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Keywords = sustainable mine functioning

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24 pages, 14492 KB  
Article
Design and Control of a Bionic Underwater Collector Based on the Mouth Mechanism of Stomiidae
by Zexing Mo, Ping Ren, Lei Zhang, Jisheng Zhou, Yaru Li, Bowei Cui and Luze Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2001; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102001 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025
Abstract
Deep-sea mining has gradually emerged as a core domain in global resource exploitation. Underwater autonomous robots, characterized by low cost, high flexibility, and lightweight properties, demonstrate significant advantages in deep-sea mineral development. To address the limitations of traditional deep-sea mining equipment, such as [...] Read more.
Deep-sea mining has gradually emerged as a core domain in global resource exploitation. Underwater autonomous robots, characterized by low cost, high flexibility, and lightweight properties, demonstrate significant advantages in deep-sea mineral development. To address the limitations of traditional deep-sea mining equipment, such as large volume, high energy consumption, and insufficient flexibility, this paper proposes an innovative Underwater Vehicle Collector System (UVCS). Integrating bionic design with autonomous robotic technology, this system features a collection device mimicking the large opening–closing kinematics of the mouth of deep-sea dragonfish (Stomiidae). A dual-rocker mechanism is employed to realize the mouth opening-closing function, and the collection process is driven by the pitching motion of the vehicle without the need for additional motors, thus achieving the advantages of high flexibility, low energy consumption, and light weight. The system is capable of collecting seabed polymetallic nodules with diameters ranging from 1 to 12 cm, thus providing a new solution for sustainable deep-sea mining. Based on the dynamics of UVCS, this paper verifies its attitude stability and collection efficiency in planar motions through single-cycle and multi-cycle simulation analyses. The simulation results indicate that the system operates stably with reliable collection actions. Furthermore, water tank testings demonstrate the opening and closing functions of the UVCS collection device, fully confirming its design feasibility and application potential. In conclusion, the UVCS system, through the integration of bionic design, opens up a new path for practical applications in deep-sea resource exploitation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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24 pages, 3720 KB  
Article
Effects of Microbial Fertilizer Combined with Organic Fertilizer on Forage Productivity and Soil Ecological Functions in Grasslands of the Muli Mining Area
by Zongcheng Cai, Jianjun Shi, Shouquan Fu, Fayi Li, Liangyu Lv, Qingqing Liu, Hairong Zhang and Shancun Bao
Plants 2025, 14(20), 3156; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203156 - 14 Oct 2025
Viewed by 229
Abstract
To address grassland ecosystem degradation caused by mining disturbance and its severe threats to regional ecological security in alpine mining areas, this study systematically evaluated the synergistic effects of different application ratios of Effective Microorganisms inoculant and organic fertilizers on artificial grassland ecosystem [...] Read more.
To address grassland ecosystem degradation caused by mining disturbance and its severe threats to regional ecological security in alpine mining areas, this study systematically evaluated the synergistic effects of different application ratios of Effective Microorganisms inoculant and organic fertilizers on artificial grassland ecosystem functions in the Muli alpine mining region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, based on field experiments conducted from 2022 to 2024. The results demonstrated significant improvements in production performance. The Y2E2 treatment (0.60 t·hm−2 Effective Microorganisms inoculant + 20 t·hm−2 organic fertilizer) exhibited optimal effects, with aboveground biomass increasing by 75.97% and 68.88% in 2023 and 2024, respectively, compared to the control (p < 0.05), while belowground biomass simultaneously increased by 36.05% and 35.53% (p < 0.05), showing a sustained upward trend. Nutritional quality was markedly enhanced, with the Y2E2 treatment consistently achieving the best performance across both years. Crude protein and ether extract contents increased by 46.18%~46.52% and 62.42%~63.25%, respectively (p < 0.05), while soluble sugar content rose significantly by 19.49%~20.56% (p < 0.05). Concurrently, crude ash and fiber fractions were significantly reduced. Soil physicochemical properties improved substantially, with