Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Buildings buildings	3.1	3.4	2011	15.3 Days	CHF 2600
Designs designs	-	3.9	2017	21.7 Days	CHF 1600
Sensors sensors	3.4	7.3	2001	18.6 Days	CHF 2600
Sustainability sustainability	3.3	6.8	2009	19.7 Days	CHF 2400

8 pages, 184 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Latest Research on the Theme of “Sustainability, Challenges, and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance”

by Mehdi Amirkhani and Igor Martek

Sustainability 2024, 16(22), 10040; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210040 - 18 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 995

In the face of escalating climate change, rapid urbanization, and dwindling natural resources, the imperative for sustainable practices within the construction and architectural sectors has never been more critical [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

23 pages, 8453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis of Building Envelopes and Solar Panels Using Intelligent Algorithms

by Na Zhao, Jia Zhang, Yewei Dong and Chao Ding

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3134; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103134 - 1 Oct 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1856

Abstract

The global drive for sustainable development and carbon neutrality has heightened the need for energy-efficient buildings. Photovoltaic buildings, which aim to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, play a crucial role in this effort. However, the potential of the building envelope for electricity [...] Read more.

The global drive for sustainable development and carbon neutrality has heightened the need for energy-efficient buildings. Photovoltaic buildings, which aim to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, play a crucial role in this effort. However, the potential of the building envelope for electricity generation is often underutilized. This study introduces an efficient hybrid method that integrates Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), and the weighted Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. This integrated approach was used to optimize the external envelope structure and photovoltaic components, leading to significant reductions: overall energy consumption decreased by 41% (from 105 kWh/m² to 63 kWh/m²), carbon emissions by 34% (from 13,307 tCO₂eq to 8817 tCO₂eq), and retrofit and operating costs by 20% (from CNY 13.12 million to CNY 10.53 million) over a 25-year period. Sensitivity analysis further revealed that the window-to-wall ratio and photovoltaic windows play crucial roles in these outcomes, highlighting their potential to enhance building energy performance. These results confirm the feasibility of achieving substantial energy savings and emission reductions through this optimized design approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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27 pages, 4836 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Use of Energy Simulations in Residential Design: A Systematic Literature Review

by Mert Sercan Sağdıçoğlu, M. Serhat Yenice and M. Zübeyr Tel

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8138; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188138 - 18 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2533

Abstract

The Industrial Revolution and technological advancements have led to the densification and expansion of cities. In urban environments, residential buildings are common, and optimizing energy use in these structures is achieved by focusing on key parameters during the early design phases. These parameters [...] Read more.

The Industrial Revolution and technological advancements have led to the densification and expansion of cities. In urban environments, residential buildings are common, and optimizing energy use in these structures is achieved by focusing on key parameters during the early design phases. These parameters can be tested through simulations. This study aims to define the scope of energy simulations in residential design to contribute to design optimization and reduce energy consumption. A systematic literature review and qualitative analysis were employed, using the PRISMA protocol for data collection and Vosviewer and Bibliometrix tools for bibliometric analysis. The keywords obtained were subjected to qualitative analysis. The research revealed the absence of a standardized approach in simulation studies. To address this, a nine-step framework has been proposed. A discrepancy between the objectives of certain studies and the keywords used was identified. Themes were created based on the studies’ objectives, and keywords were recommended accordingly. Several studies have determined the energy potential of buildings during the occupancy phase. Simulations should be integrated into the early design phase to facilitate pre-design optimization. A framework for residential simulation methodology was developed, believed to enhance the validity of studies and facilitate result comparisons. Minimizing energy consumption is a primary objective in residential buildings. The recommendations developed align with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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26 pages, 11543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Green Modular Disaster Prevention Product Design and Spatial Configuration Strategy Based on AHP-GIS

by Xinyi Wang, Yangyang Pan and Yu Liu

Designs 2024, 8(5), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8050089 - 5 Sep 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1692

Abstract

Facing persistent natural catastrophes, the necessity for disaster prevention products in afflicted cities becomes paramount. Modular design has proven to be a viable method for streamlining transportation and manufacturing processes for disaster prevention products. However, existing post-disaster prevention products often fail to incorporate [...] Read more.

