Essential Oils as Natural Antimicrobials: Extraction, Characterization, and Synergistic Applications

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant-Derived Antibiotics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2025 | Viewed by 413

Special Issue Editors


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Laboratorio de Antioxidantes y Procesos Oxidativos, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustrias, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, CONICET, RN 9, Km 1125, Santiago del Estero 4206, Argentina
Interests: volatile organic compounds; bioinsecticides; repellency; mechanism of action; computational chemistry; bioactivity; molecular docking

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Laboratorio de Compuestos Bioactivos, Centro de Investigaciones en Biofísica Aplicada y Alimentos (CIBAAL), CONICET—Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, RN 9, Km 1125, Santiago del Estero 4206, Argentina
Interests: antimicrobial peptides; peptide—membrane interactions; natural antimicrobials; green silver nanoparticles; essential oils as antimicrobials
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Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 23890-000, Brazil
Interests: pharmacognosy; natural products; essential oil; ethnopharmacology; pharmaceutical science; biological activity; phytochemicals
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue explores the latest advancements in the obtention and chemical characterization of essential oils, focusing on their potential as natural antibiotics and their interactions with commercial antimicrobials. Ethnobotanical studies highlight a vast number of medicinal plants with untapped scientific potential, particularly aromatic species, which have long been recognized in traditional medicine for their therapeutic properties.

Essential oils are aromatic oleaginous liquids extracted from various plant parts, composed primarily of a complex mixture of terpenoids derived from secondary metabolism. This Special Issue will showcase novel extraction methodologies, significant findings on antimicrobial activity, synergistic effects with existing antibiotics, and emerging trends in the development of natural antimicrobial agents.

We welcome contributions from researchers and professionals investigating the mechanisms of action of these bioactive compounds, including their interactions with biological membranes, enzymatic inhibition, resistance mitigation, and synergy with conventional antibiotics. Special attention will be given to studies on bacterial biofilm formation and eradication, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms driving these processes.

Dr. Sergio A. Rodríguez
Dr. Axel Hollmann
Dr. Douglas Siqueira de Almeida Chaves
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • natural antimicrobials
  • biofilm eradication
  • mechanism of action
  • synergism
  • antagonism
  • cytotoxicity
  • compound isolation
  • membrane interaction
  • enzymatic inhibition
  • DNA interaction
  • oxidative stress

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

17 pages, 1610 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Action of Essential Oil of Tagetes minuta: Role of the Bacterial Membrane in the Mechanism of Action
by Anahí Bordón, Sergio A. Rodríguez, Douglas Siqueira de Almeida Chaves, Andrea C. Cutró and Axel Hollmann
Antibiotics 2025, 14(7), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14070632 - 21 Jun 2025
Viewed by 264
Abstract
Background: The rise in multidrug-resistant bacteria has intensified the search for new antibiotics, drawing attention to essential oils (EOs) for their antimicrobial properties. For this reason, this study focuses on the antimicrobial action of the EO obtained from Tagetes minuta and its impact [...] Read more.
Background: The rise in multidrug-resistant bacteria has intensified the search for new antibiotics, drawing attention to essential oils (EOs) for their antimicrobial properties. For this reason, this study focuses on the antimicrobial action of the EO obtained from Tagetes minuta and its impact on bacterial membranes. Methods: The EO was chemically characterized by chromatography–mass spectrometry, and its antimicrobial activity and its effects on surface and bacterial membrane were assessed by using Zeta potential, membrane transition temperature (Tm) determination; and fluorescence spectroscopy with Laurdan and Di-8 ANEPPS. Results: Twenty-seven compounds could be identified, with (E)-Tagetone, (Z)-Ocimenone, and β-pinene as the most abundant. Afterward, the EO was tested against Escherichia coli (MIC and MBC = 17 mg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 8.5 mg/mL; MBC > 17 mg/mL), showing antimicrobial action in both bacteria, being more effective against E. coli. Mechanistic studies revealed that the EO interacts with bacterial membranes, increasing the Zeta potential by more than 9 mV and enhancing membrane permeability up to 90%. These effects were further confirmed using model lipid membranes, where the EO induced significant changes in membrane properties, including a reduction in dipole potential and transition temperature, suggesting that some EO components could be inserted into the lipid bilayer, disrupting membrane integrity. Conclusions: The EO from T. minuta demonstrates efficient antimicrobial activity by compromising bacterial membrane structure, highlighting its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent. Full article
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