the Y2E2 treatment in 2024 reducing soil pH and bulk density by 11.10% and 37.20%, respectively (p < 0.05), while increasing soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, and available potassium by 92.94%, 49.25%, and 96.08% (p < 0.05). Soil biological activity was significantly enhanced, as evidenced by increases of 78.33%, 55.69%, 55.87%, and 183.67% in β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase, urease, and acid phosphatase activities, respectively (p < 0.05), alongside rises of 117.64% and 94.78% in microbial biomass carbon and phosphorus (p < 0.05). Mechanistic analysis via structural equation modeling revealed strong positive direct effects of the Effective Microorganisms inoculant–organic fertilizer combination on forage yield (β = 0.27, p < 0.001) and nutritional quality (β = 0.73, p < 0.001). Principal component analysis (cumulative variance explained: 88.90%) further confirmed Y2E2 treatment superior performance in soil improvement, microbial function enhancement, and grassland productivity. In conclusion, the optimal remediation strategy for alpine mining grasslands was identified as the combined application of 0.60 t·hm−2 Effective Microorganisms inoculant and 20 t·hm−2 organic fertilizer. This approach drives ecosystem function restoration through a multidimensional synergistic mechanism involving soil physicochemical amelioration–microbial activity stimulation–nutrient supply optimization, providing both theoretical foundations and practical solutions for ecological restoration of degraded grasslands in similar regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Fertilization Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture)
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18 pages, 13398 KB  
Article
Surrounding Vitality Reasoning of Attractions Supported by Knowledge Graph
by Yi Liu, Lili Wu and Youneng Su
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2025, 14(10), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14100400 - 13 Oct 2025
Viewed by 213
Abstract
The vitality of areas around tourist attractions plays a crucial role in promoting the sustainable development of both tourism and the regional economy. However, there is a lack of comprehensive studies on the methods for mining vitality around attraction perimeters, and existing approaches [...] Read more.
The vitality of areas around tourist attractions plays a crucial role in promoting the sustainable development of both tourism and the regional economy. However, there is a lack of comprehensive studies on the methods for mining vitality around attraction perimeters, and existing approaches are often inadequate to meet the evolving needs of contemporary tourism development. To address this gap, we proposed a method for inferring vitality around attractions based on a knowledge graph. Our approach began by analyzing the functional and morphological characteristics of the areas surrounding the attractions, followed by the design of a vitality calculation model for these regions. Next, we developed a knowledge graph structure tailored for vitality reasoning around the attractions and established reasoning rules based on this graph. Finally, we conducted experiments to apply the vitality inference method to the main urban area of Kaifeng City as a case study. The results indicated that our method could effectively reason about vitality around the attractions. Notably, the vitality levels around the attractions in Kaifeng’s main urban area exhibited clear spatial differentiation. Attractions such as the Yang Family’s Tianbo Mansion, the Millennium City Park, and Lord Bao’s Memorial Temple showed higher vitality values, largely due to their advantageous functional integration and synergistic morphological characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Information for Improved Living Spaces)
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27 pages, 4953 KB  
Article
Genome-Wide Analysis and Functional Correlation of Tomato JAZ Genes Under Tuta absoluta Infestation and Nanoparticle-Induced Defense
by Inzamam Ul Haq, Abdul Basit, Moazam Hyder, Mirza Naveed Shahzad, Asim Abbasi, Yasir Sharif, Muhammad Adeel Ghafar, Xiangyun Cai, Nazih Y. Rebouh and Youming Hou
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1046; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101046 - 13 Oct 2025
Viewed by 490
