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Keywords = tapered optical fiber sensor

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12 pages, 2724 KiB  
Article
Non-Adiabatically Tapered Optical Fiber Humidity Sensor with High Sensitivity and Temperature Compensation
by Zijun Liang, Chao Wang, Yaqi Tang, Shoulin Jiang, Xianjie Zhong, Zhe Zhang and Rui Dai
Sensors 2025, 25(14), 4390; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144390 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 394
Abstract
We demonstrate an all-fiber, high-sensitivity, dual-parameter sensor for humidity and temperature. The sensor consists of a symmetrical, non-adiabatic, tapered, single-mode optical fiber, operating at the wavelength near the dispersion turning point, and a cascaded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) for temperature compensation. At one [...] Read more.
We demonstrate an all-fiber, high-sensitivity, dual-parameter sensor for humidity and temperature. The sensor consists of a symmetrical, non-adiabatic, tapered, single-mode optical fiber, operating at the wavelength near the dispersion turning point, and a cascaded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) for temperature compensation. At one end of the fiber’s tapered region, part of the fundamental mode is coupled to a higher-order mode, and vice versa at the other end. Under the circumstances that the two modes have the same group index, the transmission spectrum would show an interference fringe with uneven dips. In the tapered region of the sensor, some of the light transmits to the air, so it is sensitive to changes in the refractive index caused by the ambient humidity. In the absence of moisture-sensitive materials, the humidity sensitivity of our sensor sample can reach −286 pm/%RH. In order to address the temperature and humidity crosstalk and achieve a dual-parameter measurement, we cascaded a humidity-insensitive FBG. In addition, the sensor has a good humidity stability and a response time of 0.26 s, which shows its potential in fields such as medical respiratory dynamic monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Sensors)
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12 pages, 3667 KiB  
Article
Research on the Vibration Sensor Based on Microfiber Loop Resonator
by Maciej Mojkowski, Joanna E. Moś, Joanna Korec-Kosturek and Karol A. Stasiewicz
Electronics 2025, 14(13), 2619; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14132619 - 28 Jun 2025
Viewed by 237
Abstract
The aim of this article is to present the manufacturing and characterization possibilities of a vibration sensor based on a microfiber loop resonator, chosen in the context of developing low-cost sensor systems. The technological part of the article includes a description of the [...] Read more.
The aim of this article is to present the manufacturing and characterization possibilities of a vibration sensor based on a microfiber loop resonator, chosen in the context of developing low-cost sensor systems. The technological part of the article includes a description of the process for producing a microfiber loop resonator using the Fiber Optic Taper Element Technology setup, and the optimization of parameters, such as the diameter of the tapered optical fiber and the number of loop twists (ranging from 1 to 3). The experiments carried out included testing the sensors’ responses to vibrations and performing spectral analysis, during which the time responses of the proposed sensors were presented and analyzed. The Q-factors were calculated as 2.4 × 103 for one twist, 3.8 × 103 for two twists, and 4.1 × 103 for three twists. The best results for sensing applications were obtained using a microfiber loop produced on a tapered optical fiber with a diameter of approximately 11 μm and two, three twists. The test results confirmed that the sensitivity (the highest power differences) of the microfiber loop resonator to vibrations was higher than a straight tapered optical fiber and increased with the decreasing fiber diameter and a higher number of twists. The main conclusion is that microfiber loop structures have potential in optical fiber sensor applications. Full article
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34 pages, 6553 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based SPR Biosensors: Design Strategies, Plasmonic Materials, and Applications
by Ayushman Ramola, Amit Kumar Shakya, Vinay Kumar and Arik Bergman
Micromachines 2025, 16(7), 747; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16070747 - 25 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1019
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based sensors, with a particular focus on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon for biosensing. With their ability to modify core and cladding structures, PCFs offer exceptional control over light [...] Read more.
