Search Results (3,607)

Glass wool provides a lightweight fibrous framework with inherent thermal-insulation capability, yet its direct use in hydrophobic monolithic aerogels has received comparatively limited systematic investigation. Here, glass wool fiber (GWF)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) aerogels were fabricated by freeze-drying followed by vapor-phase methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) modification. A composition matrix of 1.0–3.0 wt.% GWF and 0.10–1.00 wt.% PVA was evaluated to determine composition-dependent changes in density, calculated porosity, wettability, compressive response, thermal conductivity, crude-oil absorption, uptake kinetics, and cyclic reusability. The aerogels exhibited densities of 0.014–0.046 g/cm³, calculated porosities of 97.68–99.39%, water contact angles of 131.0–141.3°, thermal conductivities of 32.1–38.5 mW/m·K, and compressive stress at 50% strain up to 146.20 kPa. Crude-oil absorption, defined here as predominantly physical uptake and retention within the porous fibrous network, ranged from 18.86 ± 1.50 to 55.12 ± 1.57 g/g. At 0.25 wt.% PVA, samples containing 1.0–3.0 wt.% GWF reached 81–91% of equilibrium uptake within 10 s. The pseudo-second-order model provided the better empirical fit without implying chemisorption. Overall, composition influenced the balance among oil uptake, mechanical resistance, cyclic reuse, and thermal insulation. Full article

Water color is an important optical proxy for trophic status and water quality, but its integration into regulatory assessment frameworks is still limited. This study assesses the potential of the Forel–Ule Index (FUI) derived from Sentinel-2 as a proxy indicator to support the assessment of the ecological status of reservoirs under the European Union’s Water Framework Directive (WFD). Seventeen reservoirs located in semi-arid Mediterranean climate agricultural basins in southern Portugal (Sorraia, Sado, and Guadiana) were analyed, combining 4316 FUI observations (2017–2024) with in situ water quality data and official WFD ecological status classifications. The results showed that the values on the FUI scale (which ranges from 1 to 21) fell, for the most part, between 12 and 18 and with marked spatial and seasonal contrasts, particularly between more transparent reservoirs and persistently turbid ones, probably eutrophicated reservoirs. Principal component analysis showed that the first component (PC1, 39.5% of variance) represents a trophic gradient dominated by turbidity, chemical oxygen demand and chlorophyll-a, and is positively, albeit moderately, correlated with FUI (Spearman’s ρ = 0.439, p < 0.001), while the second component, dominated by nitrogen, showed no significant association. To make the Water Framework Directive (WFD) regulations compatible with the structure of the available dataset, ecological status was dichotomized into “Satisfactory” and “Deterioration”. Binary logistic regression showed that increasing FUI values were significantly associated with a lower probability of classification as “Satisfactory” (β = −0.682, p = 0.0137; odds ratio = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.29–0.87). The model performance was moderate (balanced accuracy = 0.682; AUC = 0.754), with better identification of “Deterioration” conditions than “Satisfactory” conditions. The Mann–Whitney U test confirmed that mean FUI values differed significantly between the two ecological status groups (U = 65, p = 0.0166), with lower values associated with reservoirs meeting the “Good” threshold. Overall, FUI proved to be a low-cost and temporally flexible screening and early-warning tool, particularly useful for identifying departures from favorable ecological conditions. However, the index is not a direct substitute for the official ecological classification and is best applied in combination with physicochemical and biological metrics when assessing changes in water quality over a shorter period of time. Full article

This study investigates the water–energy nexus in vineyards adopting innovative practices, focusing on water management through rainwater harvesting systems and the installation of photovoltaic panels for renewable energy production. The research focuses on two regions in Greece, Nemea in Corinthia and Nea Anchialos in Magnesia, using historical time series of meteorological data to establish water and energy balances. The study aims to examine the practical use of these technologies to improve water and energy efficiency in grape and wine production, which are important parts of the country’s primary sector. A daily water balance model is applied to estimate the required storage capacity of rainwater tanks for irrigation use in vine cultivation, using daily rainfall and evapotranspiration data over 20 hydrological years (2001/02–2020/21). Additionally, the installation of photovoltaic panels covering a specific percentage of the total utilized area in the study parcels is examined. The analysis showed that the use of a rainwater collection system with a catchment area of 500 m² for crop areas from 500 to 10,000 m² and using rainwater tanks from 10 to 200 m³ can ensure demand coverage rates from 60% to 95%. The production of green energy through the panels ranges from 149 to 156 MWh per year. Full article