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production is increasingly threatened by Tuta absoluta, a destructive pest that compromises yield and quality. To explore sustainable alternatives to conventional insecticides, we investigated the jasmonate-mediated defense pathway by performing a genome-wide characterization of the JAZ gene [...] Read more.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production is increasingly threatened by Tuta absoluta, a destructive pest that compromises yield and quality. To explore sustainable alternatives to conventional insecticides, we investigated the jasmonate-mediated defense pathway by performing a genome-wide characterization of the JAZ gene family in S. lycopersicum. A total of 39 SlJAZ genes were identified and mapped to 12 chromosomes. Detailed analysis revealed conserved motifs, diverse exon–intron structures, four major phylogenetic groups, and the presence of multiple MeJA- and stress-responsive cis-elements. Synteny analysis indicated gene duplication events and evolutionary conservation with Arabidopsis and potato. Small RNA predictions suggested that 33 SlJAZ genes are targeted by 69 microRNAs, implying multilayered regulation. Transcriptome analysis under four treatment conditions—mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) ± pest infestation—revealed 21 differentially expressed SlJAZ genes. SlJAZ1, SlJAZ19, SlJAZ20, and SlJAZ22 were notably upregulated under the combined MSN and pest treatment, with expression patterns validated by qRT-PCR (R2 = 0.92). Phenotypic assessment of leaf damage index, larval survival rate, and number of leaf mines showed reduced pest activity in MSN-treated plants. Regression analysis demonstrated significant negative correlations between expression levels of SlJAZ20, SlJAZ26, and SlJAZ29 and pest-related damage traits. These findings indicate that MSNs function as effective elicitors of JA-responsive defense in tomato and modulate the expression of specific JAZ genes linked to enhanced resistance. The study provides a valuable foundation for integrating nanotechnology with molecular defense strategies to promote sustainable pest management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Insect Molecular Biology)
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23 pages, 592 KB  
Article
Towards the Establishment of Protocols for Defining the Requirements of Different Mining Site Contexts Within the European Project Mine.io
by Cristina Sáez Blázquez, Vasileios Protonotarios, Max Friedemann, Ignacio Martín Nieto, Katerina Margariti and Diego González-Aguilera
Resources 2025, 14(10), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14100163 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 236
Abstract
Mining activity has been and is one of the most important and indispensable industries for the development of society. Given its role in the provision of raw materials, advancing the development of environmentally friendly mining practices is essential for meeting the globally established [...] Read more.
Mining activity has been and is one of the most important and indispensable industries for the development of society. Given its role in the provision of raw materials, advancing the development of environmentally friendly mining practices is essential for meeting the globally established goals of sustainable development. In this regard, actions and incentives are being promoted by the European Union, such as the Mine.io project presented in this research. In response to the needs identified within the mining sector, this research seeks to explore the functional and non-functional requirements across several mining contexts. The objective is to establish effective patterns that positively influence the sector activities. This effort is envisioned as a critical foundation for developing a digital architecture that addresses sector limitations and fosters the integration of Industry 4.0 principles into the mining domain. The results provide a solid basis for understanding the needs of the different mining sectors analyzed, while also demonstrating the potential advancements achievable through the project’s technological developments. They enable a comprehensive evaluation of the current technological state in relation to the broader context of global legacy practices, establishing informed guidelines for effective sector responses based on digitalization and the application of sustainable tools. Full article
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33 pages, 3727 KB  
Article
BiOI/Magnetic Nanocomposites Derived from Mine Tailings for Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenolic Compounds (Caffeic Acid) in Winery Wastewater
by Valeria Araya Alfaro, Celeste Vega Zamorano, Claudia Araya Vera, Adriana C. Mera, Ricardo Zamarreño Bastias and Alexander Alfonso Alvarez
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100937 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 445
Abstract
The development of advanced photocatalysts that are efficient, recyclable and sustainable represents a significant challenge in the face of the growing presence of persistent organic contaminants in industrial wastewaters. This paper presents a novel approach based on the design of new heterostructures synthesized [...] Read more.
