Search Results (1,041)

Background and Objectives: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) substantially increases cardiovascular risk; beyond the well-recognized left-ventricular involvement in diabetic cardiomyopathy, emerging data indicate subclinical right-ventricular (RV) dysfunction may also be present. This study aimed to evaluate whether speckle-tracking echocardiography identifies subclinical right-ventricular systolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes, despite normal conventional indices and preserved global systolic function. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, single-center study in accordance with STROBE recommendations, enrolling 77 participants, 36 adults with T2DM, and 41 non-diabetic controls, between December 2024 and July 2025. All participants underwent comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography, including conventional parameters (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), tricuspid annular systolic velocity (TV S’), right ventricular fractional area change (RVFAC)) and deformation imaging (right ventricular global longitudinal strain (RV GLS), right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWS)) using speckle-tracking echocardiography. Biochemical and clinical data, including glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), were recorded. Correlation and ROC curve analyses were performed to explore associations and predictive value. Results: The mean age was comparable between the two groups (62.08 ± 9.54 years vs. 60.22 ± 13.39 years; p = 0.480). While conventional RV parameters did not differ significantly between groups, diabetic patients had significantly lower RV GLS (−13.86 ± 6.07% vs. −18.59 ± 2.27%, p < 0.001) and RVFWS (−15.64 ± 4.30% vs. −19.03 ± 3.53%, p < 0.001). HbA1c levels correlated positively with RV strain impairment (RVFWS r = 0.41, p < 0.001). Both RV GLS and RVFWS were independent predictors of RV dysfunction in logistic regression analysis. ROC analysis showed good diagnostic performance for RV GLS, AUC = 0.84 with an optimal cut-off −17.2% (sensitivity 86.1% and specificity 80.5%) and RVFWS, AUC = 0.76 with cut-off −17.6% (sensitivity 77.8; specificity 80.5%) in identifying early myocardial involvement. Conclusions: RV systolic dysfunction may occur early in T2DM, even when traditional echocardiographic indices remain within normal limits. Speckle-tracking echocardiography, particularly RV GLS and RVFWS, offers sensitive detection of subclinical myocardial impairment, reinforcing its value in early cardiovascular risk stratification among diabetic patients. Full article

Grape pomace (GP), a polyphenol-rich byproduct of winemaking, holds considerable health benefits and potential as an antibiotic alternative for livestock animals. However, its utilization is compromised by the contamination of mycotoxins produced by pathogenic molds (with ochratoxin A (OTA) being the most frequently detected), which pose hidden health risks to both livestock animals and human beings. This study evaluated the efficacy of thermal–pressure treatment (pressure cooking) with and without the addition of acidic and alkaline agents, and the combined thermal-pressure and fermentation with four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, including Lactobacillus bulgaricus (LB6), Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (previously Lactobacillus paracasei) (BAA-52), Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (previously Lactobacillus plantarum), on reducing OTA and preserving polyphenols in GP. The study found that pressure cooking alone reduced OTA by approximately 33–35% in 30–45 min. The addition of citric acid (CA) or acetic acid (AA) enhanced OTA reduction to 46.9–55.2% and 51.7–54%, respectively, while preserving more polyphenols, notably anthocyanins. Conversely, pressure cooking with the addition of NaHCO₃ facilitated greater OTA reductions (40.4–63%), but concomitantly resulted in substantial polyphenol loss, especially anthocyanins. Fermentation for 24 h with LAB following thermal–pressure treatment resulted in up to 97% OTA reduction for Lc. paracasei, L. acidophilus, and Lp. plantarum strains, which displayed similar high effectiveness in OTA reduction in GP. L. bulgaricus (LB6) was least effective (45%), even after 72 h of fermentation. These findings indicate that home-scale pressure cooking combined with lactic acid fermentation effectively detoxifies OTA-contaminated GP, thus enhancing its safety profile for consumption by livestock animals and humans, despite partial polyphenolic losses. Full article