Facing persistent natural catastrophes, the necessity for disaster prevention products in afflicted cities becomes paramount. Modular design has proven to be a viable method for streamlining transportation and manufacturing processes for disaster prevention products. However, existing post-disaster prevention products often fail to incorporate the green modular concept, with limited research on spatial allocation strategies. In response to the current challenges, a new breed of green post-disaster prevention products is urgently warranted to mitigate the impact of major natural disasters and safeguard lives and property. To achieve the goal, this study employs a combined analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and geographic information systems (GIS) analysis to propose an inflatable cabin for emergency disaster prevention, specifically designed for flood scenarios. Using the inflatable cabin as an empirical case, this study introduces a layered design approach progressing from macro to meso and then to micro levels to construct an objective decision-making model to prioritize key design elements, develop spatial post-disaster prevention strategies, and analyze the mechanical performance. Results indicate that at a distance of 30 m from the base of the slope (SPIC), the impact force is most significant, reaching up to 1.8 × 10⁷ kN. As the distance increases from 30 m to 150 m, the maximum impact force decreases by an order of magnitude, and the average impact force decreases by approximately two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, this comprehensive approach, which starts from a holistic design perspective and culminates in optimizing individual disaster structures, offers practical significance for engineering design research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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27 pages, 2128 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Overcoming Deterrents to Modular Construction in Affordable Housing: A Systematic Review

by Ayaz Ahmad Khan, Mehdi Amirkhani and Igor Martek

Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7611; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177611 - 2 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3698

Abstract

The study aims to identify and categorise the deterrents to adopting modular construction (MC) in affordable housing (AH), revealing their interconnections, and proposing strategies to overcome them. A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted, followed by Pareto analysis and total interpretive structural modelling [...] Read more.

The study aims to identify and categorise the deterrents to adopting modular construction (MC) in affordable housing (AH), revealing their interconnections, and proposing strategies to overcome them. A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted, followed by Pareto analysis and total interpretive structural modelling (TISM). A total of 75 deterrents were identified from 46 studies, spanning 7 categories: environmental, social and cultural, technical and construction, industry and market, administrative and bureaucratic, economic, and regulatory and policy. The top deterrent category was found to be economic, specifically high initial investment costs and financing challenges. Significant deterrents, particularly economic ones, that impede the adoption of MC in AH are revealed. The interconnectedness of these deterrents highlights the need for comprehensive strategies addressing multiple categories simultaneously. Mitigation strategies and countermeasures are proposed to facilitate the adoption of MC. The study is based on the existing literature, which may have limitations in terms of capturing all possible deterrents. Further empirical research is needed to validate and expand upon these findings. A critical gap is filled by this study, which systematically categorises and analyses deterrents to MC in AH and proposes actionable strategies to mitigate them, thereby contributing to more effective and widespread adoption of MC. The findings are valuable to both global audiences and Australian stakeholders and provide insights that allow the barriers to MC in AH to be overcome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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34 pages, 9567 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Building Safety Evaluation and Improvement for Northern Vietnam Mountainous Environments Empirical Study Combining Japanese Experience with Local Conditions

by Haomiao Zhang, Yuxuan Li and Sadaharu Komai

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2626; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092626 - 24 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1398

Abstract

This study addressed the insufficient structural strength and inadequate disaster resistance in building designs in the mountainous regions of Northern Vietnam. By integrating Japanese construction experience with local conditions, we proposed optimized building structures and simplified safety evaluation methods. Through an analysis of [...] Read more.

This study addressed the insufficient structural strength and inadequate disaster resistance in building designs in the mountainous regions of Northern Vietnam. By integrating Japanese construction experience with local conditions, we proposed optimized building structures and simplified safety evaluation methods. Through an analysis of climate, terrain, geological hazards, soil conditions, and construction material costs, building design and foundation construction were optimized, and these optimizations were validated through wind tunnel experiments and finite element analysis. The results indicated that the optimized structures exhibited superior wind load stability, with external wind pressure coefficients ranging from −1.5 to −0.7, compared with the traditional structure’s range of −1 to −3.5. The redesigned foundation improved landslide resistance, reducing excavation and foundation construction costs relative to Japanese methods. The foundation’s safety factor reached 4.42–5.13, surpassing the standard of 2.5, and the retaining wall’s sliding resistance safety factor reached 1.87, exceeding the requirement of 1.5. These enhancements dramatically boosted building safety under extreme weather conditions. This study provides practical solutions for building design in Vietnam’s mountainous regions and serves as a valuable reference for similar research in other developing countries, underscoring significant practical and social implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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16 pages, 300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Hotel Architectural Design Factors Influencing Consumer Destinations: A Case Study of Three-Star Hotels in Hua Hin, Thailand

by Sanawete Sirirat, Chaniporn Thampanichwat, Chotewit Pongsermpol and Chumporn Moorapun

Buildings 2024, 14(8), 2428; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082428 - 6 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2251

Abstract

This study employs a mixed-methods research design to explore the architectural design and service factors influencing consumer choices in three-star hotels in Hua Hin District, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province. Initial data were gathered through in-depth interviews with 60 architects, designers, and marketing experts [...] Read more.

