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Search Results (2,135)

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Keywords = wireless receiver

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19 pages, 1107 KiB  
Article
A Novel Harmonic Clocking Scheme for Concurrent N-Path Reception in Wireless and GNSS Applications
by Dina Ibrahim, Mohamed Helaoui, Naser El-Sheimy and Fadhel Ghannouchi
Electronics 2025, 14(15), 3091; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153091 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
This paper presents a novel harmonic-selective clocking scheme that facilitates concurrent downconversion of spectrally distant radio frequency (RF) signals using a single low-frequency local oscillator (LO) in an N-path receiver architecture. The proposed scheme selectively generates LO harmonics aligned with multiple RF bands, [...] Read more.
This paper presents a novel harmonic-selective clocking scheme that facilitates concurrent downconversion of spectrally distant radio frequency (RF) signals using a single low-frequency local oscillator (LO) in an N-path receiver architecture. The proposed scheme selectively generates LO harmonics aligned with multiple RF bands, enabling simultaneous downconversion without modification of the passive mixer topology. The receiver employs a 4-path passive mixer configuration to enhance harmonic selectivity and provide flexible frequency planning.The architecture is implemented on a printed circuit board (PCB) and validated through comprehensive simulation and experimental measurements under continuous wave and modulated signal conditions. Measured results demonstrate a sensitivity of 55dBm and a conversion gain varying from 2.5dB to 9dB depending on the selected harmonic pair. The receiver’s performance is further corroborated by concurrent (dual band) reception of real-world signals, including a GPS signal centered at 1575 MHz and an LTE signal at 1179 MHz, both downconverted using a single 393 MHz LO. Signal fidelity is assessed via Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE) and Error Vector Magnitude (EVM), confirming the proposed architecture’s effectiveness in maintaining high-quality signal reception under concurrent multiband operation. The results highlight the potential of harmonic-selective clocking to simplify multiband receiver design for wireless communication and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microwave and Wireless Communications)
27 pages, 2072 KiB  
Article
Modeling and Characteristic Analysis of Mistuned Series–Series-Compensated Wireless Charging System for EVs
by Weihan Li, Yunhan Han and Chenxu Li
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4091; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154091 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
Cumulative mistuning effects in electric vehicle wireless charging systems, arising from component tolerances, coil misalignments, and aging-induced drifts, can significantly degrade system performance. To mitigate this issue, this work establishes an analysis model for mistuned series–series-compensated wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. Through equivalent [...] Read more.
Cumulative mistuning effects in electric vehicle wireless charging systems, arising from component tolerances, coil misalignments, and aging-induced drifts, can significantly degrade system performance. To mitigate this issue, this work establishes an analysis model for mistuned series–series-compensated wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. Through equivalent simplification of mistuned parameters, we systematically examine the effects of compensation capacitances and coil inductances on input impedance, output power, and efficiency in SS-compensated topologies across wide load ranges and different coupling coefficients. Results reveal that transmitter-side parameter deviations exert more pronounced impacts on input impedance and power gain than receiver-side variations. Remarkably, under receiver-side inductance mistuning of −20%, a significant 32° shift in the input impedance angle was observed. Experimental validation on a 500 W prototype confirms ≤5% maximum deviation between calculated and measured values for efficiency, input impedance angle, and power gain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Charging Technologies for Electric Vehicles)
19 pages, 10949 KiB  
Article
Segmentation Control in Dynamic Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles
by Tran Duc Hiep, Nguyen Huu Minh, Tran Trong Minh, Nguyen Thi Diep and Nguyen Kien Trung
Electronics 2025, 14(15), 3086; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153086 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
Dynamic wireless charging systems have emerged as a promising solution to extend the driving range of electric vehicles by enabling energy transfer while the vehicle is in motion. However, the segment-based charging lane structure introduces challenges such as pulsation of the output power [...] Read more.