The development of advanced photocatalysts that are efficient, recyclable and sustainable represents a significant challenge in the face of the growing presence of persistent organic contaminants in industrial wastewaters. This paper presents a novel approach based on the design of new heterostructures synthesized from BiOI and magnetic materials, using not only synthetic magnetite, but also magnetic compounds extracted from mine tailings, transforming environmental liabilities in active supporting materials through valorization strategies in line with the circular economy. Through precise control of composition, it was established that a proportion of 6% by mass of the magnetic phase allows the formation of a heterostructure that is highly photocatalytically efficient. These compounds were evaluated using caffeic acid, an organic contaminant of agroindustrial origin, as a target compound. Experiments were carried out under simulated solar radiation for 120 min. Among the materials synthesized, the BiOI/MMA heterostructure, derived from industrial tailing A, displayed an outstanding photodegradation efficiency of over 89.4 ± 0.25%, attributed to an effective separation of photoinduced charges, a broad active surface and a synergic interface interaction between its constituent phases. Furthermore, BiOI/MMA exhibited excellent structural stability and magnetic recovery capacity, which allowed for its reuse through two consecutive cycles without any significant losses to its photocatalytic performance. Thus, this study constitutes a significant contribution to the design of functional photocatalysts derived from industrial tailings, thus promoting clean, technological solutions for the treatment of wastewater and reinforcing the link between environmental remediation and circular economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Catalytic Reaction Engineering)
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20 pages, 6610 KB  
Article
Spatial Association and Quantitative Attribution of Regional Ecological Risk: A Case Study of Guangxi, China
by Hui Wang
Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8739; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198739 - 29 Sep 2025
Viewed by 202
Abstract
Regional ecological risk assessment (RERA) is a valuable tool for analyzing ecological risks at a broad-scale whose potential needs to be further exploited, especially when it comes to the in-depth mining of the final risk. Thus, in this research, based on RERA results [...] Read more.
Regional ecological risk assessment (RERA) is a valuable tool for analyzing ecological risks at a broad-scale whose potential needs to be further exploited, especially when it comes to the in-depth mining of the final risk. Thus, in this research, based on RERA results acquired through land use function valuation and the ecological risk source-receptor-vulnerability framework, spatial autocorrelation analysis and geographical detector methods were employed to explore the spatial association features of regional ecological risk and its significant influencing factors in Guangxi, China. Next, a bivariate local spatial autocorrelation analysis tool was used to manifest the spatial impact directions of the important affecting factors on the final risk. The results of the study indicate that: (1) the north and west parts of Guangxi had a higher final ecological risk than that of the southeast; (2) from a percentage viewpoint, the low, medium, high, and very high levels of ecological risk accounted for 41.85%, 28.31%, 21.86%, and 7.98% of the total area, respectively; (3) the final regional ecological risk exhibited significant positive spatial correlation (Moran’s I = 0.466, p = 0.000) and the high-high association type was concentrated in the north and west parts of Guangxi while there was a low-low type in the southeast; (4) the most significant influencing factors for final risk consisted of lithology, land use ecology and production functions, slope, and soil; (5) compared with ecology and production functions, lithology, slope, and soil exhibited stronger positive influences on the final risk. Spatial association and quantitative attribution studies can increase the deepness of RERA and undoubtedly advance this field in the future. Moreover, based on the findings from the spatial quantitative attribution analysis, more explicit sustainable development countermeasures could be determined for the region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Resilient Regional Development: A Spatial Perspective)
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22 pages, 2664 KB  
Article
The Potential and Usage of the Architectural Heritage of Mining Sites: Case Studies in the Locality of Rudňany, Slovakia
by Ján Ilkovič and Ľubica Ilkovičová
Buildings 2025, 15(19), 3468; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15193468 - 25 Sep 2025
Viewed by 458
Abstract
The aim of conversion is to reveal the potential of non-functioning buildings for transformation—i.e., to design a new life for them. A large number of original and presently non-functioning industrial production buildings are connected to mining activity. The subject of this study and [...] Read more.
