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This article explores the concept of textuality as embedded within contemporary architecture, understood as the capacity of buildings to generate meanings, narratives, and interpretations that transcend their physical and functional dimensions. An interdisciplinary approach is adopted, integrating architectural theory, semiotics, hermeneutics, and cultural studies, positioning architecture as a form of symbolic production deeply intertwined with current social and technological contexts. The primary aim is to demonstrate how certain paradigmatic buildings operate as open texts that engage in dialogue with their users, urban surroundings, and cultural frameworks. The methodology combines theoretical analysis with an in-depth study of three emblematic cases: the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, the Centre Pompidou in Paris, and the Seattle Public Library. The findings reveal that these buildings articulate multiple layers of meaning, fostering rich and participatory interpretive experiences that influence both the perception and construction of public space. The study concludes that contemporary architecture functions as a narrative and symbolic device that actively contributes to the shaping of collective imaginaries. The article also identifies the study’s limitations and proposes future research directions concerning architectural textuality within the context of emerging digital technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beyond and in the Margins of the Text and Textualities)

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16 pages, 1197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is There a “Non-Motor Effect” of Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Cervical Dystonia in Addition to Its Effects on Motor Symptoms?

by Małgorzata Dudzic, Anna Pieczyńska, Artur Drużdż, Anna Rajewska and Katarzyna Hojan

Toxins 2025, 17(8), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17080396 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

The efficacy of botulinum toxin A (BoNT) in alleviating motor symptoms of cervical dystonia (CD) has been well established, and it is the treatment of choice in this disease. Lately, the effect of BoNT on non-motor symptoms (NMS) such as cognitive function, depression, anxiety, pain, and sleep disturbance has been observed in patients with CD. A comprehensive clinical and functional assessment of motor (dystonia severity, gait) and non-motor symptoms (cognitive functions, depression, anxiety, sleep, and pain) has been performed in a total of 34 adult patients with cervical dystonia before and after BoNT treatment. Results have also been compared to a control group. Significant improvements in the scales assessing dystonia severity have been observed, which is in line with previous studies on the effect of BoNT on motor symptoms in dystonia. Interestingly, the results also clearly indicate that BoNT has a positive effect on NMS. Among the studied non-motor domains, depression and cognitive functions improved the most after the treatment procedure. The study highlights the potential of BoNT to positively influence non-motor symptoms in patients with cervical dystonia, although its effect on various NMS is not equal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Treatment of Movement Disorders with Botulinum Toxins)

19 pages, 1349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Genetic Features in a Long-Term Cohort of Mexican Children with Alagille Syndrome

by Rodrigo Vázquez-Frias, Gustavo Varela-Fascinetto, Carlos Patricio Acosta-Rodríguez-Bueno, Alejandra Consuelo, Ariel Carrillo, Magali Reyes-Apodaca, Rodrigo Moreno-Salgado, Jaime López-Valdez, Elizabeth Hernández-Chávez, Beatriz González-Ortiz, José F Cadena-León, Salvador Villalpando-Carrión, Liliana Worona-Dibner, Valentina Martínez-Montoya, Arantza Cerón-Muñiz, Edgar Ramírez-Ramírez and Tania Barragán-Arévalo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7626; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157626 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is a multisystem disorder characterized by a paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts and cholestasis, often requiring liver transplantation before adulthood. Due to the lack of genotype–phenotype correlation, case series are essential to understand disease presentation and prognosis. Data on Mexican ALGS patients are limited. Therefore, we aimed to characterize a large series of Mexican patients by consolidating cases from major institutions and independent geneticists, with the goal of generating one of the most comprehensive cohorts in Latin America. We retrospectively analyzed clinical records of pediatric ALGS patients, focusing on demographics, clinical features, laboratory and imaging results, biopsy findings, and transplant status. Genetic testing was performed for all cases without prior molecular confirmation. We identified 52 ALGS cases over 13 years; 22 had available clinical records. Of these, only 6 had molecular confirmation at study onset, prompting genetic testing in the remaining 16. We identified six novel JAG1 variants and several previously unreported phenotypic features. A liver transplantation rate of 13% was observed in the cohort. This study represents the largest molecularly confirmed ALGS cohort in Mexico to date. Novel genetic and clinical findings expand the known spectrum of ALGS and emphasize the need for improved therapies, such as IBAT inhibitors, which may alleviate symptoms and reduce the need for transplantation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

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19 pages, 784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrative Model Analyzing Revisit Intentions and Behavior in Halal Tourism: Evidence from Indonesia

by Abror Abror, Dina Patrisia, Yunita Engriani, Erly Mulyani, Vanessa Gaffar, Nurman Achmad, Mukhamad Najib, Long Kim and Somnuk Aujirapongpan