This study employs a mixed-methods research design to explore the architectural design and service factors influencing consumer choices in three-star hotels in Hua Hin District, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province. Initial data were gathered through in-depth interviews with 60 architects, designers, and marketing experts to identify key factors. These factors were then used to conduct in-depth interviews with 70 Thai consumers and tourists. The qualitative data from both groups were analyzed using thematic content analysis to identify significant themes, while the quantitative data were assessed using chi-square goodness of fit tests to evaluate the significance of the identified factors. Findings indicate that aesthetic appeal, physical comfort, emotional comfort, and security and sensibility are critical in influencing hotel choice. These results provide valuable insights for hotel owners, designers, and marketers, emphasizing the importance of aligning hotel design and service offerings with consumer preferences. These factors will help create positive impressions, enhance satisfaction, and influence consumers’ decisions to choose and utilize hotel services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

28 pages, 3117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for Assessing the Sustainability of an Innovative Pin-Connected Structural System

by Jianwei Ma, Milind Siddhpura, Assed Haddad, Ana Evangelista and Arti Siddhpura

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 2221; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072221 - 19 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2161

Abstract

Structural design plays a very important role in reducing environmental impacts by reusing resources, recycling materials, and minimizing waste and pollution in the construction sector. Sustainable design becomes more effective than traditional solutions in achieving the transition to sustainability. The decision-making process is [...] Read more.

Structural design plays a very important role in reducing environmental impacts by reusing resources, recycling materials, and minimizing waste and pollution in the construction sector. Sustainable design becomes more effective than traditional solutions in achieving the transition to sustainability. The decision-making process is not simple due to the different preferences of clients, architects, and engineers. This paper aims to develop a decision framework for assessing sustainability in the early structural design stage. Multi-criteria decision-aiding (MCDA) methods have been implemented to improve the selection of regulations. A technical ranking approach, the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method, has been employed to identify the optimal solution. Three alternatives including an innovative and two traditional structural systems have been selected and compared in terms of three criteria—economic, social, and environmental impacts. Nine sub-criteria for ranking the importance level of sustainable design have been determined through a literature review and professional experts. FAHP methods show that the economic impact (58%) is the most important criterion for assessing the sustainability of structural systems, followed by the environment with 31%. The social aspect contributes 11% to this method, and it is ranked as the least important criterion. This research revealed that MCDA methods can be used as a guideline for engineers to improve the selection in the process of sustainable design. The decision model proposed in this study has been verified and, therefore, can be applied for similar projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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17 pages, 3396 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Challenges That Impact the Development of a Multi-Generational Low-Carbon Passive House in a Small City

by Hanan Wehbi and Tahar Messadi

Designs 2024, 8(3), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8030052 - 28 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1865

Abstract

The impact of the building and construction sector on climate change is becoming more important and recognized. Multiple initiatives around the globe have been utilized to design and develop residential structures, aiming to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions; yet, there are several [...] Read more.

The impact of the building and construction sector on climate change is becoming more important and recognized. Multiple initiatives around the globe have been utilized to design and develop residential structures, aiming to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions; yet, there are several barriers to effective construction processes. This research outlines the gaps and barriers encountered by key stakeholders that were engaged during the preconstruction phase of a three-story multi-generational low-impact Passive House in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Through direct observation and open-ended interviews, the primary data are collected, and secondary data from a comprehensive literature review are detailed to capture the challenges faced during different phases of the implementation of sustainable residential dwellings. This study highlights the limited knowledge and experience in sustainable building design as a common barrier among participants along with the insufficiency of the regulatory framework governing adopted building codes in Arkansas, in facilitating sustainable building design implementation. These challenges, among others, are then thoroughly examined, and recommendations to address them are described. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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40 pages, 13747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction and Optimization Analysis of the Performance of an Office Building in an Extremely Hot and Cold Region

by Yunbo Liu, Wanjiang Wang and Yumeng Huang

Sustainability 2024, 16(10), 4268; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16104268 - 18 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1661

Abstract

The White Paper on Peak Carbon and Carbon Neutral Action 2022 states that China is to achieve peak carbon by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. Based on the “3060 dual-carbon” goal, how to improve the efficiency of energy performance is an important [...] Read more.