Dynamic wireless charging systems have emerged as a promising solution to extend the driving range of electric vehicles by enabling energy transfer while the vehicle is in motion. However, the segment-based charging lane structure introduces challenges such as pulsation of the output power and the need for precise switching control of the transmitting segments. This paper proposes a position-sensorless control method for managing transmitting lines in a dynamic wireless charging system. The proposed approach uses a segmented charging lane structure combined with two receiving coils and LCC compensation circuits on both the transmitting and receiving sides. Based on theoretical analysis, the study determines the optimal switching positions and signals to reduce the current fluctuation. To validate the proposed method, a dynamic wireless charging system prototype with a power rating of 3kW was designed, constructed, and tested in a laboratory environment. The results demonstrate that the proposed position-sensorless control method effectively mitigates power fluctuations and enhances the stability and efficiency of the wireless charging process. Full article
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18 pages, 4857 KiB  
Article
Fast Detection of FDI Attacks and State Estimation in Unmanned Surface Vessels Based on Dynamic Encryption
by Zheng Liu, Li Liu, Hongyong Yang, Zengfeng Wang, Guanlong Deng and Chunjie Zhou
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(8), 1457; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13081457 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 67
Abstract
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are used for data acquisition and transmission in unmanned surface vessels (USVs). However, the openness of wireless networks makes USVs highly susceptible to false data injection (FDI) attacks during data transmission, which affects the sensors’ ability to receive real [...] Read more.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are used for data acquisition and transmission in unmanned surface vessels (USVs). However, the openness of wireless networks makes USVs highly susceptible to false data injection (FDI) attacks during data transmission, which affects the sensors’ ability to receive real data and leads to decision-making errors in the control center. In this paper, a novel dynamic data encryption method is proposed whereby data are encrypted prior to transmission and the key is dynamically updated using historical system data, with a view to increasing the difficulty for attackers to crack the ciphertext. At the same time, a dynamic relationship is established among ciphertext, key, and auxiliary encrypted ciphertext, and an attack detection scheme based on dynamic encryption is designed to realize instant detection and localization of FDI attacks. Further, an H fusion filter is designed to filter external interference noise, and the real information is estimated or restored by the weighted fusion algorithm. Ultimately, the validity of the proposed scheme is confirmed through simulation experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Optimization of Ship Propulsion System)
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21 pages, 4163 KiB  
Article
Digital Twin-Based Ray Tracing Analysis for Antenna Orientation Optimization in Wireless Networks
by Onem Yildiz
Electronics 2025, 14(15), 3023; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153023 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 193
Abstract
Efficient antenna orientation of transmitters is essential for improving wireless signal quality and coverage, especially in large-scale and complex 6G networks. Identifying the best antenna angles is difficult due to the nonlinear interaction among orientation, signal propagation, and interference. This paper introduces a [...] Read more.
Efficient antenna orientation of transmitters is essential for improving wireless signal quality and coverage, especially in large-scale and complex 6G networks. Identifying the best antenna angles is difficult due to the nonlinear interaction among orientation, signal propagation, and interference. This paper introduces a digital twin-based evaluation approach utilizing ray tracing simulations to assess the influence of antenna orientation on critical performance metrics: path gain, received signal strength (RSS), and signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). A thorough array of orientation scenarios was simulated to produce a dataset reflecting varied coverage conditions. The dataset was utilized to investigate antenna configurations that produced the optimal and suboptimal performance for each parameter. Additionally, three machine learning models—k-nearest neighbors (KNN), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), and XGBoost—were developed to forecast ideal configurations. XGBoost had superior prediction accuracy compared to the other models, as evidenced by regression outcomes and cumulative distribution function (CDF) analyses. The proposed workflow demonstrates that learning-based predictors can uncover orientation refinements that conventional grid sweeps overlook, enabling agile, interference-aware optimization. Key contributions include an end-to-end digital twin methodology for rapid what-if analysis and a systematic comparison of lightweight machine learning predictors for antenna orientation. This comprehensive method provides a pragmatic and scalable solution for the data-driven optimization of wireless systems in real-world settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Communication Performance Analysis)
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25 pages, 8472 KiB  
Article
Harnessing the Power of Pre-Trained Models for Efficient Semantic Communication of Text and Images
by Emrecan Kutay and Aylin Yener
Entropy 2025, 27(8), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27080813 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 135
Abstract
This paper investigates point-to-point multimodal digital semantic communications in a task-oriented setup, where messages are classified at the receiver. We employ a pre-trained transformer model to extract semantic information and propose three methods for generating semantic codewords. First, we propose semantic quantization that [...] Read more.
