Topic Editors

Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 717005, Taiwan
Dr. Yan-Cheng Lin
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

Micro/Nanofluidics and Structures Based Sensing, Material Processing and Energy Conversion

Abstract submission deadline
30 October 2024
Manuscript submission deadline
30 December 2024
Viewed by
23283

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

Micro/nanofluidics platform technology and templates with micro/nanostructures have attracted significant interest among the scientific community due to their novelty and have been applied in a wide range of areas, such as chemical/biological detection and analysis, drug screening, point-of-care testing, food safety inspection, environmental monitoring, synthesis of micro/nanoparticles, energy conversion, self-cleaning, etc. Thanks to its characteristic length in the micro/nano-scale, unique phenomena steer researchers to tackle issues at different angles with different strategies. Hence, micro-/nanofluidics-based resolutions/alternatives to conventional approaches have been constantly proposed and demonstrated, and the templates with micro/nanostructures having unique functions have been fabricated, even though it has been almost 40 years since their emergence. In this Theme Topic, the focus will be on sensing, material processing, and energy conversion via micro-/nanofluidics platform technology and/or utilization of templates with micro/nanostructures. For sensing, research topics related to various sensing techniques, such as fluorescence detection, surface plasmon resonance, Raman spectroscopy, electrochemical detection, etc., which are applied to detect chemical compounds, biological species or biomolecules such as DNA, proteins, cells, pathogens, glucose, and so on are welcome. Pressure sensing, temperature sensing, gas/liquid concentration sensing, etc. via using templates with micro/nanostructures are included in this subject as well. Since microfluidics provides chemical or biochemical microenvironments with controlled processing conditions, it allows producing materials with homogeneity at a shorter reaction time. Material processing covers the approaches to fabricate micro-/nanoparticles, crystals, fibers, chemical compounds, polymers, bio-inspired materials, etc. As for energy conversion, it includes subjects around fuel cell, blue energy, energy storage, energy absorption/actuation/harvesting, etc., and the fundamental studies. It is our pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript to this Theme Topic, including full papers, reviews, and short communications.

Prof. Dr. Yi-Je Juang
Dr. Yan-Cheng Lin
Prof. Dr. Li-Hsien Yeh
Prof. Dr. Yen-Wen Lu
Topic Editors

Keywords

  • sensors
  • microreactor
  • polymer micro/nanofabrication
  • chemical/biological compound
  • micro/nanoparticles
  • catalyst
  • ion transport
  • clean energy
  • energy conversion

Participating Journals

Journal Name Impact Factor CiteScore Launched Year First Decision (median) APC
Micromachines
micromachines
3.0 5.2 2010 17.7 Days CHF 2600 Submit
Nanomanufacturing
nanomanufacturing
- - 2021 25.6 Days CHF 1000 Submit
Nanomaterials
nanomaterials
4.4 8.5 2010 13.8 Days CHF 2900 Submit
Polymers
polymers
4.7 8.0 2009 14.5 Days CHF 2700 Submit
Sensors
sensors
3.4 7.3 2001 16.8 Days CHF 2600 Submit