The aim of conversion is to reveal the potential of non-functioning buildings for transformation—i.e., to design a new life for them. A large number of original and presently non-functioning industrial production buildings are connected to mining activity. The subject of this study and area of investigation are selected mining networks from the second half of the 20th century in the Rudňany settlement, which is located in the Spiš region. The aim of the research is to form a process algorithm for the reuse of areas and objects of mining activity and to highlight the cultural values, constructional substance, and preconditions for their further development. Part of the investigation comprises proposals for a new functional usage of the structures that will encompass the complex historical ground-points of the locality and include its historical roots and trends in the region’s social development and community. The quantitative and qualitative research is based on an analysis of the values of such structures based on traditional mining activity, accompanied by landscape research of the specific locality. The results are presented in the form of case studies oriented towards the identification and evaluation of the attributes of change for novel exploitation of the mining sites. The conclusion of the research is composed of an evaluation and interpretation feasibility study pointing out suitable solutions and preconditions for the sustainability of the converted mining structures as parts of open concepts for mining theme parks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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25 pages, 5082 KB  
Article
Mechanisms of Sulfate In Situ Removal Using SRB-PRB Driven by Low-Cost Sustained-Release Carbon Source in Coal Mine Goafs: A Dynamic Column Experiment Study
by Li Zhang, Zhimin Xu, Mingan Xiahou, Liang Gao, Yating Gao, Juan Guo and Chi Li
Water 2025, 17(18), 2684; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17182684 - 11 Sep 2025
Viewed by 457
Abstract
The proportion of neutral and weakly alkaline high-sulfate mine water in China is over 50%, resulting in the problem of high treatment costs. Low-cost, sustainable, and non-secondary pollution remediation technologies for in situ application in underground coal mines have rarely been reported. Here, [...] Read more.
The proportion of neutral and weakly alkaline high-sulfate mine water in China is over 50%, resulting in the problem of high treatment costs. Low-cost, sustainable, and non-secondary pollution remediation technologies for in situ application in underground coal mines have rarely been reported. Here, the mixed packed and layered packed SRB-PRB (sulfate-reducing bacteria-permeable reactive barrier) column experiments at a flow speed of 300 mL/d using low-cost corncob as a carbon source were conducted to simulate sulfate in situ remediation in goafs. The column experiments utilized the simulated weakly alkaline mine water, with an initial sulfate concentration of 1027.45 mg/L. The results showed that during the 40 d operation, the SO42− removal kinetics included three stages: rapid reduction (0–6 d), stable reduction (6–16 d), and reduction attenuation (16–40 d). Corncob could provide a relatively long-term carbon source supply, with the maximum average removal efficiency of 65.5% for the mixed packed column and 56.6% for the layered packed column. A large number of complex organic-degrading bacteria were detected in both the effluent water samples and the solid packed media, while SRB became dominant only in the solid packed media. However, the low-abundance SRB could still maintain a high-efficiency SO42− reduction, due to the supply of readily utilizable carbon sources provided by hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria. This indicated that the synergistic effect between SRB and these organic matter-degrading bacteria was the critical limiting factor for SO42− removal. The microscopic characterizations of SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) confirmed the damage of functional groups in corncobs and the generation of SO42− removal products (i.e., FeS). The engineering application schemes of the SRB-PRB under both in-production and abandoned mining scenarios were proposed. Additionally, the material cost estimate results showed that the SRB-PRB could achieve in situ low-cost remediation (0.2–1.55 USD/m3) of the characteristic pollutant SO42−. These findings would benefit the engineering application of in situ microbial remediation technology for high-sulfate mine water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Hydrogeology)
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36 pages, 3017 KB  
Article
Renewal Pathways for Inefficient Industrial Land in Zhejiang Province: A Spatial Production Theory Perspective
by Shujie Kong and Hui Wang
Land 2025, 14(9), 1796; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091796 - 3 Sep 2025
Viewed by 820
Abstract
As Chinese cities move toward stock-based development, the redevelopment of inefficient industrial land has become essential for urban spatial restructuring and sustainable transformation. Building on Lefebvre’s triadic theory of spatial production, this study establishes a comprehensive analytical framework consisting of spatial practice, representations [...] Read more.