Drought stress poses a significant threat to tree growth, making the development of drought-resistant species essential for ecological restoration. WRKY transcription factors are critical regulators of plant drought responses; however, the role of WRKY22 in the woody species Populus ussuriensis K. remains unclear. In this study, the PuWRKY22 gene was cloned from P. ussuriensis via homologous cloning and was found to be highly expressed in leaves and responsive to abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Subcellular localization confirmed that PuWRKY22 is a nuclear protein. Using fluorescein enzyme complementation assays, PuWRKY22 was shown to bind specifically to W-box cis-elements, indicating its function as a transcriptional regulator. Under ABA and osmotic (sorbitol) stress, the seed germination rate, root growth, and biomass of tobacco and Populus davidiana × Populus bolleana strains overexpressing PuWRKY22 were significantly increased. Additionally, these overexpressed strains exhibited a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and a decrease in membrane lipid peroxidation. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that PuWRKY22 activates expression of the ABA receptor gene Ptr.PYL4 (Potri.006G104100.v4.1), which regulates stomatal closure to minimize water loss. Consistent with this, stomatal observations and photosynthetic measurements demonstrated that PuWRKY22 enhances drought tolerance by protecting photosystem II and preserving chlorophyll content. Collectively, this study elucidates the molecular mechanism by which PuWRKY22 enhances drought resistance in woody plants through ABA signaling, providing a foundation for breeding drought-tolerant forest species. Full article

The impacts of Lactilactilactobacillus sakei (LS), Pediococcus acidilactici (PA), and Latilactobacillus curvatus (LC) on quality properties, protein and lipid oxidation, and microbial dynamics of pickled pepper rabbit meat during refrigerated storage (4 °C for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days) were investigated. The results showed that the addition of lactic acid bacteria bioprotective agents effectively reduced the pH of pickled pepper rabbit meat, inhibited protein and lipid oxidation, suppressed the growth and proliferation of spoilage bacteria, and maintained favorable textural characteristics. Among the tested strains, Latilactobacillus curvatus exhibited the most significant preservation effects throughout the storage period. On day 7 of storage, the TBARS value of the LC group was 20.60% lower than that of the LS group and 14.68% lower than that of the PA group. Similarly, the total carbonyl content was 12.30% lower than the LS group and 6.21% lower than the PA group, while the total sulfhydryl content was 20.81% and 10.12% higher, respectively. Additionally, the TVB-N value was 11.91% lower than the LS group and 4.37% lower than the PA group. Additionally, the Latilactobacillus curvatus group maintained a lower pH, superior elasticity, chewiness, and cohesiveness, while effectively inhibiting spoilage bacterial growth and proliferation. In conclusion, Latilactobacillus curvatus was the most effective bioprotective agent for preserving the storage characteristics of pickled pepper rabbit meat. Full article

Rising global temperatures are increasingly affecting plant performance, leading to reduced growth, altered metabolism, and compromised membrane integrity. Although plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) show promise in enhancing thermotolerance, the underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently explored. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of PGPB inoculation on Zea mays under control (26 °C) and heat stress (36 °C) conditions. Maize plants were inoculated with two thermotolerant bacterial strains and their effects were compared to non-inoculated plants through morphometric, biochemical, and lipidomic analyses. Heat stress negatively affected germination (−35.9%), increased oxidative stress (+46% for LPO, +57% for SOD, +68% for GPx), and altered leaf lipid composition, particularly fatty acids, glycerolipids, and sphingolipids. Inoculation with Pantoea sp. improved germination by 15% for seeds exposed to heat stress, increased growth (+28% shoot and +17% root), enhanced antioxidant defenses (+35% for CAT and +38% for APx), and reduced membrane damage by 65% compared with the control. Lipidomic profiling revealed that inoculation mitigated temperature-induced lipid alterations by reducing triacylglycerol accumulation and preserving the levels of polyunsaturated galactolipids and hexosylceramides. Notably, Pantoea sp.-inoculated plants under heat stress exhibited lipid profiles that were more similar to those of control plants, suggesting enhanced heat resilience. These results underscore the importance of specific plant–microbe interactions in mitigating heat stress and highlight PGPB inoculation as a promising strategy to enhance crop performance and resilience under projected climate warming scenarios. Full article