Background/Objectives: Estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI) of human skeletal remains remains challenging because bone undergoes structural, molecular and optical changes that evolve differently over time and are strongly influenced by taphonomic conditions. Rather than assuming that a single multimodal classifier performs equally well across all PMI intervals, this study aimed to determine which imaging or spectroscopic modality is most informative for specific forensic decision tasks and to derive an exploratory task-specific diagnostic decision-support framework based on internally evaluated sample-level analyses. Methods: Human femoral bone samples were assigned to five PMI classes ranging from 0–2 weeks to >100 years and examined using micro-computed tomography, hyperspectral imaging, handheld and microscopic Raman spectroscopy, and NIR-ONE spectroscopy. Repeated acquisitions were aggregated at the physical-sample level. Four targeted diagnostic contrasts were defined for the present reanalysis: archaeological class 5 versus classes 1–4, early classes 1 + 2 versus later classes 4 + 5, classes 1 + 2 versus class 4 within the Raman-compatible forensic range, and class 1 versus class 2. In addition, an exploratory direct pairwise comparison of class 4 versus class 5 was performed to specifically assess the boundary between the latest forensic interval and archaeological material. Parameter-wise ROC analysis, bootstrap confidence intervals, exploratory operating points at approximately 95% specificity, and repeated stratified cross-validation were used. All preprocessing for multivariate modelling was performed within the respective cross-validation folds. Results: Diagnostic performance was strongly task-dependent. Archaeological class 5 was distinguished from classes 1–4 by micro-CT Mean2 (AUC 0.984), NIR-ONE reflectance at 1944 nm (AUC 0.980), and HSI-derived tissue water index (TWI; AUC 0.961). In the additional exploratory direct C4-versus-C5 analysis, micro-CT Mean2 showed complete separation of the available samples (AUC 1.000), while NIR-ONE reflectance at 1944 nm retained excellent discriminatory performance (AUC 0.963). In contrast, HSI-derived TWI showed only moderate direct C4-versus-C5 discrimination (AUC 0.742). For early classes 1 + 2 versus later classes 4 + 5, the device-derived HSI StO₂ index showed the highest univariate performance (AUC 0.940), followed by TWI (AUC 0.894) and the NIR spectral slope between 1550 and 1950 nm (AUC 0.860). Within the Raman-compatible forensic range, HSI remained highly informative, while Raman carbonate/phosphate and crystallinity parameters provided complementary molecular information. Class 1 versus class 2 discrimination remained moderate. Corrected five-class modelling achieved only moderate balanced accuracy and did not consistently improve upon NIR-ONE alone. Conclusions: Diagnostic performance was strongly task-dependent. In this internally evaluated cohort, micro-CT Mean2 and high-wavelength NIR-ONE features showed the strongest discrimination of archaeological-compatible C5 material, whereas HSI-derived optical indices were most informative for the separated early-versus-later contrast and Raman spectroscopy provided complementary molecular information within C1–C4. Because C5 comprised only six unique physical samples and archaeological context was confounded with chronological age, the very high C5-related AUC estimates should be regarded as exploratory, hypothesis-generating estimates rather than validated measures of chronological PMI. The proposed decision-support framework is likewise exploratory and requires independent external validation before forensic implementation. Full article

Accurate correction of daily satellite-derived precipitation estimates in data-scarce tropical regions remains a critical challenge for climate monitoring, agriculture, and public health. Satellite products such as CHIRPS offer broad spatial coverage but exhibit systematic biases relative to ground-based observations particularly in complex terrain under bimodal tropical regimes influenced by ENSO. We propose a Functional Generalised Additive Mixed Model (FGAMM) that corrects CHIRPS-derived precipitation estimates by treating the annual accumulated precipitation curve as a functional response and the satellite accumulation curve as a functional covariate, while incorporating station-level random effects and the Southern Oscillation Index. This functional formulation targets the systematic, slowly varying bias between satellite and ground-station accumulation, the quantity most relevant for water-balance applications such as reservoir management and agricultural planning rather than day-to-day storm nowcasting. Applied to 62 IDEAM stations in the Valle del Cauca department of Colombia (2012–2020), the FGAMM achieves a mean cross-validation RMSE of 0.68 mm/day (95% bootstrap CI: 0.61–0.75), a substantially lower error than linear regression, SVM, and Random Forest within this dataset, where the gap is statistically significant across all competing methods. This magnitude of advantage is not reproduced when applying the same fitting-and-differencing pipeline, via a simplified concurrent approximation, to an independent national-network dataset; we discuss the methodological factors that likely contribute to this discrepancy—including an inherent smoothness asymmetry between the penalised-spline FGAMM fit and the unconstrained benchmark models, and differences in validation design between the two checks—in the Discussion, and treat the true size of the FGAMM’s advantage as an open question pending a fully controlled comparison. Corrected estimates are currently restricted to the calibrated station locations; because CHIRPS provides near-global daily coverage from 1981 to the present, we discuss how the same modelling approach could in principle be applied to other tropical or subtropical regions with a sparse reference station network, including areas of Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asia where station density is similarly limited. Full article