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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19 pages, 7581 KiB  
Article
Fragmentation Characteristics of Bubbles in a Throttling Hole Pipe
by Yufeng Zhang, Zhijie Huang and Lixia Sun
Micromachines 2024, 15(8), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15081025 - 11 Aug 2024
Viewed by 748
Abstract
To enhance the performance of tubular microbubble generators, the Volume of Fluid (VOF) multiphase flow model in COMSOL Multiphysics was used to simulate the bubble fragmentation characteristics within a throttling hole microbubble generator. The effects of the inlet speed of the throttling hole [...] Read more.
To enhance the performance of tubular microbubble generators, the Volume of Fluid (VOF) multiphase flow model in COMSOL Multiphysics was used to simulate the bubble fragmentation characteristics within a throttling hole microbubble generator. The effects of the inlet speed of the throttling hole pipe, the diameter of the throttling hole, and the length of the expansion section on bubble fragmentation performance were analyzed. The results indicated that an increase in the inlet speed of the throttling hole pipe gradually improved the bubble fragmentation performance. However, an increase in the throttling hole diameter significantly reduced the bubble fragmentation performance. Changes in the length of the expansion section had a minor impact on the bubble fragmentation performance. Experimental methods were used to verify the characteristics of bubble fragmentation, and it was found that the simulation and experimental results were consistent. This provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the design optimization of tubular microbubble generators. Full article
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13 pages, 18194 KiB  
Article
An Alternative Micro-Milling Fabrication Process for Rapid and Low-Cost Microfluidics
by Martin Christopher Allen, Simon Lookmire and Ebubekir Avci
Micromachines 2024, 15(7), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15070905 - 11 Jul 2024
Viewed by 892
Abstract
Microfluidics is an important technology for the biomedical industry and is often utilised in our daily lives. Recent advances in micro-milling technology have allowed for rapid fabrication of smaller and more complex structures, at lower costs, making it a viable alternative to other [...] Read more.
Microfluidics is an important technology for the biomedical industry and is often utilised in our daily lives. Recent advances in micro-milling technology have allowed for rapid fabrication of smaller and more complex structures, at lower costs, making it a viable alternative to other fabrication methods. The microfluidic chip fabrication developed in this research is a step-by-step process with a self-contained wet milling chamber. Additionally, ethanol solvent bonding is used to allow microfluidic chips to be fully fabricated within approximately an hour. The effect of using this process is tested with quantitative contact profileometery data to determine the expected surface roughness in the microchannels. The effect of surface roughness on the controllability of microparticles is tested in functional microfluidic chips using image processing to calculate particle velocity. This process can produce high-quality channels when compared with similar studies in the literature and surface roughness affects the control of microparticles. Lastly, we discuss how the outcomes of this research can produce rapid and higher-quality microfluidic devices, leading to improvement in the research and development process within the fields of science that utilise microfluidic technology. Such as medicine, biology, chemistry, ecology, and aerospace. Full article
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18 pages, 3161 KiB  
Article
Raman-Activated, Interactive Sorting of Isotope-Labeled Bacteria
by Sepehr Razi, Nicolae Tarcea, Thomas Henkel, Ramya Ravikumar, Aikaterini Pistiki, Annette Wagenhaus, Sophie Girnus, Martin Taubert, Kirsten Küsel, Petra Rösch and Jürgen Popp
Sensors 2024, 24(14), 4503; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144503 - 11 Jul 2024
Viewed by 940
Abstract
Due to its high spatial resolution, Raman microspectroscopy allows for the analysis of single microbial cells. Since Raman spectroscopy analyzes the whole cell content, this method is phenotypic and can therefore be used to evaluate cellular changes. In particular, labeling with stable isotopes [...] Read more.
Due to its high spatial resolution, Raman microspectroscopy allows for the analysis of single microbial cells. Since Raman spectroscopy analyzes the whole cell content, this method is phenotypic and can therefore be used to evaluate cellular changes. In particular, labeling with stable isotopes (SIPs) enables the versatile use and observation of different metabolic states in microbes. Nevertheless, static measurements can only analyze the present situation and do not allow for further downstream evaluations. Therefore, a combination of Raman analysis and cell sorting is necessary to provide the possibility for further research on selected bacteria in a sample. Here, a new microfluidic approach for Raman-activated continuous-flow sorting of bacteria using an optical setup for image-based particle sorting with synchronous acquisition and analysis of Raman spectra for making the sorting decision is demonstrated, showing that active cells can be successfully sorted by means of this microfluidic chip. Full article