Olive mill wastewater (OMWW) is a highly complex matrix derived from olive oil extraction, containing phenolic compounds, lipids, minerals, and organic acids. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), an outstanding antioxidant and health-promoting phenolic compound, has garnered significant interest as a natural preservative and functional ingredient. Enzymatic hydrolysis, utilizing purified enzymes to cleave glycosidic or ester bonds, and microbial bioconversion, employing whole microorganisms with their intrinsic enzymes and metabolic pathways, are effective biotechnological strategies for fostering the release of HT from its conjugated forms. These approaches offer great potential for the sustainable recovery of HT from OMWW, contributing to the valorization of this environmentally impactful agro-industrial by-product. Processed OMWW can lead to clean-label HT-enriched foods and beverages, capitalizing on by-product valorization and improving food safety and quality. In this review, the most important aspects of the chemistry, technology, and microbiology of OMWW were explored in depth. Recent trends and findings in terms of both enzymatic and microbial bioconversion processes are critically discussed, including spontaneous and driven fermentation, using selected microbial strains. These approaches are presented as economically viable options for obtaining HT-enriched OMWW for applications in the food and nutraceutical sectors. The selected topics aim to provide the reader with a solid background while inspiring and facilitating future research and innovation. Full article

Background. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat, necessitating a deeper understanding of bacterial adaptation mechanisms. Introduction. This study investigates the genotypic and phenotypic evolutionary trajectories of Escherichia coli under meropenem and gentamicin selection, and it benchmarks these findings against florfenicol-evolved strains. Methodology. Utilizing a downsized, three-layer acrylic modified “Microbial Evolution and Growth Arena (MEGA-plate) system”—scaled to 40 × 50 cm for sterile handling and uniform 37 °C incubation—we tracked adaptation over 9–13 days, enabling real-time visualization of movement across antibiotic gradients. Results. Meropenem exposure elicited pronounced genetic heterogeneity and morphological remodeling (filamentous and circular forms), characteristic of SOS-mediated division arrest and DNA-damage response. In contrast, gentamicin exposure produced a uniform resistance gene profile and minimal shape changes, suggesting reliance on conserved defenses without major morphological adaptation. Comprehensive genomic analysis revealed a core resistome of 22 chromosomal loci shared across all three antibiotics, highlighting potential cross-resistance and the central roles of baeR, gadX, and marA in coordinating adaptive responses. Gene ontology enrichment underscored the positive regulation of gene expression and intracellular signaling as key themes in resistance evolution. Discussion. Our findings illustrate the multifaceted strategies E. coli employs—combining metabolic flexibility with sophisticated regulatory networks—to withstand diverse antibiotic pressures. This study underscores the utility of the MEGA-plate system in dissecting spatiotemporal AMR dynamics in a controlled yet ecologically relevant context. Conclusions. The divergent responses to meropenem and gentamicin highlight the complexity of resistance development and reinforce the need for integrated, One Health strategies. Targeting shared regulatory hubs may open new avenues for antimicrobial intervention and help preserve the efficacy of existing drugs. Full article

The structural health monitoring (SHM) of existing infrastructure and heritage buildings is essential for their preservation and safety. This is a review paper which focuses on modern three-dimensional (3D) measurement techniques, particularly those that enable the assessment of the structural response to environmental actions and operational conditions. The emphasis is on the detection of fractures and the identification of the crack geometry. While traditional monitoring systems—such as pendula, callipers, and strain gauges—have been widely used in massive, quasi-brittle structures like dams and masonry buildings, advancements in non-contact and computer-vision-based methods are increasingly offering flexible and efficient alternatives. The integration of drone-mounted systems facilitates access to challenging inspection zones, enabling the acquisition of quantitative data from full-field surface measurements. Among the reviewed techniques, digital image correlation (DIC) stands out for its superior displacement accuracy, while photogrammetry and time-of-flight (ToF) technologies offer greater operational flexibility but require additional processing to extract displacement data. The collected information contributes to the calibration of digital twins, supporting predictive simulations and real-time anomaly detection. Emerging tools based on machine learning and digital technologies further enhance damage detection capabilities and inform retrofitting strategies. Overall, vision-based methods show strong potential for outdoor SHM applications, though practical constraints such as drone payload and calibration requirements must be carefully managed. Full article