This paper investigates point-to-point multimodal digital semantic communications in a task-oriented setup, where messages are classified at the receiver. We employ a pre-trained transformer model to extract semantic information and propose three methods for generating semantic codewords. First, we propose semantic quantization that uses quantized embeddings of source realizations as a codebook. We investigate the fixed-length coding, considering the source semantic structure and end-to-end semantic distortion. We propose a neural network-based codeword assignment mechanism incorporating codeword transition probabilities to minimize the expected semantic distortion. Second, we present semantic compression that clusters embeddings, exploiting the inherent semantic redundancies to reduce the codebook size, i.e., further compression. Third, we introduce a semantic vector-quantized autoencoder (VQ-AE) that learns a codebook through training. In all cases, we follow this semantic source code with a standard channel code to transmit over the wireless channel. In addition to classification accuracy, we assess pre-communication overhead via a novel metric we term system time efficiency. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed semantic source-coding approaches provide comparable accuracy and better system time efficiency compared to their learning-based counterparts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Semantic Information Theory)
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20 pages, 7127 KiB  
Article
Design Method of Array-Type Coupler for UAV Wireless Power Transmission System Based on the Deep Neural Network
by Mingyang Li, Jiacheng Li, Wei Xiao, Jingyi Li and Chenyue Zhou
Drones 2025, 9(8), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9080532 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 146
Abstract
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are commonly used in various fields and industries, but their limited battery life has become a key constraint for their development. Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) technology, with its convenience, durability, intelligence, and unmanned features, significantly enhances UAVs’ battery life [...] Read more.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are commonly used in various fields and industries, but their limited battery life has become a key constraint for their development. Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) technology, with its convenience, durability, intelligence, and unmanned features, significantly enhances UAVs’ battery life and operational range. However, the variety of UAV models and different sizes pose challenges for designing couplers in the WPT system. This paper presents a design method for an array-type coupler in a UAV WPT system that uses a deep neural network. By establishing an electromagnetic 3D structure of the array-type coupler using electromagnetic simulation software, the dimensions of the transmitting and receiving coils are modified to assess how changes in the aperture of the transmitting coil and the length of the receiving coil affect the mutual inductance of the coupler. Furthermore, deep learning methods are utilized to train a high-precision model using the calculated data as the training and testing sets. Finally, taking the FAIRSER-X model UAV as an example, the transmitting and receiving coils are wound, and the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method are verified through an LCR meter, which notably enhances the design efficiency of UAV WPT systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Drone Design and Development)
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15 pages, 5889 KiB  
Article
A Strong Misalignment Tolerance Wireless Power Transfer System for AUVs with Hybrid Magnetic Coupler
by Haibing Wen, Xiaolong Zhou, Yu Wang, Zhengchao Yan, Kehan Zhang, Jie Wen, Lei Yang, Yaopeng Zhao, Yang Liu and Xiangqian Tong
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(8), 1423; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13081423 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 174
Abstract
Wireless power transfer systems require not only strong coupling capabilities but also stable output under various misalignment conditions. This paper proposes a hybrid magnetic coupler for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), featuring two identical arc-shaped rectangular transmitting coils and a combination of an arc-shaped [...] Read more.