This article presents a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based sensors, with a particular focus on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon for biosensing. With their ability to modify core and cladding structures, PCFs offer exceptional control over light guidance, dispersion management, and light confinement, making them highly suitable for applications in refractive index (RI) sensing, biomedical imaging, and nonlinear optical phenomena such as fiber tapering and supercontinuum generation. SPR is a highly sensitive optical phenomenon, which is widely integrated with PCFs to enhance detection performance through strong plasmonic interactions at metal–dielectric interfaces. The combination of PCF and SPR technologies has led to the development of innovative sensor geometries, including D-shaped fibers, slotted-air-hole structures, and internal external metal coatings, each optimized for specific sensing goals. These PCF-SPR-based sensors have shown promising results in detecting biomolecular targets such as excess cholesterol, glucose, cancer cells, DNA, and proteins. Furthermore, this review provides an in-depth analysis of key design parameters, plasmonic materials, and sensor models used in PCF-SPR configurations, highlighting their comparative performance metrics and application prospects in medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and chemical analysis. Thus, an exhaustive analysis of various sensing parameters, plasmonic materials, and sensor models used in PCF-SPR sensors is presented and explored in this article. Full article
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41 pages, 5928 KiB  
Review
Advances in Optical Microfibers: From Fabrication to Functionalization and Sensing Applications
by Joanna Korec-Kosturek and Joanna E. Moś
Materials 2025, 18(11), 2418; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18112418 - 22 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 718
Abstract
Currently, optical fibers play a leading role in telecommunications, serve as special transmission components for industrial applications, and form the basis of highly sensitive sensor elements. One of the most commonly used modifications is the reduction in the initial dimensions of the cladding [...] Read more.
Currently, optical fibers play a leading role in telecommunications, serve as special transmission components for industrial applications, and form the basis of highly sensitive sensor elements. One of the most commonly used modifications is the reduction in the initial dimensions of the cladding and core to a few or several micrometers, allowing the evanescent wave emerging from the tapered region to interact with the surrounding environment. As a result, the microfiber formed in this way is highly sensitive to any changes in its surroundings, making it an ideal sensing element. This article primarily focuses on reviewing the latest trends in science involving various types of optical microfibers, including tapers, rings, loops, coils, and tapered fiber Bragg gratings. Additionally, it discusses the most commonly used materials for coating fiber optic elements—such as metals, oxides, polymers, organic materials, and graphene—which enhance sensitivity to specific physical factors and enable selectivity in the developed sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on New Optoelectronic Materials and Devices)
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15 pages, 8273 KiB  
Article
Gold-Coated Temperature Optical Fiber Sensor Based on a Mach–Zehnder Interferometer for Photovoltaic Monitoring
by Bartlomiej Guzowski, Mateusz Lakomski, Krzysztof Peczek, Lukasz Ruta and Maciej Sibinski
Materials 2025, 18(8), 1818; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18081818 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 561
Abstract
The development of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer based on tapered optical fiber for temperature sensing applications is presented. Two tapers, 24 mm apart, were fabricated on SMF-28e+ using the fusion splicer. The optical structures were coated with a 100 nm layer of gold. The [...] Read more.
The development of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer based on tapered optical fiber for temperature sensing applications is presented. Two tapers, 24 mm apart, were fabricated on SMF-28e+ using the fusion splicer. The optical structures were coated with a 100 nm layer of gold. The influence of the gold deposition on the temperature sensitivity of the fabricated sensors is presented. The sensor was characterized in O-, S-, C-, and L-bands in a temperature range of 0–70 °C. The highest temperature sensitivity of 72 pm/°C with R2 = 0.9974 was obtained for the gold-coated sensor. During the investigation, the average transmission loss was low and did not exceed 7 dB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Solar Cell Materials and Structures—Second Edition)
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13 pages, 6081 KiB  
Article
Sensitivity-Enhanced Temperature Sensor Based on PDMS-Coated Mach–Zehnder Interferometer
by Wenlei Yang, Le Li, Shuo Zhang and Ke Tian
Sensors 2025, 25(4), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041191 - 15 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 793
Abstract
A sensitivity-enhanced temperature sensor based on a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) coated by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film is proposed and investigated. The MZI with a compact size of 2.28 mm is fabricated by embedding a tapered single-mode fiber (SMF) between two multimode fibers (MMFs). Since [...] Read more.
