/mL AMG | IC50 10.26 ± 0.25 µg/mL (MCF-7), >0.30 µg/mL (MCF 10 A) | |||
MCF-7 he MTT assay | 1 mg/mL in DMSO of AMG | IC50 8–16 μM AMG after 24, under 6 μM AMG not give cytotoxicity | Caspases-8, caspase-9, and caspase−7 expressions↑, cytochrome c release, PARP cleavage, Bax expression↑, p53 expression↑, Bcl-2 expression↓, Bid↓, ERα expression↓ | [74] | |
MDA-MB, MCF 7/ | 24 h of exposure to AMG | 4 μM AMG for 24 h, (IC50) value of 5.54 μM | Fatty acid synthase (FAS) ↓, ER stress↑, Autophagy inhibition ↑, LC3II/LC3I↑, p62 ↑ | [74,75,76] | |
Inhibition of angiogenic and metastatic progression | Bovine retinal endothelial cells | 1.4–8 μM AMG | VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and ERK1/2-MAPK↓ | [77] | |
MCF-7/The MTT assay | 20 µg/mL AMG | IC50 2 μM AMG | TNF-α-induced NF-κB translocation↓, NF-κB↓, c-Fos↓, and c-Jun↓ | [74] |
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Herdiana, Y.; Wathoni, N.; Shamsuddin, S.; Muchtaridi, M. α-Mangostin Nanoparticles Cytotoxicity and Cell Death Modalities in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Molecules 2021, 26, 5119. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175119
Herdiana Y, Wathoni N, Shamsuddin S, Muchtaridi M. α-Mangostin Nanoparticles Cytotoxicity and Cell Death Modalities in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Molecules. 2021; 26(17):5119. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175119
Chicago/Turabian StyleHerdiana, Yedi, Nasrul Wathoni, Shaharum Shamsuddin, and Muchtaridi Muchtaridi. 2021. "α-Mangostin Nanoparticles Cytotoxicity and Cell Death Modalities in Breast Cancer Cell Lines" Molecules 26, no. 17: 5119. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175119