The White Paper on Peak Carbon and Carbon Neutral Action 2022 states that China is to achieve peak carbon by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. Based on the “3060 dual-carbon” goal, how to improve the efficiency of energy performance is an important prerequisite for building a low-carbon, energy-saving, green, and beautiful China. The office performance building studied in this paper is located in the urban area of Turpan, where the climate is characterized by an extremely hot summer environment and a cold winter environment. At the same time, the building is oriented east–west, with the main façade facing west, and the main façade consists of a large area of single-layer glass curtain wall, which is affected by western sunlight. As a result, there are serious problems with the building’s energy consumption, which in turn leads to excessive carbon emissions and high life cycle costs for the building. To address the above problems, this paper analyzes and optimizes the following four dimensions. First, the article creates a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) prediction model with Total Energy Use in Buildings (TEUI), Global Warming Potential (GWP), and Life Cycle Costs (LCC) as the performance objectives. After optimization, the R² of the three are 0.9908, 0.9869, and 0.9969, respectively, thus solving the problem of low accuracy of traditional prediction models. Next, the NSGA-II algorithm is used to optimize the three performance objectives, which are reduced by 41.94%, 40.61%, and 31.29%, respectively. Then, in the program decision stage, this paper uses two empowered Topsis methods to optimize this building performance problem. Finally, the article analyzes the variables using two sensitivity analysis methods. Through the above research, this paper provides a framework of optimization ideas for office buildings in extremely hot and cold regions while focusing on the four major aspects of machine learning, multi-objective optimization, decision analysis, and sensitivity analysis systematically and completely. For the development of office buildings in the region, whether in the early program design or in the later stages, energy-saving measures to optimize the design have laid the foundation of important guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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19 pages, 7820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Techno-Eco-Efficiency of Waste Clay Brick Powder (WCBP) in Geopolymer Binders

by Shaila Sharmin, Wahidul K. Biswas and Prabir K. Sarker

Buildings 2024, 14(3), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030692 - 5 Mar 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2087

Abstract

The global focus on geopolymer binder production has increased due to the adoption of waste materials and industrial byproducts. Given the gradual decline in the availability of fly ash and ground granular blast furnace slag (GGBFS) resulting from the decarbonization process in electricity [...] Read more.

The global focus on geopolymer binder production has increased due to the adoption of waste materials and industrial byproducts. Given the gradual decline in the availability of fly ash and ground granular blast furnace slag (GGBFS) resulting from the decarbonization process in electricity and steel production, waste clay brick powder (WCBP) could be a viable substitute for these pozzolanic by-products. This study presents the economic and environmental benefits of the use of WCBP as a replacement for conventional pozzolanic by-products in geopolymer binder production by assessing its techno-eco-efficiency, environmental impact, and cost-effectiveness performances. The favorable mechanical characteristics exhibited by the fly ash–GGBFS–WCBP-based geopolymer binder emphasize the importance of assessing its sustainability alongside its technical viability. The study employed life cycle analysis (LCA), following ISO framework, and using the Simapro software 9.2, to evaluate the environmental implications of the use of WCBP-based geopolymer mixtures. Human toxicity emerged as the primary impact. Moreover, the analysis of life cycle costs highlighted key financial factors, with around 65–70% attributed to alkaline activators of the total cost. The production of alkaline activators was identified as a critical point for both environmental impact and economic considerations due to energy consumption. While WCBP-rich samples exhibit a 1.7–0.7% higher environmental impact compared to the control mix (CM), their high mechanical strength and cost-effectiveness make them technologically and economically efficient geopolymer mixes. In conclusion, the portfolio analysis for techno-eco-efficiency affirms that mixes containing 40%, 30%, and 20% WCBP are more efficient than those using 10% and 0% WCBP, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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18 pages, 6326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aesthetic and Thermal Suitability of Highly Glazed Spaces with Interior Roller Blinds in Najran University Buildings, Saudi Arabia

by Abdultawab M. Qahtan

Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 2030; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052030 - 29 Feb 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1542

Abstract

Highly glazed spaces are visually appealing and trendy, but effectively managing their temperature in hot arid climates remains a significant challenge. This study evaluates the effectiveness of dark-tinted double low-E glass with internal roller blinds in reducing heat gain in glazed spaces in [...] Read more.

