Membranes for Electrochemical Energy Conversion

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nowadays, the majority of electrochemical energy devices (e.g., fuel cells, lithium batteries, redox flow batteries, electrodialysis, and membrane capacitive deionization) employ polymeric membranes. Since polymeric membranes dramatically affect the performance and durability of the device, their role is becoming critical. Developing a low-cost, high-performance membrane to replace the commercial membrane is essential for developing advanced electrochemical energy devices. As Topic Editor of the Topic "Membranes for Electrochemical Energy Conversion", I would like to cordially invite you to submit a manuscript for consideration and possible publication to this Topic. The aim of this Topic on "Membranes for Electrochemical Energy Conversion" is to share the recent ideas and developments of novel polymer membranes applied for energy storage and generating systems, such as proton and anion exchange membrane fuel cells, water electrolysis, lithium (and other metals) batteries, and other energy storage systems. The major concerns include the synthesis and properties of polymer electrolyte membranes, the fabrication and electrochemical performance of membrane electrode assembly (MEA), and various applications in polymer membranes.

Dr. Byungchan Bae
Dr. Jang-Yong Lee
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Catalysts catalysts	3.8	6.8	2011	13.9 Days	CHF 2200
Energies energies	3.0	6.2	2008	16.8 Days	CHF 2600
Membranes membranes	3.3	6.1	2011	14.9 Days	CHF 2200
Nanoenergy Advances nanoenergyadv	-	-	2021	33.8 Days	CHF 1000
Polymers polymers	4.7	8.0	2009	14.5 Days	CHF 2700

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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All Catalysts Energies Membranes Nanoenergy Advances Polymers

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Supplementary material:
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14 pages, 2630 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Tri-Directional Poly(2,5-benzimidazole) Membrane Using Direct Casting for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

by Jung-Kyu Jang and Tae-Ho Kim

Polymers 2023, 15(17), 3577; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15173577 - 28 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1635

Abstract

In vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs), simultaneously achieving high proton conductivity, low vanadium-ion permeability, and outstanding chemical stability using electrolyte membranes is a significant challenge. In this study, we report the fabrication of a tri-directional poly(2,5-benzimidazole) (T-ABPBI) membrane using a direct casting method. [...] Read more.

In vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs), simultaneously achieving high proton conductivity, low vanadium-ion permeability, and outstanding chemical stability using electrolyte membranes is a significant challenge. In this study, we report the fabrication of a tri-directional poly(2,5-benzimidazole) (T-ABPBI) membrane using a direct casting method. The direct-cast T-ABPBI (D-T-ABPBI) membrane was fabricated by modifying the microstructure of the membrane while retaining the chemical structure of ABPBI, having outstanding chemical stability. The D-T-ABPBI membrane exhibited lower crystallinity and an expanded free volume compared to the general solvent-cast T-ABPBI (S-T-ABPBI) membrane, resulting in enhanced hydrophilic absorption capabilities. Compared to the S-T-ABPBI membrane, the enhanced hydrophilic absorption capability of the D-T-ABPBI membrane resulted in a decrease in the specific resistance (the area-specific resistance of S-T-ABPBI and D-T-ABPBI membrane is 1.75 and 0.98 Ωcm², respectively). Additionally, the D-T-ABPBI membrane showed lower vanadium permeability (3.40 × 10⁻⁷ cm² min⁻¹) compared to that of Nafion 115 (5.20 × 10⁻⁷ cm² min⁻¹) due to the Donnan exclusion effect. Owing to the synergistic effects of these properties, the VRFB assembled with D-T-ABPBI membrane had higher or equivalent coulomb efficiencies (>97%) and energy efficiencies (70–91%) than Nafion 115 at various current densities (200–40 mA cm⁻²). Furthermore, the D-T-ABPBI membrane exhibited stable performance for over 300 cycles at 100 mA cm⁻², suggesting its outstanding chemical stability against the highly oxidizing VO₂⁺ ions during practical VRFB operation. These results indicate that the newly fabricated D-T-ABPBI membranes are promising candidates for VRFB application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Membranes for Electrochemical Energy Conversion)

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13 pages, 2558 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Composite Membrane Containing Titania Nanofibers for Battery Separators Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Hun Lee and Deokwoo Lee

Membranes 2023, 13(5), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13050499 - 8 May 2023

Viewed by 2678

Abstract

In order to improve the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries, a new kind of composite membrane made using inorganic nanofibers has been developed via electrospinning and the solvent-nonsolvent exchange process. The resultant membranes present free-standing and flexible properties and have a continuous network [...] Read more.