As Chinese cities move toward stock-based development, the redevelopment of inefficient industrial land has become essential for urban spatial restructuring and sustainable transformation. Building on Lefebvre’s triadic theory of spatial production, this study establishes a comprehensive analytical framework consisting of spatial practice, representations of space, and representational spaces, aiming to elucidate the mechanisms underlying spatial reconfiguration. Through a multi-case inductive approach, twelve representative cases from Zhejiang Province are systematically analyzed to reveal the fundamental logic driving spatial reconstruction within the context of inefficient land redevelopment. The results reveal the following: (1) In the process of inefficient land redevelopment, spatial practice involves land reuse and functional integration, representations of space reflect institutional planning, and representational spaces shape meaning through cultural identity and user experience. These dimensions interact dynamically to drive the transformation of both the form and meaning of inefficient land. (2) The redevelopment of inefficient land in Zhejiang can be classified into two primary models: increment-driven and qualitative transformation, which are further divided into seven subtypes. The increment-driven model includes enterprise-initiated renewal, integrated upgrading, platform empowerment, and comprehensive remediation; the qualitative transformation model comprises mine remediation, cultural empowerment, and use conversion. (3) Significant differences exist between these models: the increment-driven model emphasizes land expansion and floor area ratio improvement, while the qualitative transformation model enhances land value through mine restoration, cultural embedding, and functional transformation. This study extends the application of spatial production theory within the Chinese context and offers theoretical support and policy insights for the planning and governance of inefficient industrial land redevelopment. Full article
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17 pages, 4644 KB  
Article
Characterization of Core Microbiomes of Olive Tree Rhizospheres Under Drought Stress Conditions
by Andrea Visca, Lorenzo Nolfi, Luciana Di Gregorio, Manuela Costanzo, Elisa Clagnan, Filippo Sevi, Federico Sbarra, Roberta Bernini, Maria Cristina Valeri, Edoardo Franco, Ornella Calderini, Luciana Baldoni, Gaetano Perrotta and Annamaria Bevivino
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9667; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179667 - 2 Sep 2025
Viewed by 555
Abstract
Drought stress poses a significant threat to olive cultivation in Mediterranean regions. This study investigated the resilience and functional adaptation of root-associated and rhizosphere soil microorganisms of four olive cultivars under contrasting water regimes (irrigated vs. drought) across seasons. Using a combination of [...] Read more.
Drought stress poses a significant threat to olive cultivation in Mediterranean regions. This study investigated the resilience and functional adaptation of root-associated and rhizosphere soil microorganisms of four olive cultivars under contrasting water regimes (irrigated vs. drought) across seasons. Using a combination of amplicon-targeted metagenomics, phylogenetic analysis, and text mining of the scientific literature, we identified a conserved core microbiome and revealed that drought stress significantly alters the structure of root-associated—but not rhizosphere soil—bacterial communities. Potential functional profiling indicated that drought conditions enriched for genes involved in stress response pathways, including branched-chain amino acid transport, glutathione S-transferase activity, thioredoxin reductase, and chemotaxis. Text mining co-occurrence networks highlighted strong associations between some key bacterial genera and plant growth-promoting functions like phytohormone production and biocontrol. Furthermore, we identified Solirubrobacter, Microvirga, and Pseudonocardia as the primary contributors to these drought-resilience functions. The stability of the soil microbiome suggests functional redundancy, whereas the restructuring of the root endophytic compartment indicates active plant selection for beneficial microbes. Our findings provide a foundation for developing tailored microbial consortia (SynComs) to enhance drought tolerance in olive trees and support sustainable agriculture in water-limited environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Analysis in Different Ecosystems)
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19 pages, 3217 KB  
Article
Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity on CO2 Adsorption Performance of Biomass-Derived Aerogels
by Zujin Bai, Shuyao Ren, Jun Deng, Chang Su, Furu Kang and Yifan Zhang
Polymers 2025, 17(17), 2375; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17172375 - 31 Aug 2025
Viewed by 772
Abstract
The safe and efficient capture of CO2 in confined environments such as coal mine goafs remains a significant challenge, posing both environmental and safety risks. To address this issue, this study developed a novel biomass-based aerogel adsorbent using CNF-C and CS through [...] Read more.