A sensitivity-enhanced temperature sensor based on a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) coated by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film is proposed and investigated. The MZI with a compact size of 2.28 mm is fabricated by embedding a tapered single-mode fiber (SMF) between two multimode fibers (MMFs). Since PDMS has a higher thermo-optical coefficient than silica, the proposed sensor has better temperature sensing performance than the case without PDMS coating, which is demonstrated by simulation and experiment. The experimental results show that the sensitivity of the proposed sensor is as high as −1.06 nm/°C in the range from −5 °C to 45 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Micro- and Nanofiber-Optic Sensors)
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14 pages, 1053 KiB  
Article
An Efficient pH Detector for Water Contamination Based on Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Application
by Mario Angel Rico-Mendez, Romeo Selvas, Oxana V. Kharissova, Daniel Toral-Acosta, Norma Patricia Puente-Ramirez, Ricardo Chapa-Garcia and Abraham Antonio Gonzalez-Roque
Sci 2024, 6(4), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci6040080 - 2 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1335
Abstract
This paper presents a pH sensor with a Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) that operates in solutions of 4.0, 7.0, and 10.0. The sensor device consists of two tapered sections with dimensions of 1 mm/1 mm/1 mm for down-taper, waist-length, and up-taper, respectively, with a [...] Read more.
This paper presents a pH sensor with a Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) that operates in solutions of 4.0, 7.0, and 10.0. The sensor device consists of two tapered sections with dimensions of 1 mm/1 mm/1 mm for down-taper, waist-length, and up-taper, respectively, with a separation of 10 mm. The diameter of the waist is 40 μm. This work includes the experimental evaluation of an MZI fiber optic pH sensor at 1559 nm, where 1559 nm represents a specific wavelength chosen for its optimal sensitivity in evaluating the sensor pH detection performance. It is not the central wavelength of the optical fiber, but one of the minimal values selected to enhance the interaction between the evanescent field and the sample, ensuring the reliable detection of pH variations. These sensor dimensions and the functionalized solution of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) increase the detection of pH in dyes used in the textile industry. Alizarin is a strong anionic red dye that is part of the anthraquinone dye group. The experimental results demonstrated effective detection of pH levels in water contamination involving dye. This development could resolve the problem with Alizarin. The simple fabrication, low cost, and stability of the optical response make this sensor relevant for pH measurements in water contamination. Full article
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12 pages, 2870 KiB  
Article
Highly Sensitive Gas Pressure Sensing with Temperature Monitoring Using a Slightly Tapered Fiber with an Inner Micro-Cavity and a Micro-Channel
by Changwei Sun, Fen Yu, Huifang Chen, Dongning Wang and Ben Xu
Sensors 2024, 24(21), 6844; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24216844 - 24 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1168
Abstract
A highly sensitive optical fiber gas pressure sensor with temperature monitoring is proposed and demonstrated. It is based on a slightly tapered fiber with an inner micro-cavity forming an in-fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), and a micro-channel is drilled into the lateral wall of [...] Read more.
A highly sensitive optical fiber gas pressure sensor with temperature monitoring is proposed and demonstrated. It is based on a slightly tapered fiber with an inner micro-cavity forming an in-fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), and a micro-channel is drilled into the lateral wall of the in-fiber micro-cavity using a femtosecond laser to allow gas to flow in. Due to the dependence of the refractive index (RI) of air inside the micro-cavity on its gas pressure and the high RI sensitivity of the MZI, the device is extremely sensitive to gas pressure. To prevent fiber breakage, the MZI is housed in a silicate capillary tube with an air inlet. Multiple modes are excited by slightly tapering the inner micro-cavity, and the resonance dips in the sensor’s transmission spectrum feature different linear gas pressure and temperature responses, so a sensitivity matrix algorithm can be used to achieve simultaneous demodulation of two parameters, thus resolving the temperature crosstalk. As expected, the experimental results demonstrated the reliability of the matrix algorithm, with pressure sensitivity reaching up to ~−12.967 nm/MPa and temperature sensitivity of ~89 pm/°C. The features of robust mechanical strength and high air pressure sensitivity with temperature monitoring imply that the proposed sensor has good practical and application prospects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Sensors)
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17 pages, 6355 KiB  
Article
Strain Sensing in Cantilever Beams Using a Tapered PMF with Embedded Optical Modulation Region
by Xiaopeng Han, Xiaobin Bi, Yundong Zhang, Fan Wang, Siyu Lin, Wuliji Hasi, Chen Wang and Xueheng Yan
Photonics 2024, 11(10), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11100911 - 27 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1189
Abstract
This paper presents the design of a strain-sensitive, dual ball-shaped tunable zone (DBT) taper structure for light intensity modulation. Unlike conventional tapered optical fibers, the DBT incorporates a central light field modulation zone within the taper. By precisely controlling the fusion parameters between [...] Read more.