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13 pages, 3984 KiB  
Article
A Microfluidic Chip for Single-Cell Capture Based on Stagnation Point Flow and Boundary Effects
by Long Cheng, Xiao Lv, Wenchao Zhou, Huan Li, Qiushuang Yang, Xing Chen and Yihui Wu
Micromachines 2024, 15(4), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15040456 - 28 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1133
Abstract
The capture of individual cells using microfluidic chips represents a widely adopted and efficient approach for investigating the biochemical microenvironment of singular cells. While conventional methods reliant on boundary effects pose challenges in precisely manipulating individual cells, single-cell capture grounded in the principle [...] Read more.
The capture of individual cells using microfluidic chips represents a widely adopted and efficient approach for investigating the biochemical microenvironment of singular cells. While conventional methods reliant on boundary effects pose challenges in precisely manipulating individual cells, single-cell capture grounded in the principle of stagnation point flow offers a solution to this limitation. Nevertheless, such capture mechanisms encounter inconsistency due to the instability of the flow field and stagnation point. In this study, a microfluidic device for the stable capture of single cells was designed, integrating the principle of fluid mechanics by amalgamating stagnation point flow and boundary effects. This innovative microfluidic chip transcended the limitations associated with single methodologies, leveraging the strengths of both stagnation point flow and boundary effects to achieve reliable single-cell capture. Notably, the incorporation of capture ports at the stagnation point not only harnessed boundary effects but also enhanced capture efficiency significantly, elevating it from 31.9% to 83.3%, thereby augmenting capture stability. Furthermore, computational simulations demonstrated the efficacy of the capture ports in entrapping particles of varying diameters, including 9 μm, 14 μm, and 18 μm. Experiment validation underscored the capability of this microfluidic system to capture single cells within the chip, maintaining stability even under flow rate perturbations spanning from 60 μL/min to 120 μL/min. Consequently, cells with dimensions between 8 μm and 12 μm can be reliably captured. The designed microfluidic system not only furnishes a straightforward and efficient experimental platform but also holds promise for facilitating deeper investigations into the intricate interplay between individual cells and their surrounding microenvironment. Full article
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16 pages, 4332 KiB  
Article
Design and Fabrication of Polymer Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Insole Applications
by You-Jun Huang and Chen-Kuei Chung
Polymers 2023, 15(20), 4035; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15204035 - 10 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1486
Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are a kind of mechanical energy harvester with a larger force sensing range and good energy conversion, which is often applied to human kinetic energy collection and motion sensing devices. Polymer materials are the most commonly used materials in TENGs’ [...] Read more.
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are a kind of mechanical energy harvester with a larger force sensing range and good energy conversion, which is often applied to human kinetic energy collection and motion sensing devices. Polymer materials are the most commonly used materials in TENGs’ triboelectric layers due to their high plasticity and good performance. Regarding the application of TENGs in insoles, research has often used brittle Teflon for high output performance together with hard materials, such as springs, for the mechanism to maintain its stability. However, these combined materials increase the weight and hardness of the insoles. Here, we propose a polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-based TENG with a micro-needle polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer, referred to as MN-PDMS-TENG, to enhance performance and maintain comfort flexibility, and structural stability. Compared with a flat PDMS, the TENG with a microstructure enhances the output open-circuit voltage (Voc) from 54.6 V to 129.2 V, short-circuit current (Isc) from 26.16 μA to 64.00 μA, power from 684 µW to 4.1 mW, and ability to light up from 70 to 120 LEDs. A special three-layer TENG insole mechanism fabricated with the MN-PDMS-TENG and elastic materials gives the TENG insole high stability and the ability to maintain sufficient flexibility to fit in a shoe. The three-layer TENG insole transforms human stepping force into electric energy of 87.2 V, which is used as a self-powered force sensor. Moreover, with the calibration curve between voltage and force, it has a sensitivity of 0.07734 V/N with a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.91 and the function between force and output voltage is derived as F = 12.93 V − 92.10 under human stepping force (300~550 N). Combined with a micro-control unit (MCU), the three-layer TENG insole distinguishes the user’s motion force at different parts of the foot and triggers a corresponding device, which can potentially be applied in sports and on rehabilitation fields to record information or prevent injury. Full article