The escalating production of fetal bovine serum generates substantial quantities of fetal bovine hide as an underutilized byproduct. In this study, we extracted collagen from this source, characterized it as predominantly type I collagen with intact triple-helical features, and fabricated a series of composite sponge dressings by blending it with chitosan. The best-balanced formulation (COL₁/CS₁, 1:1 ratio) exhibited markedly superior physicochemical properties relative to pure collagen sponges, as evidenced by higher porosity (91.3%), water uptake (2010%), moisture retention (23.7%), and water vapor transmission rate (4169.02 ± 86.45 g/m²/day). We hypothesize that the intrinsically lower cross-linking density of fetal collagen may expose a greater abundance of carboxyl and hydroxyl moieties, thereby fostering electrostatic complexation and hydrogen bonding with chitosan’s amino groups. This molecular interplay appears to promote the genesis of a highly uniform, interconnective porous network. In vitro, the COL₁/CS₁ sponge elicited a hemolysis rate below 5%, a blood coagulation index as low as 7.02%, no cytotoxicity toward L929 and MRC-5 cells, and a pronounced capacity to stimulate cell proliferation and wound repopulation. In a murine full-thickness excisional wound model, the COL₁/CS₁ group achieved a 98.1% closure rate by day 14, significantly outpacing both the pure collagen and untreated controls. Histological examinations corroborated these findings, revealing accelerated granulation tissue deposition, robust neovascularization, and orderly collagen remodeling, with no overt toxicity observed in vital organs under the tested conditions. This work presents a viable valorization pathway for an agricultural byproduct into high-value biomedical constructs and provides insights into how source-dependent collagen attributes may influence the functional performance of biomaterials. Full article

Optimizing irrigation amount and frequency is critical for maize production in arid sandy loam soils, which are characterized by severe water scarcity and high leaching risks. This study aimed to determine the physiological and multi-objective synergistic responses of spring maize to different drip irrigation regimes in the sandy soil region of Southern Xinjiang and to identify the optimal water management strategy. A two-year field experiment evaluated four irrigation amounts (W₁: 350 mm, W₂: 500 mm, W₃: 650 mm, W₄: 800 mm) combined with three irrigation frequencies (F₄: 4-day, F₇: 7-day, F₁₀: 10-day intervals). The results indicated that increasing irrigation amount and frequency generally improved canopy physiological performance (leaf area index, SPAD values, net photosynthetic rates, and photosystem II photochemical efficiency), though the response magnitudes varied among specific physiological parameters and irrigation levels. Grain yield increased with irrigation amount and was highest at 800 mm under F₄ or F₇ frequency; however, excessive water inputs led to reduced water productivity. Conversely, nutrient use efficiencies for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium exhibited a parabolic response, reaching their maxima under W₃ (650 mm) and F₇ (7-day interval). To reconcile the trade-offs between maximum productivity and resource conservation, the entropy weight method coupled with TOPSIS (EWM-TOPSIS) was applied. The results showed that grain yield and water productivity were the dominant indicators determining overall system efficacy, with the W₃F₇ treatment consistently achieving the highest relative closeness (over 76%) to the ideal solution in both years. While this optimal recommendation relies on the multi-criteria weighting framework of the EWM-TOPSIS model, integrating a 650 mm irrigation quota with a 7-day interval offers a practical agronomic strategy to balance yield, water productivity, and nutrient efficiency in arid agroecosystems. Full article

