Search Results (42)

To investigate the flow characteristics of three-dimensional swept interactions, 3D steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations are conducted at an incoming Mach number of 3.5 and a Reynolds number of 30,955 based on the incoming boundary-layer thickness δ₀. Three independent compression configurations with a total compression angle of 18° are analyzed and compared: planar swept shocks, curved swept shocks featuring an initial 2° deflection step followed by a continuously curved compression surface, and continuous isentropic compression waves. The results demonstrate that, unlike the baseline planar case, the interactions induced by both curved swept shocks and isentropic compression waves depart from the canonical quasi-conical similarity and transcend existing topological classification frameworks. These non-planar interactions are characterized by large-scale primary vortices and small-scale corner vortices that evolve along curved trajectories downstream. Quantitatively, the curved shock interaction yields maximum normal scales of 5.4δ₀ for the primary vortex and 1.8δ₀ for the corner vortex—significantly more compact than the 6.7δ₀ and 7.5δ₀ observed in the planar-shock interaction. Furthermore, the specific modality of compression—whether by discrete shock or continuous wave—exerts a profound effect on aerodynamic performance. Under the present conditions, while isentropic compression achieves the highest compression efficiency and planar shocks provide superior mass flow capture, curved shock compression strikes a favorable balance between these competing metrics. Curved shock configurations may offer potential for improving integrated inlet performance through appropriate adjustment of the initial shock strength. Full article

The rapid evaporation of liquid droplets across a normal shock wave is a phenomenon of critical importance in advanced propulsion and clean energy systems, such as NH₃ supersonic separation. The conventional Spalding d²-law is commonly used to model such phenomena, but it is not suitable for predicting the complete vaporization of sub-micron droplets, particularly as evaporation approaches the free-molecular regime. To address this issue, this paper introduces a novel time-dependent one-dimensional CFD model, which is used to analyze the shock structure, the non-equilibrium heat and mass transfer between the liquid and gas phases, and the evolution of the droplets’ size through the shock. The model describes the evaporation of NH₃ sub-micron droplet sprays across a stationary normal shock for various fractions of the liquid phase. The Gyarmathy evaporation model is utilized to accurately account for the transition from diffusion-governed to free-molecular regimes, alongside a new two-phase Rankine–Hugoniot shock jump formulation. The study reveals the influence of a steady normal shock on the physical structure of a droplet-laden flow, including the existence of an initial droplet size swelling through the shock, and quantifies the subsequent complete evaporation of the suspended droplets. The maximum swelling throughout the shock is up to 17%, which corresponds to the case with 8% liquid phase mass fraction in the flow. The model provides acceptable accuracy in calculating the two-phase parameters in high-speed flows and can be extended for modeling more complex, multidimensional detonation and propulsion systems. Full article

Transonic shock buffet, characterized by large-amplitude self-sustained shock oscillations arising from shock wave/boundary layer interactions, poses significant challenges to aircraft handling quality and structural integrity. Conventional control strategies for buffet suppression typically require prior knowledge of unstable steady-state solutions or time-averaged flow fields and are only applicable to fixed-flow conditions, rendering them inadequate for realistic flight scenarios involving time-varying parameters. This study proposes a data-driven adaptive control framework for transonic buffet suppression utilizing localized morphing skin as the actuation mechanism. The control system employs a Multi-Layer Perceptron neural network that dynamically adjusts the local skin height based on lift coefficient feedback, with the target lift coefficient determined through a moving average method. Numerical simulations on the NACA0012 airfoil demonstrate that the optimal actuator configuration—a skin length of 0.2c with maximum deformation positioned at 0.65c—achieves effective buffet suppression with minimal settling time. Beyond this baseline case, the proposed method exhibits robust performance across different flow conditions. Furthermore, the controller successfully suppresses buffet under time-varying flow conditions, including simultaneous variations in Mach number and angle of attack. These results demonstrate the potential of the proposed framework for practical aerospace applications. Full article

This work investigates how the vehicle-to-tube suspension gap governs compressible flow physics and operating margins in Hyperloop-class transport at 10 kPa. To our knowledge, this is the first study to apply adjoint aerodynamic optimization to mitigate gap-induced choking and shock formation in a full pod–tube configuration. Using a steady, pressure-based Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) framework with the GEnerlaized K-Omega (GEKO) turbulence model, a simulation for the cruise conditions was performed at M = 0.5–0.7 with a mesh-verified analysis (medium grid within 0.59% of fine) to quantify gap effects on forces and wave propagation. For small gaps, the baseline pod triggers oblique shocks and a near-Kantrowitz condition with elevated drag and lift. An adjoint shape update—primarily refining the aft geometry under a thrust-equilibrium constraint—achieves 27.5% drag reduction, delays the onset of choking by ~70%, and reduces the critical gap from d/D ≈ 0.025 to ≈0.008 at M = 0.7. The optimized configuration restores a largely subcritical passage, suppressing normal-shock formation and improving gap tolerance. Because propulsive power at fixed cruise scales with drag, these aerodynamic gains directly translate into operating-power reductions while enabling smaller gaps that can relax tube-diameter and suspension mass requirements. The results provide a gap-aware optimization pathway for Hyperloop pods and a compact design rule-of-thumb to avoid choking while minimizing power. Full article