Wireless power transfer systems require not only strong coupling capabilities but also stable output under various misalignment conditions. This paper proposes a hybrid magnetic coupler for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), featuring two identical arc-shaped rectangular transmitting coils and a combination of an arc-shaped rectangular receiving coil and two anti-series connected solenoid coils. The arc-shaped rectangular receiving coil captures the magnetic flux generated by the transmitting coil, which is directed toward the center, while the solenoid coils capture the axial magnetic flux generated by the transmitting coil. The parameters of the proposed magnetic coupler have been optimized to enhance the coupling coefficient and improve the system’s tolerance to misalignments. To verify the feasibility of the proposed magnetic coupler, a 300 W prototype with LCC-S compensation topology is built. Within a 360° rotational misalignment range, the system’s output power maintains around 300 W, with a stable power transmission efficiency of over 92.14%. When axial misalignment of 40 mm occurs, the minimum output power is 282.8 W, and the minimum power transmission efficiency is 91.6%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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15 pages, 541 KiB  
Article
Joint Optimization and Performance Analysis of Analog Shannon–Kotel’nikov Mapping for OFDM with Carrier Frequency Offset
by Jingwen Lin, Qiwang Chen, Yu Hua and Chen Chen
Entropy 2025, 27(8), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27080778 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 164
Abstract
An analog joint source-channel coding (AJSCC) based on Shannon–Kotel’nikov (S-K) mapping transmitting discrete-time encoded samples in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems over wireless channel has exhibited excellent performance. However, the phenomenon of carrier frequency offset (CFO) caused by the frequency mismatch between [...] Read more.
An analog joint source-channel coding (AJSCC) based on Shannon–Kotel’nikov (S-K) mapping transmitting discrete-time encoded samples in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems over wireless channel has exhibited excellent performance. However, the phenomenon of carrier frequency offset (CFO) caused by the frequency mismatch between the transmitter’s and receiver’s local oscillators often exists in actual scenarios; thus, in this paper the performance of AJSCC-OFDM with CFO is analyzed and the S-K mapping is optimized. A joint optimization strategy is developed to maximize the signal-to-distortion ratio (SDR) subject to CFO constraints. Considering that the optimized AJSCC-OFDM strategies will change the amplitude distribution of encoded symbol, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) characteristics under different AJSCC parameters are also analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next-Generation Channel Coding: Theory and Applications)
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14 pages, 3251 KiB  
Communication
Design and Optimization of a Miniaturized Wireless Power Transfer System Using Matching Media for Efficiency Enhancement at 1.6 GHz
by Aftab Ahmad, Ashfaq Ahmad and Dong-You Choi
Electronics 2025, 14(14), 2918; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14142918 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 326
Abstract
This paper presents the design and performance analysis of a compact wireless power transfer (WPT) system operating at 1.6 GHz. The transmitter (Tx) structure consists of a circular slot and a circular radiating element, excited from the backside of the substrate, while the [...] Read more.
This paper presents the design and performance analysis of a compact wireless power transfer (WPT) system operating at 1.6 GHz. The transmitter (Tx) structure consists of a circular slot and a circular radiating element, excited from the backside of the substrate, while the receiver (Rx) comprises a slotted patch antenna miniaturized using two vertical vias. The initial power transfer efficiency (PTE), represented by the transmission coefficient S21, was measured to be −31 dB with a 25 mm separation between Tx and Rx. To enhance the efficiency of the system, a dielectric matching media (MM) was introduced between the transmitter and receiver. Through the implementation of the MM, the PTE improved significantly, with S21 increasing to −24 dB. A parametric study was conducted by varying the thickness of the MM from 1 mm to 10 mm and the relative permittivity (εr) from 5 to 30. The results demonstrate that both the thickness and dielectric constant of the MM play a crucial role in improving the coupling and overall efficiency of the WPT system. The optimal configuration was achieved with a matching media thickness of 10 mm and a relative permittivity of 25, which yielded the best improvement in transmission performance. This work offers a practical approach to enhance near-field WPT efficiency using simple matching structures and is particularly relevant for compact and low-profile energy transfer applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Low Power Circuit and System Design and Applications)
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13 pages, 5281 KiB  
Article
Flexible Receiver Antenna Prepared Based on Conformal Printing and Its Wearable System
by Qian Zhu, Wenjie Zhang, Wencheng Zhu, Chao Wu and Jianping Shi
Sensors 2025, 25(14), 4488; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144488 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 397
Abstract
Microwave energy is ideal for wearable devices due to its stable wireless power transfer capabilities. However, rigid receiving antennas in conventional RF energy harvesters compromise wearability. This study presents a wearable system using a flexible dual-band antenna (915 MHz/2.45 GHz) fabricated via conformal [...] Read more.