Background/Objectives: Transdermal delivery of hydrophilic drugs remains limited by poor partitioning into the lipid-rich stratum corneum (SC). This study systematically investigated how ternary nanoemulsion composition and surfactant architecture jointly influence the transdermal delivery of salbutamol and whether the resulting composition–performance relationships are preserved across different skin models. Methods: Salbutamol-loaded nanoemulsions were prepared by the phase inversion temperature (PIT) method across a predefined ternary design space using two non-ionic surfactant systems: polyoxyl castor oil and polyoxyl hydroxystearate. Physicochemical characterization, ternary compositional mapping, in vitro permeation testing, generalized additive modeling (GAM), and attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy were combined to evaluate formulation-dependent transport across pig and mouse skin models, complemented by exploratory human-skin experiments. Results: Among the nanoemulsion formulations, pig skin showed the highest salbutamol permeation, with flux values reaching approximately 390 µg/cm²·h. Within the PHS-based system, mouse skin showed lower permeation and a stronger dependence on formulation composition than pig skin, while the simple aqueous vehicle also produced comparatively low permeation in the murine model. The aqueous-vehicle control produced substantially higher permeation than the nanoemulsions in pig skin but lower permeation in mouse skin, while receptor-phase salbutamol concentrations remained below the limit of quantification in human skin. Across both surfactant systems, the most favorable nanoemulsion-mediated permeation was generally associated with water-rich formulations containing comparatively low surfactant levels, whereas highly surfactant-rich regions showed reduced flux despite marked lipid- or protein-associated spectral changes in the descriptive ATR-FTIR analysis. Regression analyses suggested that droplet size and viscosity alone could not consistently explain permeation behavior, whereas compositional modeling revealed pronounced non-linear effects of the water–surfactant–oil balance. Conclusions: Overall, this study demonstrates that nanoemulsion-mediated delivery of hydrophilic drugs is governed primarily by ternary composition, with formulation effects varying across skin models. These findings highlight the importance of composition-based formulation design and appropriate skin-model selection during the development of transdermal systems for hydrophilic drugs. Full article

Sustainable reservoir-system management requires coordinated operation to balance economic benefits, sediment regulation, and ecological requirements while maintaining equitable and durable cooperation among participating reservoirs. Focusing on the Wanjiazhai, Sanmenxia, and Xiaolangdi reservoirs in the middle and lower Yellow River Basin, this study develops an integrated framework that links multi-objective reservoir operation, coordination-oriented scheme selection, and compensation allocation under representative dry, normal, and wet hydrological conditions. NSGA-II is used to identify Pareto trade-offs among sediment transport, electricity production, and ecological water-deficit control, while the coupling-coordination degree model is applied to select schemes with balanced overall performance. CRITIC-TOPSIS is then used to allocate compensation by integrating static engineering attributes with operation-induced dynamic responses. The results show that the maximum coupling-coordination degrees reach 0.81, 0.88, and 0.90 under dry, normal, and wet conditions, respectively. Compared with actual operation, the recommended schemes increase total electricity production while reflecting hydrologically dependent trade-offs in sediment transport and ecological water-deficit control. Xiaolangdi Reservoir consistently receives the largest compensation share, followed by Wanjiazhai Reservoir and Sanmenxia Reservoir, and this ranking remains consistent across alternative allocation methods. By linking operational trade-offs with reservoir-specific contributions and compensation priorities, the framework supports more adaptive and equitable joint operation and provides a quantitative decision-support approach for improving the long-term environmental, economic, and institutional sustainability of reservoir-system management in the Yellow River Basin. Full article

High groundwater levels can generate excessive uplift pressure beneath canal linings, causing heaving, cracking, and sliding failure. This study developed a multi-objective framework for relief-well dewatering design in a damaged reach of the headrace canal at the HLJ Hydropower Station. A three-dimensional finite-element seepage model, validated using field-monitoring data under a cross-condition validation framework, was combined with a Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology to quantify the effects of relief-well location, spacing, and depth to the pumping control water level on the relative uplift pressure head and pumping rate. NSGA-II was used to generate Pareto-optimal solutions considering hydraulic safety, number of relief wells, and total pumping demand. Hydraulic conductivity sensitivity analysis showed that the sand–gravel layer had the greatest influence on uplift pressure. The maximum adverse head increment of 0.0047 m was adopted as a hydraulic-conductivity sensitivity margin, resulting in a sensitivity-adjusted screening threshold of 0.2253 m. Entropy-weighted TOPSIS identified a compromise design with a well-to-canal-edge distance of 1.95 m, a spacing of 38.8 m, a depth to the pumping control water level of 8.36 m, and 32 relief wells. Monte Carlo weight sensitivity analysis indicated that the TOPSIS ranking was stable under moderate weight variations but became more sensitive at larger perturbations. Finite-element verification yielded a relative uplift pressure head of 0.2232 m and a total pumping rate of 0.3462 m³/s, with the verified head remaining below the sensitivity-adjusted screening threshold and the selected scheme providing a reasonable balance among uplift-pressure control, construction scale, and pumping demand. Full article