Tour. Hosp. 2025, 6(3), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6030151 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that influence tourist behavior and revisit intentions in the context of halal tourism. The antecedent variables in this study included religiosity, digital halal literacy, halal destination features, contentment, and trust. This is a quantitative study that used travelers that visited halal tourism attractions in West Sumatra, Indonesia, as the sample population. The sample size was 400 respondents. The data were analyzed using the partial least squares–structural equation model (PLS-SEM). We discovered that religiosity is an important predictor of contentment and trust. Satisfaction was achieved through digital halal literacy and halal destination qualities and was found to have a significant influence on trust, tourist behavior, and revisit intentions. Finally, trust was found to have a significant association with intention to revisit and behavior. The results of this research are insightful for managers and policymakers on how to provide halal tourism attributes and analyze tourists’ digital halal literacy that lead to tourist satisfaction. This study also provides further knowledge to policymakers and local authorities on how to promote future tourist participation in halal tourism development in Indonesia; thus, it can help create more tourist returns for further visits to the same location in the future. Full article

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21 pages, 1788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation, Prospects, and Economic Scenarios for the Use of Biochar in Small-Scale Agriculture in Tropical

by Vinicius John, Ana Rita de Oliveira Braga, Criscian Kellen Amaro de Oliveira Danielli, Heiriane Martins Sousa, Filipe Eduardo Danielli, Newton Paulo de Souza Falcão, João Guerra, Dimas José Lasmar and Cláudia S. C. Marques-dos-Santos

Agriculture 2025, 15(15), 1700; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15151700 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the production and economic feasibility of biochar for smallholder and family farms in Central Amazonia, with potential implications for other tropical regions. The costs of construction of a prototype mobile kiln and biochar production were evaluated, using small-sized biomass from acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) agro-industrial residues as feedstock. The biochar produced was characterised in terms of its liming capacity (calcium carbonate equivalence, CaCO_3eq), nutrient content via organic fertilisation methods, and ash analysis by ICP-OES. Field trials with cowpea assessed economic outcomes, as well scenarios of fractional biochar application and cost comparison between biochar production in the prototype kiln and a traditional earth-brick kiln. The prototype kiln showed production costs of USD 0.87–2.06 kg⁻¹, whereas traditional kiln significantly reduced costs (USD 0.03–0.08 kg⁻¹). Biochar application alone increased cowpea revenue by 34%, while combining biochar and lime raised cowpea revenues by up to 84.6%. Owing to high input costs and the low value of the crop, the control treatment generated greater net revenue compared to treatments using lime alone. Moreover, biochar produced in traditional kilns provided a 94% increase in net revenue compared to liming. The estimated externalities indicated that carbon credits represented the most significant potential source of income (USD 2217 ha⁻¹). Finally, fractional biochar application in ten years can retain over 97% of soil carbon content, demonstrating potential for sustainable agriculture and carbon sequestration and a potential further motivation for farmers if integrated into carbon markets. Public policies and technological adaptations are essential for facilitating biochar adoption by small-scale tropical farmers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Converting and Recycling of Agroforestry Residues)

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39 pages, 5251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metamodeling Approach to Sociotechnical Systems’ External Context Digital Twins Building: A Higher Education Case Study

by Ana Perisic, Ines Perisic, Marko Lazic and Branko Perisic

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8708; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158708 (registering DOI) - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Sociotechnical systems (STSs) are generally assumed to be systems that incorporate humans and technology, strongly depending on a sustainable equilibrium between the following nondeterministic social context ingredients: social structures, roles, and rights, as well as the designers’ Holy Grail, the deterministic nature of the underlying technical system. The fact that the relevant social concepts are more mature than the supporting technologies qualifies the digital transformation of sociotechnical systems as a reengineering rather than an engineering endeavor. Preserving the social mission throughout the digital transformation process in varying social contexts is mandatory, making the digital twins (DT) methodology application a contemporary research hotspot. In this research, we combined continuous transformation STS theory principles, an observer-based system-of-sociotechnical-systems (SoSTS) architecture model, and digital twinning methods to address common STS context representation challenges. Additionally, based on model-driven systems engineering methodology and meta-object-facility principles, the research specifies the universal meta-concepts and meta-modeling templates, supporting the creation of arbitrary sociotechnical systems’ external context digital twins. Due to the inherent diversity, significantly influenced by geopolitical, economic, and cultural influencers, a higher education external context specialization illustrates the reusability potentials of the proposed universal meta-concepts. Substituting higher-education-related meta-concepts and meta-models with arbitrary domain-dependent specializations further fosters the proposed universal meta-concepts’ reusability. Full article

