Carbonylation of Ethene Catalysed by Pd(II)-Phosphine Complexes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Basic Concepts of CO-Ethene Copolymerization in MeOH
2.1. General Aspects
- (i)
- Monophosphine catalysts lead to MP and eventually to low molecular weight co-oligomers, whereas diphosphine ones give PKs. Diphosphines, having the two P atoms linked by a C3 chain, give PKs with higher productivities and molecular weights than the others [8,10]. The striking difference between monophosphine- and diphosphine-catalysts was explained as the result that the diphosphine is always cis-chelated, so that the other two coordination sites of the d8-square planar palladium centre, one occupied by the growing polymer chain and the other by the monomer, are also always cis to each other, which is ideal in favouring the chain growth through migratory insertions of the monomers. Differently, Pd(II) coordinated by a monophosphine can assume both cis and trans geometries, so that chain growth is relatively slow compared to chain termination [8,10].
- (ii)
- (iii)
- (iv)
2.2. Alternating Chain Growing
2.3. Termination-Initiation
2.4. Shift from the Hydride Mechanism to the Methoxy One and Vice Versa
3. Influence of the Ligand on the Product Formation
CO-Ethene Chain Propagation
4. Highly Active and Selective Catalysts for the Ethene Hydromethoxycarbonylation
5. Mechanism of the Ethene Hydromethoxycarbonylation
5.1. Diphosphine Catalysts
5.2. Monophosphine Catalysts
6. Carbonylation in Aqueous Solvents
6.1. CO-Ethene Copolymerization with Water-Soluble Catalysts
6.2. Monocarbonylation of Olefins
6.3. Copolymerization in Water-Organic Acid
6.4. Biphasic Copolymerization in the Presence of an Emulsifier
7. Carbonylation in Ionic Liquids
8. Supported Copolymerization
9. Nonalternating CO-Ethene Copolymerization
10. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cavinato, G.; Toniolo, L. Carbonylation of Ethene Catalysed by Pd(II)-Phosphine Complexes. Molecules 2014, 19, 15116-15161. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190915116
Cavinato G, Toniolo L. Carbonylation of Ethene Catalysed by Pd(II)-Phosphine Complexes. Molecules. 2014; 19(9):15116-15161. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190915116
Chicago/Turabian StyleCavinato, Gianni, and Luigi Toniolo. 2014. "Carbonylation of Ethene Catalysed by Pd(II)-Phosphine Complexes" Molecules 19, no. 9: 15116-15161. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190915116