This paper presents the design of a strain-sensitive, dual ball-shaped tunable zone (DBT) taper structure for light intensity modulation. Unlike conventional tapered optical fibers, the DBT incorporates a central light field modulation zone within the taper. By precisely controlling the fusion parameters between single-mode fiber (SMF) and polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF), the ellipticity of the modulation zone can be finely adjusted, thereby optimizing spectral characteristics. Theoretical analysis based on polarization mode interference (PMI) coupling confirms that the DBT structure achieves a more uniform spectral response. In cantilever beam strain tests, the DBT exhibits high sensitivity and a highly linear intensity–strain response (R² = 0.99), with orthogonal linear polarization mode interference yielding sensitivities of 0.049 dB/με and 0.023 dB/με over the 0–244.33 με strain range. Leveraging the DBT’s light intensity sensitivity, a temperature-compensated intensity difference and ratio calculation method is proposed, effectively minimizing the influence of light source fluctuations on sensor performance and enabling high-precision strain measurements with errors as low as ±6 με under minor temperature variations. The DBT fiber device, combined with this innovative demodulation technique, is particularly suitable for precision optical sensing applications. The DBT structure, combined with the novel demodulation method, is particularly well-suited for high-precision and stable measurements in industrial monitoring, aerospace, civil engineering, and precision instruments for micro-deformation sensing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Optical Fiber Sensing Technology)
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13 pages, 9833 KiB  
Communication
Real-Time Optical Fiber Salinity Interrogator Based on Time-Domain Demodulation and TPMF Incorporated Sagnac Interferometer
by Weihao Lin, Fang Zhao, Jie Hu, Yuhui Liu, Renan Xu, Xingwei Chen and Liyang Shao
Sensors 2024, 24(16), 5339; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165339 - 18 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1221
Abstract
A novel demodulation scheme for a point-type fiber sensor is designed for salinity concentration monitoring based on a Sagnac interferometer (SI) composed of a tapered polarization-maintaining fiber (TPMF) and optical time stretching technology. The SI, constructed using a PMF with a taper region [...] Read more.
A novel demodulation scheme for a point-type fiber sensor is designed for salinity concentration monitoring based on a Sagnac interferometer (SI) composed of a tapered polarization-maintaining fiber (TPMF) and optical time stretching technology. The SI, constructed using a PMF with a taper region of 5.92 μm and an overall length of 30 cm, demonstrated a notable enhancement in the evanescent field, which intensifies the interaction between the light field and external salinity. This enhancement allows for a direct assessment of salinity concentration changes by analyzing the variations in the SI reflection spectra and the experimental results indicate that the sensitivity of the sensor is 0.151 nm/‰. In contrast to traditional fiber optic sensors that depend on spectral demodulation with slower response rates, this work introduces a new approach where the spectral shift is translated to the time domain, utilizing a dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) with the demodulation rate reaching up to 50 MHz. The experimental outcomes reveal that the sensor exhibits a sensitivity of −0.15 ns/‰ in the time domain. The designed sensor is anticipated to play a pivotal role in remote, real-time monitoring of ocean salinity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section State-of-the-Art Sensors Technologies)
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18 pages, 4241 KiB  
Article
Salinity Measurement with a Plasmonic Sensor Based on Doubly Deposited Tapered Optical Fibers
by María-Cruz Navarrete, Natalia Díaz-Herrera and Agustín González-Cano
Sensors 2024, 24(15), 4957; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154957 - 31 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1101
Abstract
Salinity is a very important parameter from an environmental perspective, and therefore, efficient and accurate systems are required for marine environmental monitoring and productive industries. A plasmonic sensor based on doubly deposited tapered optical fibers (DLUWTs—double-layer uniform-waist tapers) for the measurement of salinity [...] Read more.