20 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Mass Media on Career Choices of Final-Year High School Students in Brașov County, Romania

by Claudiu Coman, Costel Marian Dalban, Ionela Pitea, Marcel Iordache and Anna Bucs

Journal. Media 2025, 6(3), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia6030126 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study examines the influence of mass media on the career choices of high school students from Brașov County, Romania, with a focus on their underlying motivational factors. Employing a quantitative design, it draws on data from a standardized questionnaire completed by 1314 students from local high schools. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used in the analysis. While some students identify mass media as a key source of career guidance, documentaries and career fairs are more frequently cited as trusted sources. Students’ perceptions of mass media are ambivalent: 55.1% see it as manipulative, while 41.7% and 24.7% acknowledge its informative and educational roles. Personal motivation emerges as the most significant influence, with 64.8% guided by individual talents and abilities, compared to a lower influence from family or media role models. Correlational analysis highlights the importance of personal development, creativity, and collaboration in career motivation. This study suggests that mass media indirectly shapes students’ aspirations by reinforcing values like social recognition, mobility, and identity. Finally, it reveals a strong link between career interest and expectations for respectful, stable, and growth-oriented work environments, pointing to a pragmatic orientation toward professional sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Communication: Best Practices and Theoretical Frameworks for Professional Success)

17 pages, 962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health in Nursing Students and Non-Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Verena Dresen, Liliane Sigmund, Siegmund Staggl, Bernhard Holzner, Gerhard Rumpold, Laura R. Fischer-Jbali, Markus Canazei and Elisabeth Weiss

Nurs. Rep. 2025, 15(8), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15080286 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objective: Nursing and non-nursing students experience high stress levels, making them susceptible to mental health issues. This study compared stress, anxiety, and depression between these two groups after 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, it explored the relationship between perceived helplessness, self-efficacy, and symptoms of mental stress and strain resulting from challenging internship conditions for nursing students. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 154 nursing students (mean age = 22.43 years) and 291 non-nursing students (mean age = 27.7 years). Data were collected using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21), Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10), and a questionnaire on mental stress and strain. Results: Nursing students reported significantly higher scores in the DASS-21 subscales depression (ηp² = 0.016) and anxiety (ηp² = 0.037), and global stress (PSS-10; ηp² = 0.029) compared to non-nursing students, but no significant difference on the DASS-21 Stress subscale. The observed group differences in the present study may be partially attributed to group differences in demographic factors. Helplessness correlated strongly with nearly all scales of mental stress and strain during internships (all p’s < 0.001), while self-efficacy showed a strong negative correlation with non-occupational difficulties, health impairment, and emotional problems (all p’s < 0.001). Conclusions: Nursing students experience elevated depression, anxiety, and perceived stress levels compared to non-nursing students. Stronger feelings of helplessness and lower confidence in their ability to overcome challenges were strongly correlated with mental stress and strain during clinical training. Targeted interventions such as cognitive behavioral training and stress management should be integrated into nursing curricula to enhance resilience and coping strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Well-Being of Nursing Students: Challenges, Interventions, and Future Directions)

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19 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Science Education as a Pathway to Sustainable Awareness: Teachers’ Perceptions on Fostering Understanding of Humans and the Environment: A Qualitative Study

by Ali Al-Barakat, Rommel AlAli, Sarah Alotaibi, Jawaher Alrashood, Ali Abdullatif and Ashraf Zaher

Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 7136; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17157136 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Sustainability education has become a global priority in educational systems, aiming to equip learners with the knowledge, values, and skills necessary to address complex environmental and social challenges. This study specifically aims to understand the role of science education in promoting students’ awareness of sustainability and their understanding of the interconnected relationship between humans and the environment, based on the perceptions and practices of primary science teachers in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. A qualitative approach was utilized, which included semi-structured interviews complemented by classroom observations as primary data collection instruments. The targeted participants comprised a purposive sample consisting of forty-nine primary-level science instructors from the Al-Ahsa district, located in eastern Saudi Arabia. Emergent concepts from open and axial coding processes by using grounded theory were developed with the gathered data. Based on the findings, teachers perceive science teaching not only as knowledge delivery but as an opportunity to cultivate critical thinking and nurture eco-friendly actions among pupils. Classroom practices that underscore environmental values and principles of sustainability foster a transformative view of the teacher’s role beyond traditional boundaries. The data also highlighted classroom practices that integrate environmental values and sustainability principles, reflecting a transformative perspective on the teacher’s educational role. Full article