Highly glazed spaces are visually appealing and trendy, but effectively managing their temperature in hot arid climates remains a significant challenge. This study evaluates the effectiveness of dark-tinted double low-E glass with internal roller blinds in reducing heat gain in glazed spaces in hot arid climates and investigates architects’ perspectives on these facades. It combines field measurements and a survey to assess the balance between thermal control and aesthetics in such environments. This study reveals that the current glazing significantly attenuates solar radiation ingress, evidenced by a marked indoor-–outdoor temperature differential (ΔT) of approximately 9.2 °C. The mean radiant temperature registers at 1.5 °C above the indoor air temperature, which can be attributed to the glazing’s propensity to absorb and retain solar heat, resulting in an inner glass surface temperature of 43 °C. The implementation of adjustable blinds has a dynamic influence on the heat transfer coefficient (HTC), effectively modulating the temperature by impeding natural convection currents. With the blinds retracted, the HTC stands at an average of 7.1 W/m²K, which diminishes to 5 W/m²K when the blinds are 50% closed and further reduces to 4.2 W/m²K when the blinds are fully closed (100%). Survey results suggest that architects prioritise glazed facades for aesthetics (52%) while facing challenges in thermal and energy efficiency (44%). Future studies should concentrate on developing novel glazing systems that integrate solutions for visual appeal, lighting and thermal efficiency in glazed facades, particularly in hot arid climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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23 pages, 6163 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Households’ Perceptions of Health Co-Benefits in Relation to the Willingness to Undertake Energy Retrofits in Barcelona

by Carlos Benites-Aguilar and Carlos Marmolejo-Duarte

Buildings 2024, 14(1), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010236 - 15 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1283

Abstract

Energy retrofits have, so far, been studied from the perspective of economic benefits that undertaking energy retrofit brings. They have also been of interest in the pursuit of reducing carbon emissions. However, few have studied the perception of health co-benefits of energy retrofits. [...] Read more.

Energy retrofits have, so far, been studied from the perspective of economic benefits that undertaking energy retrofit brings. They have also been of interest in the pursuit of reducing carbon emissions. However, few have studied the perception of health co-benefits of energy retrofits. Therefore, this paper seeks to shed light on how the residents’ perception of their health affects their decision to undertake an energetic retrofit. The focus of this article is to determine how residents perceive their health and their willingness to undertake energy retrofits to improve their health in the municipality of Barcelona. The methods used were in-depth interviews with experts and face-to-face and surveys conducted online. The results were analysed using descriptive, segmental, and unconditional logistic regression. We also analysed if awareness of the health co-benefits of retrofits corresponded with the respondent’s housing conditions, socio-demographics, and willingness to energy retrofit their homes. A total of 127 participants were included, of which 6.3% listed health co-benefit improvements as an influencing factor in undertaking an energy retrofit. The survey findings show that the less educated households are less aware of the health co-benefits of energy retrofits. These findings reveal the need to re-evaluate the current energy and housing policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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14 pages, 5179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Method to Compute Shadow Geometry in Open Building Information Modeling Authoring Tools: Automation of Solar Regulation Checking

by Charles Voivret, Dimitri Bigot and Garry Rivière

Buildings 2023, 13(12), 3120; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13123120 - 15 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1575

Abstract

Building solar protection regulations is essential to save energy in hot climates. The protection performance is assessed using a shading factor computation that models the sky irradiance and the geometry of shadow obstructing the surface of interest. While Building Information Modeling is nowadays [...] Read more.

Building solar protection regulations is essential to save energy in hot climates. The protection performance is assessed using a shading factor computation that models the sky irradiance and the geometry of shadow obstructing the surface of interest. While Building Information Modeling is nowadays a standard approach for practitioners, computing shadow geometry in BIM authoring tools is natively impossible. Methods to compute shadow geometry exist but are out of reach for the usual BIM authoring tool user because of algorithm complexity and non-friendly BIM implementation platform. This study presents a novel approach, dubbed solid clipping, to calculate shadow geometry accurately in a BIM authoring tool. The aim is to enhance project delivery by enabling solar control verification. This method is based on typical Computer Aided Design (CAD) in BIM authoring tools. The method is generic enough to be implemented using any BIM authoring tool’s visual and textual API. This work demonstrates that a thermal regulation, here the French overseas one, can be checked concerning solar protection, thanks to a BIM model. Beyond automation, this paper shows that, by directly leveraging the BIM model, designs presently not feasible by the usual process can be studied and checked. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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24 pages, 2534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Indoor Environmental Quality Assessment of Train Cabins and Passenger Waiting Areas: A Case Study of Nigeria

by John Omomoluwa Ogundiran, Jean-Paul Kapuya Bulaba Nyembwe, Anabela Salgueiro Narciso Ribeiro and Manuel Gameiro da Silva

Sustainability 2023, 15(23), 16533; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316533 - 4 Dec 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1887

Abstract

The adequacy of the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in mass transit microenvironments is crucial to the well-being of exposed commuters. By 2050, many developing tropical countries will host even more megacities, which will feature an increase in people mobility and higher occupancy density. [...] Read more.