Salinity is a very important parameter from an environmental perspective, and therefore, efficient and accurate systems are required for marine environmental monitoring and productive industries. A plasmonic sensor based on doubly deposited tapered optical fibers (DLUWTs—double-layer uniform-waist tapers) for the measurement of salinity is presented. The physical principle of the sensor, as well as its structure, is discussed, and its performance is experimentally demonstrated, obtaining very good sensitivities. The possibility of shifting towards higher wavelength measuring ranges associated with DLUWTs is also exploited. At the same time, we have considered the necessity of an extensive characterization of the behavior of the refractive index of salty water, both with variations in temperature and the composition of the salts dissolved. This is important due to the somehow changing reality of salinity measurements and the possibility of establishing new approaches for the determination of absolute salinity as opposed to practical salinity based on electrical conductivity measurements. The results obtained, which show high sensitivity and a good performance in general without the need for the use of semi-empirical algorithms, permit, in our opinion, an advance in the tendency towards refractometric determination of salinity with optical sensors apt for in situ, real-time, accurate measurements in realistic measuring conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Sensors)
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14 pages, 4625 KiB  
Article
Highly Sensitive Optical Fiber MZI Sensor for Specific Detection of Trace Pb2+ Ion Concentration
by Lijie Zhang, Hongbin He, Shangpu Zhang, Yanling Xiong, Rui Pan and Wenlong Yang
Photonics 2024, 11(7), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11070631 - 2 Jul 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1694
Abstract
A novel chitosan (CS) functionalized optical fiber sensor with a bullet-shaped hollow cavity was proposed in this work for the trace concentration of Pb2+ ion detection in the water environment. The sensor is an optical fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), which consists of [...] Read more.
A novel chitosan (CS) functionalized optical fiber sensor with a bullet-shaped hollow cavity was proposed in this work for the trace concentration of Pb2+ ion detection in the water environment. The sensor is an optical fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), which consists of a sequentially spliced bullet-shaped hollow-core fiber (HCF), thin-core fiber, and another piece of spliced bullet-shaped HCF. The hollow-core fiber is caused to collapse by adjusting the amount of discharge to form a tapered hollow cavity with asymmetric end faces. The bullet-like hollow cavities act as beam expanders and couplers for optical fiber sensors, which were symmetrically spliced at both ends of a section of thin core fiber. The simulation and experiments show that the bullet-like hollow-core tapered cavity excites more cladding modes and is more sensitive to variation in the external environment than the planar and spherical cavities. The ion-imprinted chitosan (IIP-CS) film was fabricated with Pb2+ ion as a template and uniformly coated on the surface for specific recognition of Pb2+. Experimental verification confirms that the developed sensor can achieve high-sensitivity Pb2+ ion detection, with a sensitivity of up to −12.68 pm/ppm and a minimum Pb2+ ion detection concentration of 5.44 ppb Meanwhile, the sensor shows excellent selectivity, repeatability, and stability in the ion detection process, which has huge potential in the direction of heavy metal ion detection in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Lasers, Light Sources and Sensors)
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28 pages, 8139 KiB  
Review
The Structure and Applications of Fused Tapered Fiber Optic Sensing: A Review
by Siqi Ban and Yudong Lian
Photonics 2024, 11(5), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11050414 - 30 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4217
Abstract
Tapered optical fibers have continuously evolved in areas such as distributed sensing and laser generation in recent years. Their high sensitivity, ease of integration, and real-time monitoring capabilities have positioned them as a focal point in optical fiber sensing. This paper systematically introduces [...] Read more.