31 pages, 334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Discoverability: A Metadata Framework for Empirical Research in Theses

by Giannis Vassiliou, George Tsamis, Stavroula Chatzinikolaou, Thomas Nipurakis and Nikos Papadakis

Algorithms 2025, 18(8), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080490 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Despite the significant volume of empirical research found in student-authored academic theses—particularly in the social sciences—these works are often poorly documented and difficult to discover within institutional repositories. A key reason for this is the lack of appropriate metadata frameworks that balance descriptive richness with usability. General standards such as Dublin Core are too simplistic to capture critical research details, while more robust models like the Data Documentation Initiative (DDI) are too complex for non-specialist users and not designed for use with student theses. This paper presents the design and validation of a lightweight, web-based metadata framework specifically tailored to document empirical research in academic theses. We are the first to adapt existing hybrid Dublin Core–DDI approaches specifically for thesis documentation, with a novel focus on cross-methodological research and non-expert usability. The model was developed through a structured analysis of actual student theses and refined to support intuitive, structured metadata entry without requiring technical expertise. The resulting system enhances the discoverability, classification, and reuse of empirical theses within institutional repositories, offering a scalable solution to elevate the visibility of the gray literature in higher education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven Solutions for Smart Systems in Engineering, Computing, Education, and Society)

27 pages, 4506 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Interpretable Machine Learning Framework for Corporate Financialization Prediction: A SHAP-Based Analysis of High-Dimensional Data

by Yanhe Wang, Wei Wei, Zhuodong Liu, Jiahe Liu, Yinzhen Lv and Xiangyu Li

Mathematics 2025, 13(15), 2526; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13152526 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

High-dimensional prediction problems with complex non-linear feature interactions present significant algorithmic challenges in machine learning, particularly when dealing with imbalanced datasets and multicollinearity issues. This study proposes an innovative Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP)-enhanced machine learning framework that integrates SHAP with advanced ensemble methods for interpretable financialization prediction. The methodology simultaneously addresses high-dimensional feature selection using 40 independent variables (19 CSR-related and 21 financialization-related), multicollinearity issues, and model interpretability requirements. Using a comprehensive dataset of 25,642 observations from 3776 Chinese A-share companies (2011–2022), we implement nine optimized machine learning algorithms with hyperparameter tuning via the Hippopotamus Optimization algorithm and five-fold cross-validation. XGBoost demonstrates superior performance with 99.34% explained variance, achieving an RMSE of 0.082 and R² of 0.299. SHAP analysis reveals non-linear U-shaped relationships between key predictors and financialization outcomes, with critical thresholds at approximately 10 for CSR_SocR, 1.5 for CSR_S, and 5 for CSR_CV. SOE status, EPU, ownership concentration, firm size, and housing prices emerge as the most influential predictors. Notable shifts in factor importance occur during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–2022). This work contributes a scalable, interpretable machine learning architecture for high-dimensional financial prediction problems, with applications in risk assessment, portfolio optimization, and regulatory monitoring systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Optimization)

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25 pages, 1690 KiB

Open AccessReview

Practical Considerations in the Management of Frail Older People with Diabetes

by Dima Abdelhafiz and Ahmed Abdelhafiz

Diseases 2025, 13(8), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13080249 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

With increasing life expectancy, the number of older people living with comorbid diabetes and frailty is increasing. The development of frailty accelerates diabetes-related adverse outcomes. Frailty is a multidimensional syndrome with physical, mental and social aspects which is associated with increased risk of hypoglycaemia, dementia and hospitalisation. Therefore, regular screening for all aspects of frailty should be an integrated part of the care plans of older people with diabetes. In addition, every effort should be made for prevention, which includes adequate nutrition combined with regular resistance exercise training. In already frail older people with diabetes, metabolic targets should be relaxed and hypoglycaemic agents should be of low hypoglycaemic risk potential. Furthermore, the metabolic phenotype of frailty should be considered when choosing hypoglycaemic agents and determining targets. With increasing severity of frailty, proactive chronological plans of de-escalation, palliation and end-of-life care should be considered. These plans should be undertaken in a shared decision-making manner which involves patients and their families. This ensures that patients’ views, wishes and preferences are in the heart of these plans. Full article

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23 pages, 380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