The adequacy of the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in mass transit microenvironments is crucial to the well-being of exposed commuters. By 2050, many developing tropical countries will host even more megacities, which will feature an increase in people mobility and higher occupancy density. The paucity of IEQ studies, the technology gap, and inadequate policy measures to assure safer and sustainable mobility in many developing tropics have reinforced the current study objective. Also, the recent COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the IEQ links and risks to health in transport, which, given the climate peculiarities, transport reforms, and huge commuter traffic in Nigeria, inform the study motivation. The indoor air quality (CO₂, PM, VOCs, NO₂), thermal, acoustic, and visual environments were objectively assessed in train passenger cabins and waiting areas, during 15 trips in the dry and rainy seasons in Nigeria. The results were analyzed by following the IEQ requirements defined in the ISO, CEN, ASHRAE, and SAE standards. The results indicate gaps in the IAQ (inadequate ventilation in 9 trains), defective thermal comfort (9 trains), exceedance in the PM limit (PM₁₀: 47.9–115 μg/m³, PM_2.5: 22.5–51.3 μg/m³), noise (L_eq range: 64–85 dBA), and low illuminance levels (10 trains), hence the need for IEQ, interventions, stakeholder awareness, and broader IEQ studies on transport cabins in these regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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35 pages, 13463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating Overheating Risks for Modern Flats in London Due to Climate Change

by Mansi Jariwala and Ahmad Taki

Designs 2023, 7(6), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7060124 - 28 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2742

Abstract

With the increase in global temperatures, a significant threat of overheating has been reported due to more frequent and severe heatwaves in the UK housing stock. This research analyzes dwellings’ physical attributes through overheating assessments and their adaptation for modern flats in London [...] Read more.

With the increase in global temperatures, a significant threat of overheating has been reported due to more frequent and severe heatwaves in the UK housing stock. This research analyzes dwellings’ physical attributes through overheating assessments and their adaptation for modern flats in London in the current (2022) and anticipated (2050) weather. According to preliminary research, Southeast and London in England, mid-terraced, and flats (especially built post 2012), among other archetypes, were discovered to be the most susceptible to overheating in the UK. This study employed a case study of a 2015 modern flat located in a high-risk overheating zone in London to understand the building’s overheating exposure. A range of Dynamic Thermal Simulations (DTS) was conducted using EnergyPlus with reference to case studies in order to assess the performance of passive cooling mitigation strategies (PCMS) on peak summer days (15 July) as well as during the summer against CIBSE Guide A and ASHARE 55. Reduced window area and LoE triple glazing were identified as excellent mitigation prototypes, in which solar gains through exterior glazing were reduced by 85.5% due to triple glazing. Zone sensible cooling was reduced by 52%, which minimized CO₂ emissions. It was also identified that the final retrofit model passed CIBSE Guide A by achieving a temperature threshold of 20 °C to 25 °C during the summer months, whereas it failed to accomplish the ASHARE 55 criteria (20–24 °C). The outcome of this study justifies the necessity of tested PCMS and advises UK policymakers on how to foster resilient housing plans to overcome overheating issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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27 pages, 14168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Decision-Making Tool for Envelope Energy Retrofitting Measures of Gated Community Housing in Egypt

by Sarah Ahmad Algohary, Ayman Mahmoud and Manal Yehya

Designs 2023, 7(6), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7060123 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1907

Abstract

Due to climate change, Egypt has recently suffered from recurring electricity crises. Despite efforts made to increase electricity production in Egypt, recently, in the summer months, the energy demand has increased at unprecedented rates, especially in the housing sector. Therefore, the government and [...] Read more.

