Search Results (377)

Urbanization drives spatial restructuring that transforms landscapes to prioritize human health. Grounded in therapeutic landscape theory and tourism involvement theory, this study employs PLS-SEM and CMV to examine how landscapes affect individual health amid urbanization. Key findings reveal the following: (1) A model of urbanization for tourists’ perceived health confirms urbanization enhances health perceptions via therapeutic landscapes. (2) Therapeutic landscape perceptions exert an indirect effect on health perception through the mediating variable of tourism involvement, where tourism psychological involvement demonstrates a complete mediating effect, while tourism behavioral involvement exhibits a partial mediating role. (3) High urbanization exerts a more pronounced positive influence on natural and social landscapes compared to symbolic landscapes. Notably, elevated urbanization levels significantly strengthen the positive association between natural/social landscapes and perceived health benefits. Under low urbanization, health perception does not demonstrate significant enhancement with elevated landscape perception. This study fills a critical research gap by quantitatively investigating, from a micro-scale perspective, how therapeutic landscapes enhance tourists’ health within urbanization contexts in Eastern settings. Furthermore, it extends the theoretical framework of tourism involvement in health tourism contexts, advances tourism and leisure research, and provides scientific support for sustainable tourism development and tourists’ well-being enhancement. Full article

This study introduces a novel reflective–formative hierarchical model specification for the classic push–pull tourist motivation construct, aligning its measurement with the theoretical distinction between intrinsic “push” drives and external “pull” attributes. Unlike the traditional reflective-reflective structuring of tourist motivation we defied the higher order factors (novelty, knowledge and facilities as formative. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) on a purposive sample of 319 international tourists, we empirically validate the reflective–formative (reflective first-order, formative second-order) model. The reflective–formative model showed a superior fit and predictive power: it explained substantially more variance in key outcome constructs (social motives (R² = 53.60) and self-actualization (R² = 23.10)) than the traditional reflective–reflective specification (social motives (R² = 49.30) and self-actualization (R² = 21.70)), which is consistent with best-practice guidelines for theoretically grounded models. In contrast, the incorrectly specified reflective–reflective model showed stronger effects between unrelated constructs, supporting concerns that choosing the wrong type of measurement model can lead to incorrect conclusions. By reconciling the push–pull theory with measurement design, this work’s main contributions are a theoretically justified reflective–formative model for tourist motivation, and evidence of its empirical benefits. These findings highlight a methodological innovation in motivation modeling and underscore that modeling push–pull motives formatively yields more accurate insights for theory and practice. Full article

Urban tourism has experienced significant growth driven by platforms such as Airbnb, yet the relationship between short-term rental (STR) location and guest mobility remains underexplored. In this study, a structured survey of STR guests in Madrid during 2024 was administered face-to-face through property managers and luggage-storage services to examine factors influencing public transport (PT) use. Responses on bus and metro usage were combined into a three-level ordinal variable and modeled using ordered logistic regression against tourist demographics, trip characteristics, and accommodation attributes, including geocoded location zones. The results indicate that first-time and international visitors are less likely to use PT at high levels, while tourists visiting more points of interest and those who rated PT importance highly when choosing accommodation are significantly more frequent users. Accommodation in the central almond or periphery correlates positively with higher PT use compared to the city center. Distances to transit stops were not significant predictors, reflecting overall network accessibility. These findings suggest that enhancing PT connectivity in peripheral areas could support the spatial dispersion of tourism benefits and improve sustainable mobility for STR guests. Full article

Tourism management in coastal destinations is vital to guide activity towards sustainable practices that ensure lower social and environmental impacts with greater benefits for the local community and experiences for tourists, especially in mature destinations where the main product is the beach. The aim of this research is to calculate the Tourist Carrying Capacity (TCC) of a stretch of beach in Mazatlán, Mexico, under past, present, and future scenarios, under different intensities of use. The main findings indicate that by 2025 the Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC) is 19,644, 29,822, and 4911 users with intensive, medium, and low occupancy levels, respectively. A decrease of −30.63% was found between the Effective Carrying Capacity of the 2025 scenario with respect to 2005 and a decrease of −68.90% is predicted for the year 2050 with respect to the current one, indicating an accelerated trend in the decrease of physical space and, therefore, greater pressure on the coastal ecosystem in case the trend of tourists goes upward, without being sustainably managed. These results are useful for agencies involved in beach and tourism management in mature coastal destinations. Full article

