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Volume 24
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Article

Analysis of Multiclass Antibiotics in Lettuce by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Monitor Their Plant Uptake

by
Beatriz Albero
,
José L. Tadeo
,
María del Mar Delgado
,
Esther Miguel
and
Rosa Ana Pérez
*
Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Agronomía, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña, Km. 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2019, 24(22), 4066; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224066
Submission received: 23 October 2019 / Revised: 7 November 2019 / Accepted: 8 November 2019 / Published: 10 November 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Xenobiotics and their Residues in Food, Biological and Environmental Samples by Chromatographic Techniques Coupled with Modern Detection Techniques (DAD, FLD, MS, MS/MS))
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Abstract

The main entry routes of antibiotics in the environment are the application of organic wastes to improve soil quality and the irrigation with recycled water. Once in the environment, antibiotics can be introduced in the food chain through their uptake by crops. This paper describes the development of an analytical method based on ultrasound-assisted extraction for the determination of seven antibiotics in lettuce. The developed method was applied to evaluate antibiotic uptake by lettuce grown in pots fertilized with composted poultry litter doped with a mixture of antibiotics to reach a final concentration of 2.5 µg/g in soil. Lettuce were harvested after 21, 36, and 55 days. Five of the seven studied antibiotics were found in all samples. The highest uptake was found for lincomycin (51 ng/g fresh weight) followed by sulfamethoxazole (44 ng/g fresh weight) and sulfamethazine (21 ng/g fresh weight) in lettuce harvested after 21 days. An important decrease of their levels was observed after 36 days, but these levels remained similar after 55 days. Although levels found in lettuce were low, the presence of antibiotics demonstrates the need for further assessing food safety risks related with the use of soil amendments or irrigation water contaminated with antibiotics.
Keywords: pharmaceuticals; veterinary antibiotics; ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE); dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE); compost; lettuce; liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry pharmaceuticals; veterinary antibiotics; ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE); dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE); compost; lettuce; liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
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MDPI and ACS Style

Albero, B.; Tadeo, J.L.; Delgado, M.d.M.; Miguel, E.; Pérez, R.A. Analysis of Multiclass Antibiotics in Lettuce by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Monitor Their Plant Uptake. Molecules 2019, 24, 4066. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224066

AMA Style

Albero B, Tadeo JL, Delgado MdM, Miguel E, Pérez RA. Analysis of Multiclass Antibiotics in Lettuce by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Monitor Their Plant Uptake. Molecules. 2019; 24(22):4066. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224066

Chicago/Turabian Style

Albero, Beatriz, José L. Tadeo, María del Mar Delgado, Esther Miguel, and Rosa Ana Pérez. 2019. "Analysis of Multiclass Antibiotics in Lettuce by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Monitor Their Plant Uptake" Molecules 24, no. 22: 4066. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224066

APA Style

Albero, B., Tadeo, J. L., Delgado, M. d. M., Miguel, E., & Pérez, R. A. (2019). Analysis of Multiclass Antibiotics in Lettuce by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Monitor Their Plant Uptake. Molecules, 24(22), 4066. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224066

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