Microwave energy is ideal for wearable devices due to its stable wireless power transfer capabilities. However, rigid receiving antennas in conventional RF energy harvesters compromise wearability. This study presents a wearable system using a flexible dual-band antenna (915 MHz/2.45 GHz) fabricated via conformal 3D printing on arm-mimicking curvatures, minimizing bending-induced performance loss. A hybrid microstrip–lumped element rectifier circuit enhances energy conversion efficiency. Tested with commercial 915 MHz transmitters and Wi-Fi routers, the system consistently delivers 3.27–3.31 V within an operational range, enabling continuous power supply for real-time physiological monitoring (e.g., pulse detection) and data transmission. This work demonstrates a practical solution for sustainable energy harvesting in flexible wearables. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable Sensors in Medical Diagnostics and Rehabilitation)
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17 pages, 4473 KiB  
Article
Dual-Band Wearable Antenna Integrated with Glasses for 5G and Wi-Fi Systems
by Łukasz Januszkiewicz
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 8018; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15148018 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 226
Abstract
This paper presents a dual-band antenna designed for integration into eyewear. The antenna is intended for a system supporting visually impaired individuals, where a wearable camera integrated into glasses transmits data to a remote receiver. To enhance system reliability within indoor environments, the [...] Read more.
This paper presents a dual-band antenna designed for integration into eyewear. The antenna is intended for a system supporting visually impaired individuals, where a wearable camera integrated into glasses transmits data to a remote receiver. To enhance system reliability within indoor environments, the proposed design supports both fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication and Wi-Fi networks. The compact antenna is specifically dimensioned for integration within eyeglass temples and operates in the 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz frequency bands. Prototype measurements, conducted using a human head phantom, validate the antenna’s performance. The results demonstrate good impedance matching across the desired frequency bands and a maximum gain of at least 4 dBi in both bands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Technology for 5G Communication)
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15 pages, 3227 KiB  
Article
A Symmetrical Cross Double-D Coil with Improved Misalignment Tolerance for WPT Systems
by Ashwini Rathod, Satish M. Mahajan and Taiye Owu
World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(7), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16070405 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 334
Abstract
Inductive Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technologies are advancing significantly in the electric vehicle (EV) charging applications. Misalignment between transmitting and receiving coils can considerably affect power transmission efficiency in WPT systems. Prior research involved power electronics as well as electromagnetic couplers. This work [...] Read more.
Inductive Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technologies are advancing significantly in the electric vehicle (EV) charging applications. Misalignment between transmitting and receiving coils can considerably affect power transmission efficiency in WPT systems. Prior research involved power electronics as well as electromagnetic couplers. This work focuses on the coil design aspect of electromagnetic couplers. A relatively new concept of Symmetrical Cross Double-D (SCDD) type of the coil design is introduced specifically to maximize tolerance to misalignment while sustaining significant amount of power transferred. Mutual inductance was determined for the perfect alignment and misalignment positions of the SCDD coils. Mutual inductance obtained from the simulation was validated from the experimental measurements. The SCDD electromagnetic coupler demonstrated almost 2.5 times superior tolerance to misalignment of coils compared to the conventional circular coupler while maintaining at least 78% of maximum power transfer even at a lateral misalignment of 40 mm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer Technology for Electric Vehicles)
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23 pages, 1187 KiB  
Article
Transmit and Receive Diversity in MIMO Quantum Communication for High-Fidelity Video Transmission
by Udara Jayasinghe, Prabhath Samarathunga, Thanuj Fernando and Anil Fernando
Algorithms 2025, 18(7), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18070436 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 210
Abstract
Reliable transmission of high-quality video over wireless channels is challenged by fading and noise, which degrade visual quality and disrupt temporal continuity. To address these issues, this paper proposes a quantum communication framework that integrates quantum superposition with multi-input multi-output (MIMO) spatial diversity [...] Read more.