High-spatiotemporal-resolution evapotranspiration (ET) is critical for precision irrigation management and water resource regulation. Regarding the existing spatiotemporal fusion methods suffering from sparse high-resolution observations and coarse land surface temperature (LST), this study took winter wheat in Luancheng District, Hebei Province, as the research object, and proposed a remote sensing ET retrieval method based on the LST sharpening model. The Data Mining Sharpener (DMS) algorithm combined with Sentinel-2 multispectral data was used to downscale MODIS LST from 1000 m to 10 m, with auxiliary variables (DEM, albedo, NDVI, land cover) integrated into the Cubist regression tree to improve the physical rationality and spatial details of MODIS LST. The 10 m resolution ET was estimated from 10 m sharpened LST and Sentinel-2 multispectral data using the surface energy balance model, and the unmixing–weight ET image fusion model (UWET) was adopted to fuse the 10 m resolution ET with MODIS low-resolution ET to generate a daily 10 m ET dataset covering the entire winter wheat growing season. Validation with eddy covariance flux measurements showed that the correlation coefficient R = 0.921, RMSE = 0.779 mm/day during 2019–2020, and R = 0.900, RMSE = 0.831 mm/day during 2020–2021. The results demonstrate that auxiliary variables significantly enhance the spatial reality of LST, LST sharpening effectively improves the spatial heterogeneity of ET, and Sentinel-2 data compensates for the temporal deficiency of Landsat, thereby greatly promoting the accuracy of spatiotemporal fusion. This method can provide reliable high-spatiotemporal-resolution data support for refined farmland irrigation management and water resources regulation. Full article

A membrane brine concentrator (MBC) can reduce the concentrate volume entering thermal processes for zero liquid discharge (ZLD). Previous LSRRO-based studies have largely focused on high-salinity brines using modified or specifically selected low-salt-rejection membranes. This study examined the extent to which water recovery could be increased in wastewater reclamation using conventional nanofiltration (NF) modules in MBC processes. Two brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) modules and two NF modules were tested in 2000–40,000 mg/L NaCl. NE4040-90 provided the best balance between salt-concentrating performance and required pressure. An NF module model was developed using experimentally estimated water permeability, salt permeability, and mass-transfer coefficient. It reproduced permeate concentration and feed pressure with normalized root-mean-square errors of 5.73% and 1.20%, respectively. The developed NF module model was then iteratively coupled with the upstream BWRO simulation to evaluate an integrated two-stage BWRO and three-stage MBC process. Compared with conventional BWRO, the integrated system increased overall recovery from 81.0% to 95.9%, reduced concentrate flow from 32 to 7 m³/h, predicted a final concentrate concentration of 51,396 mg/L, and maintained permeate concentration at 34 mg/L while remaining below the 41.4 bar pressure limit. The reduced concentrate load lowered total specific energy consumption from 4.5 to 1.6 kWh/m³ of wastewater feed under the adopted ZLD assumptions. Conventional NF modules therefore provide a practical option for high-recovery wastewater reclamation toward ZLD. Full article