The increasing demand for effective flow control in supersonic boundary layers, particularly for mitigating shock-wave boundary-layer interactions, underscores the need to explore optimized micro-vortex generator (MVG) configurations. This study investigates the aerodynamic performance of two different MVG configurations: a two-MVG setup with a pair of close parallel-positioned MVGs and a three-MVG arrangement that includes an additional upstream unit. Both are examined within a Mach 2.5 flow regime, aiming to improve mixing and energize the boundary layer. Large Eddy Simulations (LES) were performed using high-order numerical schemes. A newly developed vortex identification method was utilized to characterize vortex structures, while turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) metrics were integrated to quantify turbulence. Findings reveal that the two-MVG configuration produces regular, symmetric vortex pairs with limited interaction. This results in a steady increase in TKE and a thickened momentum boundary layer—indicative of notable energy loss. In contrast, the three-MVG setup generates more intricate and interactive vortex formations that significantly elevate TKE levels, rapidly expand the turbulent region, and reduce energy loss downstream. The peak TKE occurs before tapering slightly. Instantaneous flow analysis further highlights chaotic, hairpin-dominated vortex structures in the three-MVG case, compared to the more orderly ones observed in the two-MVG case. Overall, the three-MVG configuration demonstrates superior mixing and boundary-layer energization potential, albeit with greater structural complexity. Full article

A methane-air premixed gas explosion is one of the most destructive disasters in the process of coal mining, and the dynamic coupling between the shock wave triggered by the explosion and the surrounding rock of the roadway can lead to the destabilization of the surrounding rock structure, the destruction of equipment, and casualties. The aim of this study is to systematically reveal the propagation characteristics of the blast wave, the spatial and temporal evolution of the wall load, and the damage mechanism of the surrounding rock by establishing a two-way fluid-solid coupling numerical model. Based on the Ansys Fluent fluid solver and Transient Structure module, a framework for the co-simulation of the fluid and solid domains has been constructed by adopting the standard $k-\epsilon$ turbulence model, finite-rate/eddy-dissipation (FR/ED) reaction model, and nonlinear finite-element theory, and by introducing a dynamic damage threshold criterion based on the Drucker–Prager and Mohr–Coulomb criteria. It is shown that methane concentration significantly affects the kinetic behavior of explosive shock wave propagation. Under chemical equivalence ratio conditions (9.5% methane), an ideal Chapman–Jouguet blast wave structure was formed, exhibiting the highest energy release efficiency. In contrast, lean ignition (7%) and rich ignition (12%) conditions resulted in lower efficiencies due to incomplete combustion or complex combustion patterns. In addition, the pressure time-history evolution of the tunnel enclosure wall after ignition triggering exhibits significant nonlinear dynamics, which can be divided into three phases: the initiation and turbulence development phase, the quasi-steady propagation phase, and the expansion and dissipation phase. Further analysis reveals that the closed end produces significant stress aggregation due to the interference of multiple reflected waves, while the open end increases the stress fluctuation due to turbulence effects. The spatial and temporal evolution of the strain field also follows a three-stage dynamic pattern: an initial strain-induced stage, a strain accumulation propagation stage, and a residual strain stabilization stage and the displacement is characterized by an initial phase of concentration followed by gradual expansion. This study not only deepens the understanding of methane-air premixed gas explosion and its interaction with the roadway’s surrounding rock, but also provides an important scientific basis and technical support for coal mine safety production. Full article

Scramjet operation requires a comprehensive understanding of the internal flowfield, encompassing fuel–air mixing and combustion. This study investigates transient flow and flame development within a HIFiRE-2 scramjet engine combustor, which features two opposing cavities and dual sets of fuel injectors—the upstream (primary) and downstream (secondary) injectors. These cavities function as flameholders, creating circulating flows with elevated temperatures and pressures. Shock waves form both ahead of fuel plumes and at the diverging and converging sections of the flowpath. Special attention is given to the interactions among these shock waves and the shear layers along the supersonic core flow as the system progresses towards a quasi-steady state. Driven by increased backpressure, bow shocks and disturbances induced by the normal, secondary fuel injection and the inclined, primary fuel injection move upstream, amplifying the cavity pressure. These shocks generate adverse pressure gradients, causing near-wall flow separation adjacent to both injector sets, which enhances the penetration and dispersion of fuel plumes. Once a quasi-steady state is achieved, a feedback loop is established between dynamic wave motions and combustion processes, resulting in sustained entrainment of reactive mixtures into the cavities. This mechanism facilitates stable combustion in the cavities and near-wall separation zones. Full article