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11 pages, 2107 KiB  
Article
Acoustofluidics-Assisted Coating of Microparticles
by Ming-Lin Yeh, Geng-Ming Chang and Yi-Je Juang
Polymers 2023, 15(19), 4033; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15194033 - 9 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1491
Abstract
Microparticles have been applied in many areas, ranging from drug delivery, diagnostics, cosmetics, personal care, and the food industry to chemical and catalytic reactions, sensing, and environmental remediation. Coating further provides additional functionality to the microparticles, such as controlled release, surface modification, bio-fouling [...] Read more.
Microparticles have been applied in many areas, ranging from drug delivery, diagnostics, cosmetics, personal care, and the food industry to chemical and catalytic reactions, sensing, and environmental remediation. Coating further provides additional functionality to the microparticles, such as controlled release, surface modification, bio-fouling resistance, stability, protection, etc. In this study, the conformal coating of microparticles with a positively charged polyelectrolyte (polyallylamine hydrochloride, PAH) by utilizing an acoustofluidic microchip was proposed and demonstrated. The multiple laminar streams, including the PAH solution, were formed inside the microchannel, and, under the traveling surface acoustic wave, the microparticles traversed through the streams, where they were coated with PAH. The results showed that the coating of microparticles can be achieved in a rapid fashion via a microfluidic approach compared to that obtained by the batch method. Moreover, the zeta potentials of the microparticles coated via the microfluidic approach were more uniform. For the unfunctionalized microparticles, the charge reversal occurred after coating, and the zeta potential increased as the width of the microchannel or the concentration of the PAH solution increased. As for the carboxylate-conjugated microparticles, the charge reversal again occurred after coating; however, the magnitudes of the zeta potentials were similar when using the microchannels with different widths or different concentrations of PAH solution. Full article
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13 pages, 4790 KiB  
Article
A Microfluidic, Flow-Through, Liquid Reagent Fluorescence Sensor Applied to Oxygen Concentration Measurement
by Dominik Gril and Denis Donlagic
Sensors 2023, 23(10), 4984; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104984 - 22 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1888
Abstract
A concept of a microfluidic fluorescent chemical sensing system is presented and demonstrated as a sensor for measurement of dissolved oxygen in water. The system utilizes on-line mixing of a fluorescent reagent with the analyzed sample, while it measures the fluorescence decay time [...] Read more.
A concept of a microfluidic fluorescent chemical sensing system is presented and demonstrated as a sensor for measurement of dissolved oxygen in water. The system utilizes on-line mixing of a fluorescent reagent with the analyzed sample, while it measures the fluorescence decay time of the mixture. The system is built entirely out of silica capillaries and optical fibers, and allows for very low consumption of the reagent (of the order of mL/month) and the analyzed sample (of the order of L/month). The proposed system can, thus, be applied to continuous on-line measurements, while utilizing a broad variety of different and proven fluorescent reagents or dyes. The proposed system allows for the use of relatively high-excitation light powers, as the flow-through concept of the system reduces the probability of the appearance of bleaching, heating, or other unwanted effects on the fluorescent dye/reagent caused significantly by the excitation light. The high amplitudes of fluorescent optical signals captured by an optical fiber allow for low-noise and high-bandwidth optical signal detection, and, consequently, the possibility for utilization of reagents with nanosecond fluorescent lifetimes. Full article
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16 pages, 8301 KiB  
Article
Nanoparticle Printing for Microfluidic Applications: Bipolar Electrochemistry and Localized Raman Sensing Spots
by Alessia Broccoli, Anke R. Vollertsen, Pauline Roels, Aaike van Vugt, Albert van den Berg and Mathieu Odijk
Micromachines 2023, 14(2), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14020453 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2910
Abstract
The local integration of metal nanoparticle films on 3D-structured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microfluidic devices is of high importance for applications including electronics, electrochemistry, electrocatalysis, and localized Raman sensing. Conventional processes to locally deposit and pattern metal nanoparticles require multiple steps and shadow masks, or [...] Read more.