B Impact Assessment as a Driving Force for Sustainable Development: A Case Study in the Pulp and Paper Industry

by Yago de Zabala, Gerusa Giménez, Elsa Diez and Rodolfo de Castro

Reg. Sci. Environ. Econ. 2025, 2(3), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/rsee2030024 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the B Impact Assessment (BIA) as a catalyst for integrating sustainability into industrial firms through a qualitative case study of LC Paper, the first B Corp-certified tissue manufacturer globally and a pioneer in applying BIA in the pulp and paper sector. Based on semi-structured interviews, organizational documents, and direct observation, this study examines how BIA influences corporate governance, environmental practices, and stakeholder engagement. The findings show that BIA fosters structured goal setting and the implementation of measurable actions aligned with environmental stewardship, social responsibility, and economic resilience. Tangible outcomes include improved stakeholder trust, internal transparency, and employee development, while implementation challenges such as resource allocation and procedural complexity are also reported. Although the single-case design limits generalizability, this study identifies mechanisms transferable to other firms, particularly those in environmentally intensive sectors. The case studied also illustrates how leadership commitment, participatory governance, and data-driven tools facilitate the operationalization of sustainability. By integrating stakeholder and institutional theory, this study contributes conceptually to understanding certification frameworks as tools for embedding sustainability. This research offers both theoretical and practical insights into how firms can align strategy and impact, expanding the application of BIA beyond early adopters and into traditional industrial contexts. Full article

14 pages, 719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recursive Interplay of Family and Biological Dynamics: Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Under the Spotlight

by Helena Jorge, Bárbara Regadas Correia, Miguel Castelo-Branco and Ana Paula Relvas

Diabetology 2025, 6(8), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6080081 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Objectives: Diabetes Mellitus involves demanding challenges that interfere with family functioning and routines. In turn, family and social context impacts individual glycemic control. This study aims to identify this recursive interplay, the mutual influences of family systems and diabetes management. Design: Data was collected through a cross-sectional design comparing patients, aged 22–55, with and without metabolic control. Methods: Participants filled out a set of self-report measures of sociodemographic, clinical and family systems assessment. Patients (91) were also invited to describe their perception about disease management interference regarding family functioning. We first examined the extent to which family variables grouped dataset to determine if there were similarities and dissimilarities that fit with our initial diabetic groups’ classification. Results: Cluster analysis results identify a two-cluster solution validating initial classification of two groups of patients: 49 with metabolic control (MC) and 42 without metabolic control (NoMC). Independent sample tests suggested statistically significant differences between groups in family subscales- family difficulties and family communication (p < 0.05). Binary logistic regression shed light on predictors of explained variance to no metabolic control, in four models: Sociodemographic, Clinical data, SCORE-15/Congruence Scale and Eating Behavior. Furthermore, groups differ on family support, level and sources of family conflict caused by diabetes management issues. Considering only patients who co-habit with a partner for more than one year (N = 44), NoMC patients score lower on marital functioning in all categories (p < 0.05). Discussion: Family-Chronic illness interaction plays a significant role in a patient’s adherence to treatment. This study highlights the Standards of Medical Care for Diabetes, considering caregivers and family members on diabetes care. Full article

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18 pages, 313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability and Profitability of Large Manufacturing Companies

by Iveta Mietule, Rasa Subaciene, Jelena Liksnina and Evalds Viskers

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(8), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18080439 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study explores whether sustainability achievements—proxied through ESG (environmental, social, and governance) reporting—are associated with superior financial performance in Latvia’s manufacturing sector, where ESG maturity remains low and institutional readiness is still emerging. Building on stakeholder, legitimacy, signal, slack resources, and agency theories, this study applies a mixed-method approach (that consists of two analytical stages) suited to the limited availability and reliability of ESG-related data in the Latvian manufacturing sector. Financial indicators from three large firms—AS MADARA COSMETICS, AS Latvijas Finieris, and AS Valmiera Glass Grupa—are compared with industry averages over the 2019–2023 period using independent sample T-tests. ESG integration is evaluated through a six-stage conceptual schema ranging from symbolic compliance to performance-driven sustainability. The results show that AS MADARA COSMETICS, which demonstrates advanced ESG integration aligned with international standards, significantly outperforms its industry in all profitability metrics. In contrast, the other two companies remain at earlier ESG maturity stages and show weaker financial performance, with sustainability disclosures limited to general statements and outdated indicators. These findings support the synergy hypothesis in contexts where sustainability is internalized and operationalized, while also highlighting structural constraints—such as resource scarcity and fragmented data—that may limit ESG-financial alignment in post-transition economies. This study offers practical guidance for firms seeking competitive advantage through strategic ESG integration and recommends policy actions to enhance ESG transparency and performance in Latvia, including performance-based reporting mandates, ESG data infrastructure, and regulatory alignment with EU directives. These insights contribute to the growing empirical literature on ESG effectiveness under constrained institutional and economic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Business and Entrepreneurship)

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