The safe and efficient capture of CO2 in confined environments such as coal mine goafs remains a significant challenge, posing both environmental and safety risks. To address this issue, this study developed a novel biomass-based aerogel adsorbent using CNF-C and CS through sol–gel synthesis and freeze-drying. A series of composite aerogels with varying mass ratios were systematically characterized by SEM, BET, FTIR, and TG-DSC to analyze their microstructure, specific surface area, pore characteristics, chemical properties, and thermal stability. A constant temperature and humidity experimental setup was specially designed to explore the effects of various temperatures, humidity, and material ratios on CO2 adsorption performance. FTIR analysis confirmed that -NH2 served as the primary adsorption site, with its density increasing with higher chitosan content. The 1:3 ratio exhibited the optimal specific surface area (7.05 m2/g) and thermal stability, withstanding temperatures up to 350.0 °C, while the 1:1 ratio demonstrated the highest porosity (80.74%). Adsorption experiments indicated that 35.0 °C and 50% humidity were the optimal conditions, under which the 1:2 ratio biomass aerogel achieved an 18% increase in CO2 adsorption capacity compared to room temperature. The sample with a 1:1 high cellulose ratio is primarily dominated by physical adsorption, making its performance susceptible to environmental fluctuations. The sample with a 1:3 high chitosan ratio is predominantly governed by chemical adsorption, exhibiting more stable adsorption characteristics. The 1:2 ratio achieved the best balance under 35.0 °C and 50% humidity. The biomass aerogel synergistically combined physical barriers from its three-dimensional network structure and chemical adsorption via active functional groups, enabling efficient CO2 capture and stable sequestration. This study demonstrates the feasibility of biomass-derived aerogels for CO2 adsorption under complex conditions and provides new insights into the design of sustainable materials for environmental remediation and carbon reduction applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
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34 pages, 10007 KB  
Review
Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete Prepared with Coal Gangue: A Review
by Xiaorui Jia, Weitao Li, Xin Dong, Bo Liu, Juannong Chen, Jiayue Li and Guowei Ni
Buildings 2025, 15(17), 3048; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15173048 - 26 Aug 2025
Viewed by 913
Abstract
Coal gangue, an industrial byproduct of coal mining, was traditionally utilized in concrete production as a coarse aggregate. However, recent advancements have expanded its application by processing it into fine powder for use as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), partially replacing cement. This [...] Read more.
Coal gangue, an industrial byproduct of coal mining, was traditionally utilized in concrete production as a coarse aggregate. However, recent advancements have expanded its application by processing it into fine powder for use as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), partially replacing cement. This approach not only enhances the sustainable reuse of coal gangue but also contributes to reducing cement consumption and associated carbon emissions. Nevertheless, the incorporation of coal gangue may adversely affect the mechanical strength and long-term durability of concrete. This review provides a systematic analysis of recent research on coal gangue-modified concrete. It begins by classifying the functional roles of coal gangue in concrete mixtures, followed by a critical evaluation of its impact on mechanical properties and durability—both as an aggregate an as a mineral admixture. When 30% of the aggregate is replaced with activated coal gangue, the average compressive strength of concrete increases by 15%. When coal gangue replaces less than 20% of the cement, the compressive strength of concrete can reach 95% of the reference strength. Second, the review evaluates the modification effects of various mineral admixtures, elucidating their mechanisms for enhancing mechanical properties and durability in coal gangue-based concrete. Finally, it examines the underlying interaction mechanisms between these admixtures and coal gangue, while identifying key future research directions for optimizing admixture formulations. By providing a comprehensive and critical analysis of current research, this paper serves as a valuable reference for developing high-performance coal gangue concrete with increased substitution rates and tailored admixture systems. Ultimately, this work advances the design of sustainable, low-cement concrete using industrial byproducts, enabling performance-driven applications and supporting next-generation green construction materials. Full article
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22 pages, 7314 KB  
Article
Multi-Scenario Response of Ecosystem Service Value in High-Groundwater-Level Coal–Grain Overlapping Areas Under Dual Objective Constraints
by Qian Niu, Di Zhu, Yinghong Wang, Zhongyi Ding and Guoqiang Qiu
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(16), 9172; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15169172 - 20 Aug 2025
Viewed by 386
Abstract
Ecosystem services (ES) are a key bridge connecting natural ecosystems with human social development. The core significance of ecosystem service value (ESV) is to quantify the contribution of ecosystems to human well-being. The mining of mineral resources causes disturbance to the structure, function, [...] Read more.