In this study, the effects of pressure anisotropy and viscosity on the propagation of shock waves in spin-polarized degenerate quantum magnetoplasma are studied under the influence of the streaming energy of ion beams. The effects of different suitable plasma parameters on the shock wave’s potential profile are studied using the steady state solution of the Zakharov–Kuznetsov–Burgers (Z–K–B) equation, as well as the numerical simulation of the governing non-linear Z–K–B equation. First-order analysis of the non-linear wave propagation depicted a new beam-induced stable mode whose Mach number may be subsonic or supersonic depending on the anisotropic pressure combination in the presence of different spin density polarization ratios. This is the first observation of this new beam-induced stable mode in ion beam plasma, apart from the other existing modes of ion beam plasma systems, namely, the fast beam mode, the slow beam mode, the inherent ion acoustic mode, and the coupled mode, which also has unique propagation characteristics compared to the other modes. The spin density polarization ratio of spin-up and spin-down electrons have an unprecedented effect on the polarity and the direction of propagation of different shock wave modes in such plasma systems. Apart from the spin effect, anisotropic pressure combinations, as well as the viscosity of ions and ion beams, also play an outstanding role in controlling the nature of propagation of shock waves, especially in the newly detected beam-induced stable mode, and depending on the viscosity parameters of ions and ion beams, both oscillatory and monotonic shock waves can propagate in such plasma. Full article

The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the active influence on the location of the bow shock wave, as well as on the parameters of an aerodynamic body, of a gas discharge organized near the frontal surface, between the body and the bow shock wave. The research is carried out using both experimental and numerical methods at the freestream Mach number M = 6.8. The working gas is xenon. It is shown that the location of the steady bow shock wave, along with the current and power of the discharge, is associated with the change in the adiabatic index of the plasma created by the discharge, which, in turn, is determined by plasma parameters such as the degrees of nonequilibrium and the degree of ionization. It is shown that the adiabatic index with the power supplied to the impact zone in the range of 30–120 kW can both increase and decrease in the range of 1.25–1.288. A study of the discharge-created plasma zone is conducted, and the correspondence between the gas discharge current and power and the average parameters in the plasma zone created by the discharge are presented. A good agreement between the numerical and experimental data is shown. The results obtained can be useful in the development of control systems for high-speed flows based not only on the effects of heating but also on the impact of plasma parameters. Full article

The present study explores the influence of diverse nozzle geometries on the combustion characteristics of ADN-based energetic propellants. The pressure contour maps reveal a rapid initial increase in the average pressure of ADN-based propellants across the three different nozzles. Subsequently, the pressure tapers off gradually as time elapses. Notably, during the crucial initial period of 0–5 μs, the straight nozzle exhibited the most significant pressure surge at 30.2%, substantially outperforming the divergent (6.67%) and combined nozzles (15.5%). The combustion product variation curves indicate that the contents of reactants ADN and CH₃OH underwent a steep decline, whereas the product N₂O displayed a biphasic behavior, initially rising and subsequently declining. In contrast, the CO₂ concentration remained on a steady ascent throughout the entire combustion process, which concluded within 10 μs. Our findings suggest that the straight nozzle facilitated the more expeditious generation of high-temperature and high-pressure combustion gases for ADN-based propellants, expediting reaction kinetics and enhancing combustion efficiency. This is attributed to the reduced intermittent interactions between the nozzle wall and shock waves, which are encountered in the divergent and combined nozzles. In conclusion, the superior combustion characteristics of ADN-based propellants in the straight nozzle, compared to the divergent and combined nozzles, underscore its potential in informing the design of advanced propulsion systems and guiding the development of innovative energetic propellants. Full article

To alleviate the shock boundary layer interaction adverse effects, various active or passive flow control strategies have been investigated in the literature. This research sheds light on the behavior of perforated plates as passive flow control techniques applied to NACA0012 airfoils in cascade configurations. Two identical perforated plates with shallow cavities underneath are accommodated on the upper and lower surfaces of each airfoil in the cascade arrangement. Six different cascade arrangements, including a baseline configuration with no control applied, are additively manufactured, with different perforated plate orifice sizes in the range of 0.5–1.2 mm. A high-speed wind tunnel with Schlieren optical diagnosis and wall static pressure taps is used to investigate the changes in the shock waves pattern triggered by the perforated plates. Steady 3D density-based numerical simulations in Ansys FLUENT are conducted for further analysis and validation. In the cascade configuration, the perforated plates alter the shock structure, and the strong normal shock wave is replaced by a weaker X-type shock structure. Eventually, a 1% penalty in overall total pressure loss is induced by the perforated plates because of the negative loss balance between the reduced shock losses and the enhanced viscous losses. Further studies on perforated plate geometrical features are needed to improve this outcome in a cascade arrangement. Full article