Tapered optical fibers have continuously evolved in areas such as distributed sensing and laser generation in recent years. Their high sensitivity, ease of integration, and real-time monitoring capabilities have positioned them as a focal point in optical fiber sensing. This paper systematically introduces the structures and characteristics of various tapered optical fiber sensors, providing a comprehensive overview of their applications in biosensing, environmental monitoring, and industrial surveillance. Furthermore, it offers insights into the developmental trends of tapered optical fiber sensing, providing valuable references for future related research and suggesting potential directions for the further advancement of optical fiber sensing. Full article
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5 pages, 2041 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Toward the Development of Plasmonic Biosensors to Realize Point-of-Care Tests for the Detection of Viruses and Bacteria
by Francesco Arcadio, Ines Tavoletta, Chiara Marzano, Luca Pasquale Renzullo, Nunzio Cennamo and Luigi Zeni
Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15277 - 6 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1076
Abstract
Optical fiber biosensors can be used to develop point-of-care tests (POCTs) for detecting viruses and bacteria in several matrices. In particular, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and localized SPR phenomena (LSPR) can be excited by exploiting low-cost and small-size optical fiber chips. Generally, [...] Read more.
Optical fiber biosensors can be used to develop point-of-care tests (POCTs) for detecting viruses and bacteria in several matrices. In particular, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and localized SPR phenomena (LSPR) can be excited by exploiting low-cost and small-size optical fiber chips. Generally, SPR or LSPR sensors are realized using several kinds of modified optical fibers (silica, plastic, or specialty) or by exploiting other optical waveguides (e.g., slab, spoon-shaped waveguides, etc.). More specifically, optical fiber sensors can be classified as intrinsic or extrinsic. In the “optical fiber intrinsic sensors”, the sensing area is realized in the optical fiber directly, such as in the case of plasmonic platforms based on D-shaped plastic optical fibers (POFs), tapered optical fibers, U-bend POFs, or light-diffusing fibers (LDFs). By contrast, when an optical fiber is used as a mere waveguide allowing for the launch of light to the sensing region and its collection, it is defined as an extrinsic optical fiber sensor, like in the case of the plasmonic sensors realized by Cennamo et al. using POFs combined with spoon-shaped waveguides, 3D-printed platforms, bacterial cellulose waveguides, nanogratings, and InkJet-printed chips. To realize optical biosensor chips for the detection of viruses and bacteria, both intrinsic and extrinsic plasmonic POF sensors can be efficiently combined with receptors specific for membrane proteins, either biological (e.g., antibodies, aptamers, enzymes, etc.) or synthetic (e.g., molecularly imprinted polymers), to build groundbreaking POCTs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)
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13 pages, 5542 KiB  
Article
Fiber Bragg Grating Salinity Sensor Array Based on Fiber Tapering and HF Etching
by Gaochao Li, Yongjie Wang, Mengchao Yan, Tuanwei Xu, Ancun Shi, Yuanhui Liu, Xuechun Li and Fang Li
Photonics 2023, 10(12), 1315; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10121315 - 29 Nov 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1974
Abstract
We propose a seawater salinity sensor array based on a micro/nanofiber Bragg grating structures, which allows for the simultaneous measurement of temperature and salinity. The proposed sensing structure is fabricated through a process involving optical fiber tapering, femtosecond laser inscription, and chemical etching. [...] Read more.
We propose a seawater salinity sensor array based on a micro/nanofiber Bragg grating structures, which allows for the simultaneous measurement of temperature and salinity. The proposed sensing structure is fabricated through a process involving optical fiber tapering, femtosecond laser inscription, and chemical etching. The equivalent refractive index (RI) of this sensor structure is influenced by the surrounding RI, resulting in a Bragg characteristic wavelength shift that can be used for salinity sensing. The experimental results show that the salinity sensitivity for two cascaded sensor arrays is 8.39 pm/‰ and 7.71 pm/‰, while the temperature sensitivity is 8.28 pm/°C and 8.03 pm/°C, respectively. This sensor structure is compact, exhibits excellent linearity, and offers good repeatability. It holds great potential for applications in seawater environmental monitoring and quantitative studies of seawater dispersion characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Prospects in Optical Fiber Sensing)
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