Ecosystem services (ES) are a key bridge connecting natural ecosystems with human social development. The core significance of ecosystem service value (ESV) is to quantify the contribution of ecosystems to human well-being. The mining of mineral resources causes disturbance to the structure, function, and value of ecosystems. This study focuses on the high groundwater level coal–grain overlapping areas in eastern China, the mining of mineral resources has led to widespread loss of cropland and carbon sinks in the region. Considering the particularity of ecosystem evolution caused by coal mining subsidence, we developed multiple land use demand scenarios under dual objective constraints based on PIM and Markov chain, including Inertial Development (ID), Food Security (FS), Urban Expansion (UE), Ecological Restoration (ER). The PLUS model was used to simulate the spatial changes of land use and the equivalent factor method was used to calculate the changes in ESV, exploring the best path to improve the ecological benefits of the coal–grain overlapping areas. The results indicate that: (1) By 2030, the study area will add 54,249.09 ha of coal mining subsidence, mainly mild and moderate subsidence, and cropland being the most affected by subsidence among all land types. (2) In the multi-scenarios, the total ESV is ranked as follows: ecological governance scenario (CNY 51.21199 billion) > ID scenario (CNY 51.0898 billion) > food security scenario (CNY 48.4767 billion) > UE scenario (CNY 48.27157 billion). Among them, the ER scenario achieves all individual ESV gains and has the highest overall ESV. (3) Spatial analysis shows that in the ER scenario, the ESV of mining townships significantly increases and the ESV gap between other townships has decreased. However, the FS scenario and UE scenario have led to widespread degradation of ESV between various townships in eastern mountainous areas, and severe degradation of ESV in some urban townships. This study validated the accuracy and applicability of the PLUS model in medium scale and plain regions. The study has confirmed our hypothesis that reasonable land use and ecological restoration methods can achieve Pareto improvement in regional ESV, provided a holistic and local dialectical perspective for related research, and a scientific basis for the sustainable development of coal grain overlapping areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Remote Sensing in Environmental Monitoring)
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24 pages, 1738 KB  
Review
Biomineralization Mediated by Iron-Oxidizing Microorganisms: Implication for the Immobilization and Transformation of Heavy Metals in AMD
by Siyu Li, Chengcheng Li, Xubo Gao, Mengyun Zhu, Huihui Li and Xue Wang
Minerals 2025, 15(8), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15080868 - 17 Aug 2025
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Abstract
Iron, an essential element for virtually all known organisms, serves not only as a micronutrient but also as an energy source for bacteria. Iron-oxidizing microorganisms mediate Fe(II) oxidation under diverse redox conditions, yielding amorphous iron (hydr)oxides or crystalline iron minerals. This globally significant [...] Read more.
Iron, an essential element for virtually all known organisms, serves not only as a micronutrient but also as an energy source for bacteria. Iron-oxidizing microorganisms mediate Fe(II) oxidation under diverse redox conditions, yielding amorphous iron (hydr)oxides or crystalline iron minerals. This globally significant biogeochemical process drives modern iron cycling across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The resulting biomineralization not only produces secondary minerals but also effectively immobilizes heavy metals, offering a sustainable strategy for environmental remediation. This review systematically examines (1) the biogeochemical mechanisms and mineralogical signatures of Fe(II) oxidation by four distinct iron oxidizers: acidophilic aerobes (e.g., Acidithiobacillus), neutrophilic microaerophiles (e.g., Gallionella), nitrate-reducing anaerobes (e.g., Acidovorax), and anoxygenic phototrophs (e.g., Rhodobacter); (2) research advances in heavy metal immobilization by biogenic iron minerals: adsorption, coprecipitation, and structural incorporation; and (3) the impact of pH, temperature, organic matter, and coexisting ions on Fe(II) oxidation efficiency and iron mineral formation by iron-oxidizing bacteria. By characterizing iron-oxidizing bacterial species and their functional processes under varying pH and redox conditions, this study provides critical insights into microbial behaviors driving the evolution of acid mine drainage (AMD). Full article
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