Reliable transmission of high-quality video over wireless channels is challenged by fading and noise, which degrade visual quality and disrupt temporal continuity. To address these issues, this paper proposes a quantum communication framework that integrates quantum superposition with multi-input multi-output (MIMO) spatial diversity techniques to enhance robustness and efficiency in dynamic video transmission. The proposed method converts compressed videos into classical bitstreams, which are then channel-encoded and quantum-encoded into qubit superposition states. These states are transmitted over a 2×2 MIMO system employing varied diversity schemes to mitigate the effects of multipath fading and noise. At the receiver, a quantum decoder reconstructs the classical information, followed by channel decoding to retrieve the video data, and the source decoder reconstructs the final video. Simulation results demonstrate that the quantum MIMO system significantly outperforms equivalent-bandwidth classical MIMO frameworks across diverse signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, achieving a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) up to 39.12 dB, structural similarity index (SSIM) up to 0.9471, and video multi-method assessment fusion (VMAF) up to 92.47, with improved error resilience across various group of picture (GOP) formats, highlighting the potential of quantum MIMO communication for enhancing the reliability and quality of video delivery in next-generation wireless networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Algorithms for Multidisciplinary Applications)
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23 pages, 10801 KiB  
Article
Secure Communication of Electric Drive System Using Chaotic Systems Base on Disturbance Observer and Fuzzy Brain Emotional Learning Neural Network
by Huyen Chau Phan Thi, Nhat Quang Dang and Van Nam Giap
Math. Comput. Appl. 2025, 30(4), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/mca30040073 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 191
Abstract
This paper presents a novel wireless control framework for electric drive systems by employing a fuzzy brain emotional learning neural network (FBELNN) controller in conjunction with a Disturbance Observer (DO). The communication scheme uses chaotic system dynamics to ensure data confidentiality and robustness [...] Read more.
This paper presents a novel wireless control framework for electric drive systems by employing a fuzzy brain emotional learning neural network (FBELNN) controller in conjunction with a Disturbance Observer (DO). The communication scheme uses chaotic system dynamics to ensure data confidentiality and robustness against disturbance in wireless environments. To be applied to embedded microprocessors, the continuous-time chaotic system is discretized using the Grunwald–Letnikov approximation. To avoid the loss of generality of chaotic behavior, Lyapunov exponents are computed to validate the preservation of chaos in the discrete-time domain. The FBELNN controller is then developed to synchronize two non-identical chaotic systems under different initial conditions, enabling secure data encryption and decryption. Additionally, the DOB is introduced to estimate and mitigate the effects of bounded uncertainties and external disturbances, enhancing the system’s resilience to stealthy attacks. The proposed control structure is experimentally implemented on a wireless communication system utilizing ESP32 microcontrollers (Espressif Systems, Shanghai, China) based on the ESP-NOW protocol. Both control and feedback signals of the electric drive system are encrypted using chaotic states, and real-time decryption at the receiver confirms system integrity. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in achieving robust synchronization, accurate signal recovery, and a reliable wireless control system. The combination of FBELNN and DOB demonstrates significant potential for real-time, low-cost, and secure applications in smart electric drive systems and industrial automation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Optimization in Automatic Control and Systems Engineering)
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