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is frequently associated with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), yet subclinical myocardial dysfunction often escapes detection using conventional imaging. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with feature tracking (FT) enables precise assessment of myocardial deformation and mechanics. Methods: In this prospective case–control study, we evaluated 150 HCM patients and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy controls using standardized CMR protocols. Global longitudinal strain (GLS), circumferential strain (GCS), radial strain (GRS), and left ventricular (LV) torsion were quantified via FT-CMR. Myocardial fibrosis was assessed through late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), native T1 mapping, and extracellular volume (ECV). Results: HCM patients showed significantly impaired strain and torsion metrics compared with controls: GLS (−16% vs. −20%), GCS (−18% vs. −21%), GRS (29% vs. 38%), and global LV torsion (1.27°/cm vs. 1.95°/cm), all p < 0.001. These abnormalities were also observed in LGE-negative patients, suggesting early functional remodeling. Global LV torsion demonstrated the highest diagnostic performance for LGE detection (AUC = 0.995), surpassing those of GLS (0.877), native T1 (0.731), and ECV (0.657). A cut-off value of 0.7°/cm provided optimal sensitivity and specificity, and was associated with adverse prognosis in survival analysis. Conclusions: CMR-derived strain and torsion parameters detect early myocardial dysfunction in HCM beyond conventional markers. Global LV torsion, in particular, emerges as a sensitive and robust non-invasive marker with diagnostic and prognostic potential. Full article

Enhancing crop productivity through biological strategies is critical for agriculture, particularly under conventional farming systems heavily reliant on chemical inputs. Plant probiotic bacteria offer promising alternatives by promoting plant growth and yield. This is the first field study to assess the effects of biofertilization with native rhizobial strains Rhizobium sp. ACO-34A, Sinorhizobium mexicanum ITTG-R7^T, and S. chiapasense ITTG-S70^T on Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) cultivated under conventional farming conditions. Key parameters assessed include plant performance (plant height, plant stem width, plant dry weight, and chlorophyll content), fruit yield (fruits per plant, fruit height, fruit width, fruit weight, and estimated fruit volume), and macronutrient and micronutrient contents in plant tissue. Additionally, rhizospere bacterial communities were characterized through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to evaluate alpha and beta diversity. Inoculation with ITTG-R7^T significantly improved plant height, stem width, and plant dry weight, while ITTG-S70^T enhanced stem width and chlorophyll content. ACO-34A inoculation notably increased fruit number, size, and yield parameters. Moreover, inoculated plants exhibited reduced Fe and Cu accumulation compared to non-inoculated controls. Metagenomic analyses indicated that rhizobial inoculation did not significantly disrupt the native rhizosphere bacterial community. These findings highlight the potential of rhizobial strains as effective plant probiotics that enhance tomato productivity while preserving microbial community structure, supporting the integration of microbial biofertilizers into conventional farming systems. Full article

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a growing global threat, driven by widespread antibiotic misuse across human and veterinary medicine. Companion animals, particularly dogs and cats, harbor complex natural microbiota—including skin, mucosal, and gastrointestinal communities—that are essential to their health yet also serve as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). These ARGs can spread through horizontal gene transfer (HGT), especially during bacterial imbalances such as endogenous infections or surgical interventions, increasing the risk of difficult-to-treat infections. Documented zoonotic and anthroponotic transmissions of resistant strains such as MRSA, MRSP, and ESBL-producing E. coli highlight the bidirectional nature of ARG flow between animals and humans. This underscores the critical importance of the One Health approach, which promotes interdisciplinary collaboration to monitor, understand, and combat AMR across the human–animal-environment interface. Key mechanisms of ARG dissemination, the role of companion animal microbiota, and real-world examples of resistance transfer between species illustrate the complexity and urgency of addressing AMR. Targeted surveillance, rational antibiotic use, and public awareness are essential to preserving antimicrobial efficacy and safeguarding both human and animal populations. Full article

In recent years, Italy has experienced a significant increase in violence against healthcare workers, mirroring a global trend. Manifesting as verbal, physical, psychological, and material aggression, this phenomenon endangers both personnel safety and the foundational principles of the National Health Service (SSN) as outlined in Article 32 of the Italian Constitution. The escalation—most acute in emergency departments, psychiatric units, inpatient wards, and community services—affects a broad spectrum of professionals, compromising care quality and institutional integrity. Data from the FNOMCeO-CENSIS Report 2023–2024 reveal over 18,000 reported incidents in 2024, with verbal assaults disproportionately affecting female nursing staff. The COVID-19 pandemic further exacerbated systemic vulnerabilities, heightening user dissatisfaction and psychological strain among healthcare providers. In response, legislative actions—such as Law No. 113/2020 and Decree-Law No. 137/2024—aim to strengthen prevention, monitoring, and penal measures. This article examines legal, institutional, and organizational responses, including on-the-ground and hospital-based strategies to mitigate violence. Adopting a multidisciplinary perspective, it analyzes recent policy developments, regional dynamics, and victim-perpetrator profiles, arguing that safeguarding healthcare environments is both a public security priority and an ethical imperative essential to preserving the dignity of care work and the resilience of the health system. Full article

The regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression by medications such as ACE inhibitors (ACEis) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has raised critical questions regarding their potential benefits and risks during COVID-19. ACE2, a regulator of blood pressure through the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), is the primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2. ACEis and ARBs can modulate ACE2 expression, potentially exacerbating viral load. However, the risks of higher viral load could be mitigated by favorable anti-inflammatory responses associated with ACEi and ARB use, highlighting the complexity of their impact on viral replication and disease outcomes. This study investigates the effects of sustained Losartan monotherapy (ARB) and combination Losartan + Lisinopril (ARB + ACEi) on viral replication, inflammation, lung function, and clinical measures of disease severity in a murine model of severe COVID-19 involving humanized ACE2 transgenic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain. Both ARB and ARB + ACEi treatments led to increased ACE2 expression in the lungs and higher viral load post-infection. Despite this, the ARB + ACEi combination improved clinical scores, reduced weight loss and inflammatory cytokine levels, and preserved lung function, though it did not improve survival. Overall, the results of these controlled experiments provide insight into the complex dynamics of ACEi and ARB use in COVID-19; while these drugs induce expression of the ACE2 receptor and increase viral load, they provide compensatory modulation of the inflammatory response that appears to diminish severity of the infection. Full article

This study investigated white wastewater (WW) as a potential source of antimicrobial peptides, employing hydrolysis with Pronase E followed by separation through electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes (EDUF) to increase the value of dairy components within a circular economy framework. The WW hydrolysate was divided into two key fractions: the cationic recovery compartment (CRC) and the anionic recovery compartment (ARC). The EDUF process effectively separated peptides, with peptide migration rates reaching 6.83 ± 0.59 g/m²·h for CRC and 6.19 ± 0.66 g/m²·h for ARC. Furthermore, relative energy consumption (REC) increased from 1.15 Wh/g to 2.05 Wh/g over three hours, in line with trends observed in recent studies on electrodialysis energy use. Although 29 peptides were statistically selected from the CRC (20) and ARC (9) compartments, no antibacterial activity was exhibited against Clostridium tyrobutyricum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; however, antifungal activity was observed in the feed and ARC compartments. Peptides from the ARC demonstrated activity against Mucor racemosus (MIC = 0.156 mg/mL) and showed selective antifungal effects against Penicillium commune (MIC = 0.156 mg/mL). This innovative approach paves the way for improving the recovery of anionic peptides through further optimization of the EDUF process. Future perspectives include synthesizing selected peptides and evaluating their antifungal efficacy against these and other microbial strains, offering exciting potential for applications in food preservation and beyond. Full article

The chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a key legume crop in Mediterranean agriculture, valued for its nutritional profile and adaptability. However, its productivity is severely impacted by drought stress. To identify microbial solutions that enhance drought resilience, we isolated seven Mesorhizobium strains from chickpea nodules collected in southern Spain and evaluated their cultivar-specific symbiotic performance. Two commercial cultivars (Pedrosillano and Blanco Lechoso) and twenty chickpea germplasms were tested under growth chamber and greenhouse conditions, both with and without drought stress. Initial screening in a sterile substrate using nodulation assays, shoot/root dry weight measurements, and acetylene reduction assays identified three elite strains (ISC11, ISC15, and ISC25) with superior symbiotic performance and nitrogenase activity. Greenhouse trials under reduced irrigation demonstrated that several strain–cultivar combinations significantly mitigated drought effects on plant biomass, with specific interactions (e.g., ISC25 with RR-98 or BT6-19) preserving over 70% of shoot biomass relative to controls. Whole-genome sequencing of the elite strains revealed diverse taxonomic affiliations—ISC11 as Mesorhizobium ciceri, ISC15 as Mesorhizobium mediterraneum, and ISC25 likely representing a novel species. Genome mining identified plant growth-promoting traits including ACC deaminase genes (in ISC11 and ISC25) and genes coding for auxin biosynthesis-related enzymes. Our findings highlight the potential of targeted rhizobial inoculants tailored to chickpea cultivars to improve crop performance under water-limiting conditions. Full article