Due to climate change, Egypt has recently suffered from recurring electricity crises. Despite efforts made to increase electricity production in Egypt, recently, in the summer months, the energy demand has increased at unprecedented rates, especially in the housing sector. Therefore, the government and homeowners should work together to improve the energy performance of residential buildings. This paper aimed to develop a decision-making tool that helps homeowners choose optimal energy retrofit measures that suit their priorities. The study began with the data-collection and case study selection. Then, the thermal evaluation of the base case for dwellings in the case study was conducted through simulation runs using the DesignBuilder v7.1 software. Then, the optimal envelope energy retrofitting measures were determined, followed by a retrofitting-measure scenario simulation process. Then, the payback periods were calculated for all scenarios, and the tool database was developed using an Excel spreadsheet. Finally, the user interface for envelope energy retrofitting measures for gated communities (EERMGCs) tool was designed by Visual Basic for Applications. EERMGCs, the tool developed in this paper, is a simple, multi-objective and interactive tool that provides the optimal envelope retrofit measures according to user priorities, either a specific budget, the shortest payback period, the lowest possible costs, or the highest energy saving rate. The outcome of this research is developing a framework that can be considered a basis for developing decision-making tools for gated community housing in Egypt. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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18 pages, 511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Building Information Modeling Technology Capabilities: Operationalizing the Multidimensional Construct

by Haiyun Cao and Minghao Huang

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 14755; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014755 - 11 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2104

Abstract

The identification and leverage of the Building Information Model (BIM) technology are at the core of the successful digital transformation of the construction industry. However, due to its ability to integrate with various digital technologies and platforms, facilitating the digital and sustainable construction [...] Read more.

The identification and leverage of the Building Information Model (BIM) technology are at the core of the successful digital transformation of the construction industry. However, due to its ability to integrate with various digital technologies and platforms, facilitating the digital and sustainable construction of the entire lifecycle of a building, BIM technology cannot be simply defined and operationalized with a single dimension of the construct. Based on the importance of multidimensional structures called for in the viewpoint of existing research and the resource-based view, we develop a second-order construct model to measure BIM technology capabilities. We define and operationalize the BIM technology capabilities, based on theory, as a reflective–reflective higher-order construct by developing and validating a 17-item scale that captures three first-order constructs. The measurement model results show strong reliability, dimensionality of the first-order measurement model, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The multidimensional structure and instrument provide researchers with an opportunity to test the theories about the antecedents and outcomes of BIM technology capabilities, as well as the process and conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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11 pages, 1253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Construction through the Lens of Neoliberal Governance: The Case of Vernacular Building Systems in Catalonia, Spain

by Mónica Alcindor and Delton Jackson

Sustainability 2023, 15(18), 13812; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813812 - 16 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1764

Abstract

This paper asserts that neoliberal forms of governance are increasingly found in construction systems in Spain, a fact which becomes especially problematic when considering vernacular construction systems. Technological management and policy are both becoming more focussed on the promotion and consolidation of ‘expert [...] Read more.

This paper asserts that neoliberal forms of governance are increasingly found in construction systems in Spain, a fact which becomes especially problematic when considering vernacular construction systems. Technological management and policy are both becoming more focussed on the promotion and consolidation of ‘expert systems’ at the expense of ‘different’ (and in particular) vernacular systems, which are processes which influence minds, and fundamentally shape subsequent actions. This paper adopts an ethnographic approach, undertaking investigation into the complexity of commonly found building systems, based upon empirical evidence gathered in the region of Catalonia. Focussing research on local vernacular construction systems reveals the extent to which the operation of distinct sets of managing ‘technologies’—embedded in specific practices such as auditing—becomes instrumental in shaping local construction practices. Currently, locally distinctive practices are deeply impacted by social influences generated far away, which have the consequences of significantly influencing, diluting, or even erasing vernacular building systems, even where these represent an important source of sustainable building techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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21 pages, 3842 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transformers for Energy Forecast

by Hugo S. Oliveira and Helder P. Oliveira

Sensors 2023, 23(15), 6840; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156840 - 1 Aug 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3776

Abstract

Forecasting energy consumption models allow for improvements in building performance and reduce energy consumption. Energy efficiency has become a pressing concern in recent years due to the increasing energy demand and concerns over climate change. This paper addresses the energy consumption forecast as [...] Read more.

Forecasting energy consumption models allow for improvements in building performance and reduce energy consumption. Energy efficiency has become a pressing concern in recent years due to the increasing energy demand and concerns over climate change. This paper addresses the energy consumption forecast as a crucial ingredient in the technology to optimize building system operations and identifies energy efficiency upgrades. The work proposes a modified multi-head transformer model focused on multi-variable time series through a learnable weighting feature attention matrix to combine all input variables and forecast building energy consumption properly. The proposed multivariate transformer-based model is compared with two other recurrent neural network models, showing a robust performance while exhibiting a lower mean absolute percentage error. Overall, this paper highlights the superior performance of the modified transformer-based model for the energy consumption forecast in a multivariate step, allowing it to be incorporated in future forecasting tasks, allowing for the tracing of future energy consumption scenarios according to the current building usage, playing a significant role in creating a more sustainable and energy-efficient building usage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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31 pages, 13660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Building Information Modeling and Building Performance Simulation-Based Decision Support Systems for Improved Built Heritage Operation

by Angelo Massafra, Carlo Costantino, Giorgia Predari and Riccardo Gulli

Sustainability 2023, 15(14), 11240; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411240 - 19 Jul 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4156