The local integration of metal nanoparticle films on 3D-structured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microfluidic devices is of high importance for applications including electronics, electrochemistry, electrocatalysis, and localized Raman sensing. Conventional processes to locally deposit and pattern metal nanoparticles require multiple steps and shadow masks, or access to cleanroom facilities, and therefore, are relatively imprecise, or time and cost-ineffective. As an alternative, we present an aerosol-based direct-write method, in which patterns of nanoparticles generated via spark ablation are locally printed with sub-mm size and precision inside of microfluidic structures without the use of lithography or other masking methods. As proof of principle, films of Pt or Ag nanoparticles were printed in the chambers of a multiplexed microfluidic device and successfully used for two different applications: Screening electrochemical activity in a high-throughput fashion, and localized sensing of chemicals via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The versatility of the approach will enable the generation of functional microfluidic devices for applications that include sensing, high-throughput screening platforms, and microreactors using catalytically driven chemical conversions. Full article
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22 pages, 9856 KiB  
Article
Effects of Porous Size and Membrane Pattern on Shear Stress Characteristic in Gut-on-a-Chip with Peristalsis Motion
by Pannasit Borwornpiyawat, Ekachai Juntasaro, Sasitorn Aueviriyavit, Varangrat Juntasaro, Witsaroot Sripumkhai, Pattaraluck Pattamang, Rattanawan Meananeatra, Kornphimol Kulthong, Ratjika Wongwanakul, Numfon Khemthongcharoen, Nithi Atthi and Wutthinan Jeamsaksiri
Micromachines 2023, 14(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14010022 - 22 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2045
Abstract
Dynamic gut-on-a-chip platform allows better recreation of the intestinal environment in vitro compared to the traditional static cell culture. However, the underlying mechanism is still not fully discovered. In this study, the shear stress behavior in a gut-on-a-chip device with porous membrane subjected [...] Read more.
Dynamic gut-on-a-chip platform allows better recreation of the intestinal environment in vitro compared to the traditional static cell culture. However, the underlying mechanism is still not fully discovered. In this study, the shear stress behavior in a gut-on-a-chip device with porous membrane subjected to peristalsis motion is numerically investigated using CFD simulation for three different pore sizes and two pattern layouts. The results reveal that, in the stationary microchannel, the average shear stress on the porous membrane is approximately 15% greater than that of the flat membrane, regardless of the pore size. However, when subjected to cyclic deformation, the porous membrane with smaller pore size experiences stronger variation of shear stress which is ±5.61%, ±10.12% and ±34.45% from its average for the pore diameters of 10 μm, 5 μm and 1 μm, respectively. The shear stress distribution is more consistent in case of the staggered pattern layout while the in-line pattern layout allows for a 32% wider range of shear stress at the identical pore size during a cyclic deformation. These changes in the shear stress caused by peristalsis motion, porous size and membrane pattern could be the key factors that promote cell differentiation in the deforming gut-on-a-chip model. Full article
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25 pages, 14056 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Performance of a MEMS-Based Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor by Groove: Investigation of Groove Design Using Finite Element Method
by Phongsakorn Thawornsathit, Ekachai Juntasaro, Hwanjit Rattanasonti, Putapon Pengpad, Karoon Saejok, Chana Leepattarapongpan, Ekalak Chaowicharat and Wutthinan Jeamsaksiri
Micromachines 2022, 13(12), 2247; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13122247 - 17 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2393
Abstract
The optimal groove design of a MEMS piezoresistive pressure sensor for ultra-low pressure measurement is proposed in this work. Two designs of the local groove and one design of the annular groove are investigated. The sensitivity and linearity of the sensor are investigated [...] Read more.
The optimal groove design of a MEMS piezoresistive pressure sensor for ultra-low pressure measurement is proposed in this work. Two designs of the local groove and one design of the annular groove are investigated. The sensitivity and linearity of the sensor are investigated due to the variations of two dimensionless geometric parameters of these grooves. The finite element method is used to determine the stress and deflection of the diaphragm in order to find the sensor performances. The sensor performances can be enhanced by creating the annular or local groove on the diaphragm with the optimal dimensionless groove depth and length. In contrast, the performances are diminished when the local groove is created on the beam at the piezoresistor. The sensitivity can be increased by increasing the dimensionless groove length and depth. However, to maintain low nonlinearity error, the annular and local grooves should be created on the top of the diaphragm. With the optimal designs of annular and local grooves, the net volume of the annular groove is four times greater than that of the local groove. Finally, the functional forms of the stress and deflection of the diaphragm are constructed for both annular and local groove cases. Full article