Tourism offers many economic benefits but can have long-lasting ecological effects when improperly managed. Tourism can cause overwhelming pressure on wastewater treatment systems, as in Belize, where some of the over 400 small islands (cayes) that were once temporary sites for fishermen have become popular tourist destinations. An overabundance of nitrogen, in part as a result of incomplete wastewater treatment, threatens human health and ecosystem services. The tourism industry is a complex and dynamic industry with many sectors and stakeholders with conflicting goals. In this study, a systems thinking approach was adopted to study the dynamic interactions between stakeholders and the environment at Laughing Bird Caye National Park in Belize. The project centered on nutrient discharges from the caye’s onsite wastewater treatment system. An archetype analysis approach was applied to frame potential solutions to nutrient pollution and understand potential behaviors over time. “Out of control” and “Underachievement” were identified as system archetypes; “Shifting the Burden” and ‘‘Limits to Success’’ were used to model specific cases. Based on these results, upgrading of the wastewater treatment system should be performed concurrently with investments in the user experience of the toilets, education on the vulnerability of the treatment system and ecosystem, and controls on the number of daily tourists. Full article

As climate change alters subarctic ecosystems and human activities in Alaska, ecological baselines are critical for long-term conservation. We applied an ecoacoustic approach to characterize the ecological conditions of a rapidly deglaciating region in Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska. Using automated recording units deployed at increasing distances from a road, we collected over 120,000 one-minute audio samples during the tourist seasons of 2021 and 2022. Ecoacoustic indices—Sonic Heterogeneity Index (SHI_tf), Spectral Sonic Signature (SSS), Weighted Proportion of Occupied Frequencies (wPOF), and Normalized Difference Sonic Heterogeneity Index (NDSHI)—were used to measure spatio-temporal patterns of the sonoscape. Results revealed higher sonic heterogeneity near the road attributed to technophony (vehicles) and geophony (wind) that spanned across the frequency spectrum, masking mid-high frequency biophony. Seasonal phenology and diel variations reflected ecological and human rhythms, including biophony from the dawn chorus from May–June, technophony from vehicle-based tourism from July–September, and decreased sonic activity in the form of geophonic ambience in October. Low-frequency geophonies were prevalent throughout the sonoscape with more natural sounds at greater distances from the road. Our findings demonstrate the benefits of using ecoacoustic methods to assess ecosystem dynamics for establishing ecological baselines useful for future comparisons in rapidly changing environments. Full article

Mushroom production, mushroom knowledge and mushroom cultivation have aroused the interest of many researchers, scientists, institutions, cultural and mushroom-loving associations, and ordinary mushroom pickers as well. The contribution of wild mushrooms to the economic, cultural and touristic development and social cohesion of the Greek rural population is considered very important. In addition to their therapeutic and dietary value, they are also valuable for their diverse chemical and medicinal properties. The PubMed—Medline, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were searched for relevant articles published up to January, 2025. Even today, some macromycetes are still used in medicine due to their remarkable healing properties. In the form of powders or solutions, they were formerly used as a remedy for epilepsy, tuberculosis, nervous diseases and various severe inflammations. This review documents the benefits of mushroom consumption suggested by health experts for pathological conditions and health improvement and highlights their superiority as non-animal protein sources according to their nutrients. Full article

Wine tourism has emerged as a thriving activity within the international wine sector, evolving from simple winery visits to immersive and experiential engagements. This study explores the role of wine tourism in Galicia, emphasizing its integration into the circular economy and sustainability frameworks. By analyzing visitor expectations and leveraging Galicia’s unique attributes—such as its natural beauty, cultural heritage, and renowned gastronomy—this research aims to position Galicia as a leading wine tourism destination in Spain. The study employs surveys targeting wineries, accommodation providers, and wine tourists to assess the impact of sustainable practices on economic performance and community development. Key findings indicate that activities related to renewable energy and sustainable tourism significantly enhance winery revenues, while also contributing to local economic growth and population retention in rural areas. The research concludes that a collaborative approach between public and private sectors is essential for designing a sustainable and circular economy in wine tourism, ensuring long-term benefits for both the environment and local communities. Full article