Abstract

Adapting outdated building stocks’ operations to meet current environmental and economic demands poses significant challenges that, to be faced, require a shift toward digitalization in the architecture, engineering, construction, and operation sectors. Digital tools capable of acquiring, structuring, sharing, processing, and visualizing built [...] Read more.

Adapting outdated building stocks’ operations to meet current environmental and economic demands poses significant challenges that, to be faced, require a shift toward digitalization in the architecture, engineering, construction, and operation sectors. Digital tools capable of acquiring, structuring, sharing, processing, and visualizing built assets’ data in the form of knowledge need to be conceptualized and developed to inform asset managers in decision-making and strategic planning. This paper explores how building information modeling and building performance simulation technologies can be integrated into digital decision support systems (DSS) to make building data accessible and usable by non-digital expert operators through user-friendly services. The method followed to develop the digital DSS is illustrated and then demonstrated with a simulation-based application conducted on the heritage case study of the Faculty of Engineering in Bologna, Italy. The analysis allows insights into the building’s energy performance at the space and hour scale and explores its relationship with the planned occupancy through a data visualization approach. In addition, the conceptualization of the DSS within a digital twin vision lays the foundations for future extensions to other technologies and data, including, for example, live sensor measurements, occupant feedback, and forecasting algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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16 pages, 6492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Load-Bearing Capacity for Reinforced Concrete Foundation Retrofitted Using Steel Strut–Tie Retrofit System

by Jiuk Shin and Kihak Lee

Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10372; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310372 - 30 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2428

Abstract

To reduce the thickness of reinforced concrete foundation members used in construction and structural applications, a previous study developed and tested a strut–tie retrofit system installed in the foundations. This study proposes the optimum retrofit details of a steel-tie retrofit system for foundation [...] Read more.

To reduce the thickness of reinforced concrete foundation members used in construction and structural applications, a previous study developed and tested a strut–tie retrofit system installed in the foundations. This study proposes the optimum retrofit details of a steel-tie retrofit system for foundation members with reduced thickness via a finite element simulation-based load-bearing capacity assessment. The retrofit parameters (structural steel type, plate thickness, and number of strut frames) that significantly affected the load-bearing capacities were optimized by comparing the maximum effective stress and code-defined allowable stress limits. The optimum retrofit details were compared with those computed using a code-defined strut–tie model. Based on the load-bearing capacity assessment for the design of loading combinations, the optimum retrofit details can be reduced in transverse (by 55%) and longitudinal (by 87%) directions compared with those designed using the strut–tie model approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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17 pages, 1099 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Transboundary Fisheries Management in Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA-TFCA): Prospects and Dilemmas

by Imikendu Imbwae, Shankar Aswani, Warwick Sauer and Clinton Hay

Sustainability 2023, 15(5), 4406; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054406 - 1 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3198

Abstract

Inland fisheries in the Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA-TFCA) offer food security to the riverine communities across the region. They also contribute towards the attainment of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals 1 and 15, which aim to alleviate poverty and maintain biodiversity [...] Read more.

Inland fisheries in the Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA-TFCA) offer food security to the riverine communities across the region. They also contribute towards the attainment of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals 1 and 15, which aim to alleviate poverty and maintain biodiversity conservation. Despite this significant role, the fisheries have suffered severe declines in the previous decades due to multiple factors, such as overfishing and poor legislation. Furthermore, climate change is exerting pressure by altering the ecology and productivity of the river systems. The unprecedented challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic have further constrained management efforts. Attempts to address these challenges have pointed towards transboundary fisheries management as a silver bullet in moving towards sustainable fisheries management. However, the implementation of this strategy in the region has encountered numerous roadblocks, thereby subjecting the river ecosystem to a wider environmental threat, with dire consequences on livelihoods. This paper reviews existing management and governance structures together with key informant interviews to elicit primary and secondary data essential for management at the regional level. The study identifies conflicting regulations, and inadequate policies and institutions across the region as major bottlenecks affecting the successful implementation of transboundary fisheries management. Finally, the paper offers some suggestions for the improvement of fisheries management in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability, Challenges and Opportunities to Optimize Building Performance)

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