In order to improve the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries, a new kind of composite membrane made using inorganic nanofibers has been developed via electrospinning and the solvent-nonsolvent exchange process. The resultant membranes present free-standing and flexible properties and have a continuous network structure of inorganic nanofibers within polymer coatings. Results show that polymer-coated inorganic nanofiber membranes have better wettability and thermal stability than those of a commercial membrane separator. The presence of inorganic nanofibers in the polymer matrix enhances the electrochemical properties of battery separators. This results in lower interfacial resistance and higher ionic conductivity, leading to the good discharge capacity and cycling performance of battery cells assembled using polymer-coated inorganic nanofiber membranes. This provides a promising solution via which to improve conventional battery separators for the high performance of lithium-ion batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Membranes for Electrochemical Energy Conversion)

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Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 308 KiB)

13 pages, 2607 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Hydrocarbon-Based Composite Membrane Using LCP-Nonwoven Fabrics for Durable Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

by Seok Hyeon Kang, Hwan Yeop Jeong, Sang Jun Yoon, Soonyong So, Jaewon Choi, Tae-Ho Kim and Duk Man Yu

Polymers 2023, 15(9), 2109; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15092109 - 28 Apr 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3212

Abstract

A new hydrocarbon-based (HC) composite membrane was developed using liquid crystal polymer (LCP)-nonwoven fabrics for application in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). A copolymer of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) with a sulfonation degree of 50 mol% (SPAES50) was utilized as an ionomer [...] Read more.

A new hydrocarbon-based (HC) composite membrane was developed using liquid crystal polymer (LCP)-nonwoven fabrics for application in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). A copolymer of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) with a sulfonation degree of 50 mol% (SPAES50) was utilized as an ionomer for the HC membranes and impregnated into the LCP-nonwoven fabrics without any surface treatment of the LCP. The physical interlocking structure between the SPAES50 and LCP-nonwoven fabrics was investigated, validating the outstanding mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the composite membrane in comparison to the pristine membrane. In addition, the through-plane proton conductivity of the composite membrane at 80 °C was only 15% lower than that of the pristine membrane because of the defect-free impregnation state, minimizing the decrease in the proton conductivity caused by the non-proton conductive LCP. During the electrochemical evaluation, the superior cell performance of the composite membrane was evident, with a current density of 5.41 A/cm² at 1.9 V, compared to 4.65 A/cm² for the pristine membrane, which can be attributed to the smaller membrane resistance of the composite membrane. From the results of the degradation rates, the prepared composite membrane also showed enhanced cell efficiency and durability during the PEMWE operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Membranes for Electrochemical Energy Conversion)

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Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 424 KiB)

15 pages, 3027 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Block Copolymer Membranes Consisting of Sulfonated Poly(p-phenylene) and Naphthalene Containing Poly(arylene Ether Ketone) for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

by Eui Jin Ko, Eunju Lee, Jang Yong Lee, Duk Man Yu, Sang Jun Yoon, Keun-Hwan Oh, Young Taik Hong and Soonyong So

Polymers 2023, 15(7), 1748; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15071748 - 31 Mar 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3576

Abstract

Glassy hydrocarbon-based membranes are being researched as a replacement for perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). Here, naphthalene containing Poly(arylene Ether Ketone) was introduced into the Poly(p-phenylene)-based multi-block copolymers through Ni(0)-catalyzed coupling reaction to enhance π-π [...] Read more.

Glassy hydrocarbon-based membranes are being researched as a replacement for perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). Here, naphthalene containing Poly(arylene Ether Ketone) was introduced into the Poly(p-phenylene)-based multi-block copolymers through Ni(0)-catalyzed coupling reaction to enhance π-π interactions of the naphthalene units. It is discovered that there is an optimum input ratio of the hydrophilic monomer and NBP oligomer for the multi-block copolymers with high ion exchange capacity (IEC) and polymerization yield. With the optimum input ratio, the naphthalene containing copolymer exhibits good hydrogen gas barrier property, chemical stability, and mechanical toughness, even with its high IEC value over 2.4 meq g⁻¹. The membrane shows 3.6 times higher proton selectivity to hydrogen gas than Nafion 212. The PEMWE single cells using the membrane performed better (5.5 A cm⁻²) than Nafion 212 (4.75 A cm⁻²) at 1.9 V and 80 °C. These findings suggest that naphthalene containing copolymer membranes are a promising replacement for PFSA membranes in PEMWE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Membranes for Electrochemical Energy Conversion)

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Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 358 KiB)

13 pages, 2423 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Sulfonated Polyphenylene Block Copolymers via In Situ Generation of Ni(0)

by Vikrant Yadav, Farid Wijaya, Hyejin Lee, Byungchan Bae and Dongwon Shin

Polymers 2023, 15(6), 1577; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15061577 - 22 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2369

Abstract

Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) fabricated from sulfonated polyphenylenes (sPP) exhibit superior proton conductivity and electrochemical performance. However, the Ni(0) catalyst required for Colon’s cross-coupling reaction for the synthesis of sPP block copolymers is expensive. Therefore, in this study, we generated Ni(0) in situ [...] Read more.

Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) fabricated from sulfonated polyphenylenes (sPP) exhibit superior proton conductivity and electrochemical performance. However, the Ni(0) catalyst required for Colon’s cross-coupling reaction for the synthesis of sPP block copolymers is expensive. Therefore, in this study, we generated Ni(0) in situ from an inexpensive Ni(II) salt in the presence of the reducing metal Zn and NaI. The sPP block copolymers were synthesized from neopentyl-protected 3,5- and 2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonates and oligo(arylene ether ketone) using the catalyst NiBr₂(PPh₃)₂. The block copolymers synthesized using our strategy and the Ni(0) catalyst exhibited comparable polydispersity index values and high molecular weights. Thin, transparent, and bendable PEMs fabricated using selected high-molecular-weight sPP block copolymers synthesized via our strategy exhibited similar proton conductivities to those of the block copolymers synthesized using the Ni(0) catalyst. We believe that our strategy will promote the synthesis of similar multifunctional block copolymers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Membranes for Electrochemical Energy Conversion)

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Supplementary material:
Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 444 KiB)

12 pages, 3297 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

An Economical Composite Membrane with High Ion Selectivity for Vanadium Flow Batteries

by Yue Zhang, Denghua Zhang, Chao Luan, Yifan Zhang, Wenjie Yu, Jianguo Liu and Chuanwei Yan

Membranes 2023, 13(3), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13030272 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2215

Abstract

The ion exchange membrane of the Nafion series widely used in vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) is characterized by its high cost and high vanadium permeability, which limit the further commercialization of VFBs. Herein, a thin composite membrane enabled by a low-cost microporous polyethylene [...] Read more.

The ion exchange membrane of the Nafion series widely used in vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) is characterized by its high cost and high vanadium permeability, which limit the further commercialization of VFBs. Herein, a thin composite membrane enabled by a low-cost microporous polyethylene (PE) substrate and perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) resin is proposed to reduce the cost of the membrane. Meanwhile, the rigid PE substrate limits the swelling of the composite membrane, which effectively reduces the penetration of vanadium ions and improves the ion selectivity of the composite membrane. Benefiting from such a rational design, a VFB assembled with the PE/PFSA composite membrane exhibited a higher coulombic efficiency (CE ≈ 96.8%) compared with commercial Nafion212 at 200 mA cm⁻². Significantly, the energy efficiency maintained stability within 200 cycles with a slow decay rate. In practical terms, the thin PE/PFSA composite membrane with low cost and high ion selectivity can make an ideal membrane candidate in VFBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Membranes for Electrochemical Energy Conversion)

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Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1170 KiB)

13 pages, 2706 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Inhibition of Zinc Dendrites Realized by a β-P(VDF-TrFE) Nanofiber Layer in Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries

by Geumyong Park, Hyeonghun Park, WooJun Seol, Seokho Suh, Ji Young Jo, Santosh Kumar and Hyeong-Jin Kim

Membranes 2022, 12(10), 1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12101014 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3022

Abstract

Uncontrollable Zn dendrite formations and parasitic side reactions on Zn electrodes induce poor cycling stability and safety issues, preventing the large-scale commercialization of Zn-ion batteries. Herein, to achieve uniform Zn deposition and suppress side reactions, an electrospun ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) copolymer, [...] Read more.

Uncontrollable Zn dendrite formations and parasitic side reactions on Zn electrodes induce poor cycling stability and safety issues, preventing the large-scale commercialization of Zn-ion batteries. Herein, to achieve uniform Zn deposition and suppress side reactions, an electrospun ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) copolymer, a P(VDF-TrFE) nanofiber layer, is introduced as an artificial solid–electrolyte interface on a Cu substrate acting as a current collector. The aligned molecular structure of β-P(VDF-TrFE) can effectively suppress localized current density on the Cu surface, lead to uniform Zn deposition, and suppress side reactions by preventing direct contact between electrodes and aqueous electrolytes. The half-cell configuration formed by the newly fabricated electrode can achieve an average coulombic efficiency of 99.2% over 300 cycles without short-circuiting at a current density of 1 mA cm⁻² and areal capacity of 1 mAh cm⁻². Stable cycling stability is also maintained for 200 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A g⁻¹ in a full-cell test using MnO₂ as a cathode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Membranes for Electrochemical Energy Conversion)

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