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13 pages, 3204 KiB  
Article
Improving the Stability of Halide Perovskite Solar Cells Using Nanoparticles of Tungsten Disulfide
by Philip Nathaniel Immanuel, Song-Jeng Huang, Viktor Danchuk, Anastasiya Sedova, Johnathan Prilusky, Achiad Goldreich, Hila Shalom, Albina Musin and Lena Yadgarov
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(24), 4454; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12244454 - 15 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2198
Abstract
Halide perovskites-based solar cells are drawing significant attention due to their high efficiency, versatility, and affordable processing. Hence, halide perovskite solar cells have great potential to be commercialized. However, the halide perovskites (HPs) are not stable in an ambient environment. Thus, the instability [...] Read more.
Halide perovskites-based solar cells are drawing significant attention due to their high efficiency, versatility, and affordable processing. Hence, halide perovskite solar cells have great potential to be commercialized. However, the halide perovskites (HPs) are not stable in an ambient environment. Thus, the instability of the perovskite is an essential issue that needs to be addressed to allow its rapid commercialization. In this work, WS2 nanoparticles (NPs) are successfully implemented on methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) based halide perovskite solar cells. The main role of the WS2 NPs in the halide perovskite solar cells is as stabilizing agent. Here the WS2 NPs act as heat dissipater and charge transfer channels, thus allowing an effective charge separation. The electron extraction by the WS2 NPs from the adjacent MAPbI3 is efficient and results in a higher current density. In addition, the structural analysis of the MAPbI3 films indicates that the WS2 NPs act as nucleation sites, thus promoting the formation of larger grains of MAPbI3. Remarkably, the absorption and shelf life of the MAPbI3 layers have increased by 1.7 and 4.5-fold, respectively. Our results demonstrate a significant improvement in stability and solar cell characteristics. This paves the way for the long-term stabilization of HPs solar cells by the implementation of WS2 NPs. Full article
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15 pages, 5778 KiB  
Article
Digitized Construction of Iontronic Pressure Sensor with Self-Defined Configuration and Widely Regulated Performance
by Honghao Wang, Chun Liang, Haozhe Zhang, Yan Diao, Hua Luo, Yangyang Han and Xiaodong Wu
Sensors 2022, 22(16), 6136; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166136 - 16 Aug 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2685
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors are essential components for wearable smart devices and intelligent systems. Significant progress has been made in this area, reporting on excellent sensor performance and fascinating sensor functionalities. Nevertheless, geometrical and morphological engineering of pressure sensors is usually neglected, which, however, [...] Read more.
Flexible pressure sensors are essential components for wearable smart devices and intelligent systems. Significant progress has been made in this area, reporting on excellent sensor performance and fascinating sensor functionalities. Nevertheless, geometrical and morphological engineering of pressure sensors is usually neglected, which, however, is significant for practical application. Here, we present a digitized manufacturing methodology to construct a new class of iontronic pressure sensors with optionally defined configurations and widely modulated performance. These pressure sensors are composed of self-defined electrode patterns prepared by a screen printing method and highly tunable pressure-sensitive microstructures fabricated using 3D printed templates. Importantly, the iontronic pressure sensors employ an iontronic capacitive sensing mechanism based on mechanically regulating the electrical double layer at the electrolyte/electrode interfaces. The resultant pressure sensors exhibit high sensitivity (58 kPa−1), fast response/recovery time (45 ms/75 ms), low detectability (6.64 Pa), and good repeatability (2000 cycles). Moreover, our pressure sensors show remarkable tunability and adaptability in device configuration and performance, which is challenging to achieve via conventional manufacturing processes. The promising applications of these iontronic pressure sensors in monitoring various human physiological activities, fabricating flexible electronic skin, and resolving the force variation during manipulation of an object with a robotic hand are successfully demonstrated. Full article
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