Atmospheric effects substantially influence remote-sensing reflectance retrieval in optically complex inland waters. This study evaluated seven atmospheric correction approaches (QUAC, FLAASH, Sen2Cor, LaSRC, 6S, C2RCC, and ACOLITE) for Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat-8/9 OLI imagery over the Danjiangkou and Luhun reservoirs. The evaluation used 67 quality-controlled, temporally matched in situ spectral observations and satellite matchups. Performance was quantified using the squared Pearson correlation coefficient (r²), root mean square error (RMSE), and average unsigned relative error (AURE). Laboratory-measured chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations were used to develop sensor-specific retrieval models and to examine how atmospheric-correction differences propagated into Chl-a estimates and spatial patterns. Because residual aerosol and sun-glint effects may remain after atmospheric correction, an exploratory SWIR-based adjustment was evaluated for the C2RCC visible-band outputs. In the pooled-band analysis, C2RCC yielded the most favorable balance of the evaluated metrics for both sensor datasets. However, performance varied among bands, and the Landsat-8/9 B5 output showed very weak covariation with the in situ measurements. Within the model-development dataset, Sen2Cor achieved the highest Sentinel-2 r² (0.762), whereas C2RCC achieved the lowest Sentinel-2 RMSE (2.30 mg/m³). C2RCC achieved both the highest Landsat-8/9 r² (0.689) and the lowest RMSE (3.18 mg/m³). Independent temporal validation used 14 Luhun observations from 2024. Sen2Cor yielded the lowest Sentinel-2 RMSE and AURE (1.658 mg/m³ and 29.28%). For Landsat-8/9 OLI, C2RCC yielded the highest r² (0.536), lowest RMSE (3.468 mg/m³), and lowest AURE (44.08%). Relative errors increased in weak-signal near-infrared bands, underscoring the need for band-specific interpretation. The SWIR-based adjustment improved both RMSE and AURE for Sentinel-2 MSI but did not provide a consistent improvement for Landsat-8/9 OLI. An exploratory comparison of quality-screened imagery from 2016 to 2025 showed broadly similar reservoir-scale Chl-a patterns in C2RCC-derived products from the two sensors. These results provide reservoir-specific evidence for atmospheric-correction selection and Chl-a retrieval under the sampled conditions. Full article

Intensive groundwater exploitation in the Wei River Basin (WRB) has caused severe depletion. While Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites monitor these changes, their coarse resolution fails to account for soil erosion-induced mass loss on the Loess Plateau limit basin-scale accuracy. To address this, we developed the groundwater storage model to dynamically downscale GRACE data to the resolution of 0.05° grid. This physically based model integrates Darcy’s law, water-balance principles, and an innovative correction for soil erosion mass migration. Validated against well data with maximum correlative coefficient of 0.73, the model reveals a severe groundwater decline of 55.89 × 10⁸ m³/year from 2003 to 2023. The high-resolution results successfully capture localized over-extraction hotspots in the Guanzhong Plain, showing a west-to-east decreasing gradient in groundwater storage along the Wei River channel. Furthermore, quantitative analysis indicates that human activities, including primarily agricultural and urban extraction, are the overwhelming drivers, accounting for over 80% of storage depletion. This framework provides a robust methodological reference for isolating groundwater signals in erosion-prone regions and supports refined water management in semi-arid basins. Full article

Deep coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs exhibit ultralow permeability, high in situ stress, and pronounced stress sensitivity. The resulting feedback between reservoir deliverability, wellbore liquid transport, and surface choking cannot be represented reliably by isolated reservoir or wellbore calculations. This study develops an integrated reservoir–wellbore–choke coupling model for deep CBM wells. The reservoir submodel adopts a dual-porosity, single-permeability formulation for matrix-to-natural-fracture mass transfer, incorporates hydraulic fractures through non-neighboring connections, and accounts for Langmuir adsorption/desorption and effective-stress-dependent permeability. Gas–liquid flow in the tubing or annulus is calculated with the Beggs–Brill correlation, whereas critical and subcritical flow through the wellhead choke is evaluated with the Sachdeva mechanistic model. Bottom-hole flowing pressure (BHP) serves as the coupling variable in a partitioned sequential-iterative scheme. For each time step, the reservoir model predicts gas and water rates at a prescribed BHP; these rates are passed to the choke and wellbore models, whose returned BHP updates the reservoir boundary until convergence. Newton iterations solve the reservoir equations, and the critical liquid-carrying rate identifies the end of stable natural flow and the onset of liquid-loading risk. Application to Well H1 yielded agreement scores of 80.99%, 79.93%, 94.17%, and 90.48% for the gas rate, water rate, BHP, and wellhead tubing pressure, respectively, with an overall mean of 86.39%. Gas content governed the mid- to late-time deliverability, while tubing and choke sizes controlled the trade-off between friction loss, drawdown, and liquid unloading. A 2–3/8 in tubing string combined with a 12 mm choke provided the most balanced performance. The model supports life-cycle production forecasting and integrated completion and production optimization for deep CBM wells. Full article