This study explores the factors influencing Arab tourists’ intention to revisit Turkish destinations, contributing to the theoretical discourse on tourist behavior, destination loyalty, and sustainable tourism development. Over the past decade, Türkiye (Turkey) has experienced a steady increase in tourists, with Arab visitors forming a significant segment. This growing market segment presents unique opportunities and challenges that remain understudied in academic literature. Despite their prominence, limited research exists on Arab tourists’ behavior, needs, and experiences in Türkiye. This study employs a mixed-method approach, combining surveys and interviews conducted between July and December 2024. Data from 713 surveys and 14 interviews were analyzed, revealing that 72% of Arab tourists were satisfied with their current visit, 49% with previous visits, 57% indicated a strong intention to revisit, and 81% recommended Turkish destinations to others. The study identifies seven key dimensions of revisit intention through Exploratory Factor Analysis that collectively explain 79.841% of the variance in revisit intention. The regression analysis demonstrates how different factors contribute to revisit decisions, with overall satisfaction (β = 0.622), loyalty (β = 0.521), financial status (β = 0.507), behavior of staff and locals (β = 0.484), cultural and social appeal (β = 0.478), overall experiences (β = 0.329), educational level (β = 0.333), accessibility and convenience (β = 0.288), service quality (β = 0.216), and length of stay (β = 0.128) emerging as significant predictors. These findings underscore the complexity of the decision-making process, suggesting that no single theory can fully explain tourists’ behavior and the sustainability of their visits. The study recommends further exploration of the proposed model and investments in tourism staff training, particularly in foreign languages, to enhance service quality and encourage repeat visits. Addressing issues such as unprofessional behavior and language barriers can improve overall satisfaction and loyalty, increasing the likelihood of Arab tourists revisiting Türkiye. This research highlights the importance of sustainable tourism practices in fostering long-term economic and social benefits for Turkish destinations. Full article

Tourism governance evaluates the participation of stakeholders in planning and development decisions within a territory. Understanding who these stakeholders are and their involvement is crucial, as tourism impacts social, economic, and cultural spaces, requiring equitable distribution of its costs and benefits to ensure sustainability. This study focuses on the UNESCO Environmental Corridor of Extremadura, using data from the Tourism Observatory of Extremadura and visitor surveys to define its tourist scope. A literature review identified dimensions and variables of tourism governance, leading to the design of questionnaires and evaluation scales, as well as the identification of stakeholders based on existing research. Results reveal variability in tourism governance across territories, with a notable lack of management concerning gender and functional diversity. While aligning with existing literature on the underdevelopment of shared governance policies, the study highlights progress in stakeholder participation strategies, particularly in territories with UNESCO designations. The UEC territories stand out for their strategic tourism development plans, stakeholder consultation, sector coordination, and diverse participatory decision-making mechanisms. Full article

This study explores residents’ perceptions of tourism development with a particular emphasis on the economic dimension of sustainability, focusing on how economic benefits, costs, and related factors shape local support in Serbia, Kazakhstan, and Hungary. By analyzing perceived advantages and disadvantages, the study aims to assess the extent of local support for tourism and the moderating effects of travel frequency and contact with tourists. In parallel, tourist arrival forecasts for 2025–2030 provide context on the anticipated dynamics of tourism growth, with Hungary showing the highest projected increase. Using advanced statistical techniques, including Multi-Group Analysis (MGA), structural equation modeling (SEM), and machine learning methods, key factors driving tourism support were identified. Positive perceptions of economic benefits and cultural identification significantly enhance support for tourism, while perceived costs act as inhibitors. The application of Random Forest and XGBoost (version 1.7.x) models improved predictive accuracy, while K-means clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) clarified relationships among constructs. The findings provide actionable insights for developing sustainable tourism strategies that prioritize economic outcomes and community engagement, particularly in culturally and economically diverse settings. Full article

Coastal tourism benefits the sustainability of destinations and includes a wide range of experiences related to sun and sand, culture, nature, and social interactions. This study aimed to (i) identify the motivations driving tourists to coastal destinations, (ii) determine the tourist segments in these destinations, and (iii) examine the relationship between these tourist segments and satisfaction and loyalty. The research was conducted in Montañita, Ecuador, a renowned surfing and water sports destination frequented by both national and international tourists. The sample consisted of 380 valid questionnaires, analyzed using factor analysis, K-means clustering, and Pearson’s chi-square test. The findings revealed five motivational dimensions: Culture and Nature, Novelty and Social Interaction, Sun and Beach, Sports, and Entertainment. Two distinct tourist segments were also identified: Multiple Motives tourists and Sun and Beach tourists. Among these, the Multiple Motives group exhibited higher levels of satisfaction and loyalty. These insights are valuable for destination managers and tourism service providers, offering practical applications for enhancing visitor experiences. Additionally, this study contributes to the existing academic literature on coastal tourism. Full article