Pressure gain combustors (PGCs) have demonstrated significant advantages over conventional combustors in gas turbine engines by increasing the thermal efficiency and reducing the pollution emission level. PGCs use shock waves to transfer energy which contributes to the increase in outlet total pressure. One of the major obstacles in the actual implementation of PGCs in the gas turbine cycle is the exploitation of the highly unsteady flow of the combustor outlet with the downstream turbine. Because of the higher outlet temperature from the PGCs, the turbine blade cooling becomes essential. Due to the highly fluctuating unsteady flow of PGCs, 3D CFD simulation of turbines becomes very expensive. In this work, an alternative approach of using a 1D unsteady Euler model for the turbine is proposed. One of the novel aspects of this paper is to implement the turbine blade cooling in the unsteady 1D Euler model. The main parameters required for the turbine blade cooling are the cooling air mass flow rate, temperature, and pressure. Due to the introduction of coolant flow, the blades are no longer adiabatic and the mass flow rate across the turbine is not constant. Comparing the 1D Euler results against zero-dimensional calculation and 3D CFD approach showed a very good match for both steady and unsteady simulations confirming the applicability of the 1D method. Full article

This research investigated a passive flow control technique to mitigate the adverse effects of shock wave–boundary layer interaction on a NACA 0012 airfoil. A perforated plate with a strategically positioned cavity beneath the shock wave anchoring spot was employed. Airfoils with perforated plates of varying orifice sizes (ranging from 0.5 to 1.2 mm) were constructed using various manufacturing techniques. Experimental analysis utilized an “Eiffel”-type open wind tunnel and a Z-type Schlieren system for flow visualization, along with static pressure measurements obtained from the bottom wall. Empirical observations were compared with steady 3D density-based numerical simulations conducted in Ansys FLUENT for comprehensive analysis and validation. The implementation of the perforated plate induced a significant alteration in shock structure, transforming it from a strong normal shock wave into a large lambda-type shock. The passive control case exhibited a 0.2% improvement in total pressure loss and attributed to the perforated plate’s capability to diminish the intensity of the shock wave anchored above. Significant fluctuations in shear stress were introduced by the perforated plate, with lower stress observed in the plate area due to flow detachment from cavity blowing. Balancing shock and viscous losses proved crucial for achieving a favorable outcome with this passive flow control method. Full article

Steady-state one-dimensional flows of five-component air behind a normal shock wave are considered with a one-temperature model. A mathematical model is formulated to describe the relaxation of a five-component air mixture with a one-temperature non-equilibrium approximation. A numerical study of non-equilibrium flows of a reacting five-component air mixture behind shock waves at different heights and velocities of free flow is performed. The contribution of different types of reactions to the overall relaxation of the mixture is discussed, and the distributions of macro-parameters of the flow behind the shock wave front are calculated. The lengths of the relaxation zones behind the shock wave front are compared at different initial conditions. Calculations are performed for the standard model of atmosphere. Full article

Shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction (SBLI) is one of the most common physical phenomena in transonic wing and supersonic aircraft. In this study, the compression ramp SBLI (CR-SBLI) was simulated at a 24° corner at Mach 2.84 using the open-source OpenFOAM improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) turbulence model and the “Rescaling and Recycling” method at high Reynolds number $1.57\times {10}^6$. The results of the control effect of the jet vortex generator on CR-SBLI showed that the jet array can effectively reduce the length of the separation zone. The simulation results of different jet parameters are obtained. With the increasing jet angle, the reduction in the length of the separation zone first increased and then decreased. In this work, when the jet angle was 60°, the location of the separation point was $x/\delta =-1.48$, which was smaller than other jet angles. The different distances of the jet array also had a great influence. When the distance between the jet and the corner $d_{jet}=70 \mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}$, the location of the separation point $x/\delta =-1.48$ was smaller than that when $d_{jet}=65/60 \mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}$. A closer distance between the jet hole and the corner caused the vortex structures to squeeze each other, preventing the formation of a complete vortex structure. On the other hand, when the jet was farther away, the vortex structures could separate effectively before reaching the shock wave, resulting in a better inhibition of SBLI. The simulation primarily focused on exploring the effects of the jet angle and distance, and we obtained the jet parameters that provided the best control effect, effectively reducing the length of the CR-SBLI separation zone. Full article