Cultural tourism can act as a driver for inner area development, bringing about a range of socio-economic benefits through economic stimulation, quality of life improvement, and cultural heritage preservation. Inner territories, set apart by geographic marginality and low population density, hold a rich cultural and environmental heritage that, however, remains off the radar and left behind. Guided by the principles of endogenous local development, this article seeks to contribute to the existing body of research by proposing potential strategies for local growth rooted in cultural tourism. From this perspective, we identified the Basilicata region (Southern Italy) as a proper test area. The region is rich in archaeological, monumental and museum evidence, but is characterized, except in a few areas, by a low rate of tourist turnout. Through a replicable, comprehensive, and flexible methodology—drawing on bibliographic research, analysis of archaeological, archival, erudite and antiquarian sources, and carrying out field surveys—the different points of interest in the region have been brought together under specific cultural themes. Results include the design of three detailed routes (Via Herculia, Frederick II’s, and St Michael’s cultural routes) useful for three different types of tourism (sustainable, emotional, and accessible). Possible scenarios for valorization and fruition are also proposed, paying particular attention to digital technologies. Thus, this research aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 8 and 11 promoting cultural heritage valorization and preservation, shoring up economic revitalization, stepping up community engagement, and pushing forward environmentally friendly tourism practices. Research findings can attract the interest of a wide range of stakeholders such as tourism professionals, local authorities, cultural and creative industries, local communities and entrepreneurs, as well as academics and researchers. The methodological approach can be considered for the valorization and tourist enjoyment of inner areas in other countries, with particular focus on those falling within the Mediterranean region which is rich in cultural heritage, environmental value, and socio-economic potential. Full article

In the post-pandemic era, tourism is recovering and historical and cultural scenic spots are highly favored but face serious homogenization and fierce competition. It is clear to both the industry and in academia that brand image building through social media is the key to relieving the situation; however, existing studies are mostly undertaken from the perspective of branding, often ignoring the use of brand equity theory in evaluating the brand image of such scenic spots. Based on the social media perspective, this study proposes and validates a set of brand image assessment frameworks for historical and cultural scenic spots centered on brand awareness, satisfaction, and reputation, which provides a scientific basis for scenic spot branding. The study constructs a multidimensional index system, utilizes the fuzzy optimal inferiority method and the TOPSIS hybrid evaluation model, and takes six historical and cultural scenic spots in Xi’an, China, as samples for quantitative and qualitative evaluation. By analyzing the rankings of these scenic spots, this study provides suggestions on how to publicize and shape brand images on social media platforms. These suggestions can enhance scenic spots’ competitiveness, leading to increased tourist flow, improved economic benefits, and enhanced cultural preservation efforts. This, in turn, contributes to the long-term, sustainable development of historical tourism destinations, addressing socio-economic and cultural challenges in a more targeted manner. Full article

At the beginning of the third millennium, human civilization faces a paradox of significant proportions: on one hand, industrial and technological growth is causing extensive environmental degradation, threatening both current and future generations. On the other hand, the acceleration of industrial and technological development is essential, requiring a profound transformation of society as the only viable solution. With the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and shifts in the economy, especially regarding sustainability, the process of transformative tourism becomes crucial. Transformative tourism not only aligns with sustainable principles but also fosters a deeper connection between economic development and the preservation of natural resources, ensuring that progress benefits both humanity and the planet. The goal of this research is to identify how the key factors of Industry 4.0 can contribute to the development of sustainable and transformative tourism. The methodological approach of this study uses a systematic literature review (SLR), which allows for a detailed analysis of existing scientific papers and the identification of key trends and challenges in this field. The literature review included scientific papers published between 2013 and 2025, applying predefined criteria of relevance, quality, and focus on sustainability and digitalization in tourism. The key findings of the research indicate that digitalization and automation contribute to improving tourist experiences, optimizing destination management and reducing the ecological footprint of tourism. This research analyses how changes prompted by the Fourth Industrial Revolution can contribute to the sustainability of tourism as the fastest-growing global economic activity. The findings of this paper stem from a literature review that focuses closely on the key aspects of Industry 4.0, including digitization, automation, and the use of innovative technologies in tourism. The results indicate that the benefits arising from the Fourth Industrial Revolution include improvements in tourist experiences, the enhancement of management and marketing activities in tourism, and implications through the ecological impacts of tourism. The paper provides an overview of how the effects of Industry 4.0 are transforming tourism, enabling it to become more resilient and sustainable in the face of the challenges posed by the modern world. Full article