Search Results (3,198)

Smart structures with topological configurations that integrate perception and actuation have complex geometric features. The simplification of these features can lead to deviations in dynamic characteristics, making it difficult to establish an accurate dynamic model. Uncertainties, such as material nonlinearity, hysteresis in elastic deformation, and external disturbances, affect the trajectory tracking accuracy of the smart structure’s actuation function. This paper proposes a modeling method that combines finite element unit bodies and orthogonal characteristic mode reduction to construct an accurate dynamic model of the smart structure and design an adaptive backstepping controller. Nonlinear dynamic equations are derived through a finite element analysis of the structure, and the orthogonal characteristic mode reduction method is employed to reduce computational complexity while ensuring model accuracy. An adaptive backstepping controller is designed to mitigate model uncertainties and achieve precise trajectory tracking control. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively handle the nonlinearity and modeling errors of smart structures, achieving high-precision trajectory tracking and verifying the accuracy of the dynamic model as well as the robustness of the controller. Full article

With the advancement of low-carbon and sustainable development initiatives, electric scooters, recognized as essential transportation tools and leisure products, have gained significant popularity, particularly among young people. However, the current electric scooter market is plagued by severe product similarity. Once the initial novelty fades for users, the usage frequency declines, resulting in considerable resource wastage. This research collected user needs via surveys and employed the KJ method (affinity diagram) to synthesize fragmented insights into cohesive thematic clusters. Subsequently, a hierarchical needs model for electric scooters was constructed using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) principles, enabling systematic prioritization of user requirements through multi-criteria evaluation. By establishing a house of quality (HoQ), user needs were transformed into technical characteristics of electric scooter products, and the corresponding weights were calculated. After analyzing the positive and negative correlation degrees of the technical characteristic indicators, it was found that there are technical contradictions between functional zoning and compact size, lightweight design and material structure, and smart interaction and usability. Then, based on the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ), the contradictions were classified, and corresponding problem-solving principles were identified to achieve a multi-functional innovative design for electric scooters. This research, leveraging a systematic industrial design analysis framework, identified critical pain points among electric scooter users, established hierarchical user needs through priority ranking, and improved product lifecycle sustainability. It offers novel methodologies and perspectives for advancing theoretical research and design practices in the electric scooter domain. Full article

Long-range underwater gliders (LRUGs) have emerged as essential platforms for sustained and autonomous observation in deep and remote marine environments. This paper provides a comprehensive review of their developmental status, performance characteristics, and application progress. Emphasis is placed on two critical enabling technologies that fundamentally determine endurance: lightweight, pressure-resistant hull structures and high-efficiency buoyancy-driven propulsion systems. First, the role of carbon fiber composite pressure hulls in enhancing energy capacity and structural integrity is examined, with attention to material selection, fabrication methods, compressibility compatibility, and antifouling resistance. Second, the evolution of buoyancy control systems is analyzed, covering the transition to hybrid active–passive architectures, rapid-response actuators based on smart materials, thermohaline energy harvesting, and energy recovery mechanisms. Based on this analysis, the paper identifies four key technical challenges and proposes strategic research directions, including the development of ultralight, high-strength structural materials; integrated multi-mechanism antifouling technologies; energy-optimized coordinated buoyancy systems; and thermally adaptive glider platforms. Achieving a system architecture with ultra-long endurance, enhanced energy efficiency, and robust environmental adaptability is anticipated to be a foundational enabler for future long-duration missions and globally distributed underwater glider networks. Full article

Nuclear power is a low-emission and economically competitive energy source, yet the effective disposal and management of its associated radioactive waste can be challenging. Radioactive waste can be categorised as high-level waste (HLW), intermediate-level waste (ILW), and low-level waste (LLW). LLW primarily comprises materials contaminated during routine clean-up, such as mop heads, paper towels, and floor sweepings. While LLW is less radioactive compared to HLW and ILW, the management of LLW poses significant challenges due to the large volume that requires processing and disposal. The volume of LLW can be significantly reduced through sorting, which is typically performed manually in a labour-intensive way. Smart management techniques, such as computer vision (CV) and machine learning (ML), have great potential to help reduce the workload and human errors during LLW sorting. This paper provides a comprehensive review of previous research related to LLW sorting and a summative review of existing applications of CV in solid waste management. It also discusses state-of-the-art CV and ML algorithms and their potential for automating LLW sorting. This review lays a foundation for and helps facilitate the applications of CV and ML techniques in LLW sorting, paving the way for automated LLW sorting and sustainable LLW management. Full article

Collagen implants in neurosurgery are widely used due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to support tissue regeneration, but their mechanical properties, such as low tensile strength and susceptibility to enzymatic degradation, remain challenging. Current technologies are improving these implants through cross-linking, synthetic reinforcements, and advanced manufacturing techniques such as 3D bioprinting to improve durability and predictability. Industry 4.0 is contributing to this by automating production, using data analytics and machine learning to optimize implant properties and ensure quality control. In Industry 5.0, the focus is shifting to personalization, enabling the creation of patient-specific implants through human–machine collaboration and advanced biofabrication. eHealth integrates digital monitoring systems, enabling real-time tracking of implant healing and performance to inform personalized care. Despite progress, challenges such as cost, material property variability, and scalability for mass production remain. The future lies in smart biomaterials, AI-driven design, and precision biofabrication, which could mean the possibility of creating more effective, accessible, and patient-specific collagen implants. The aim of this article is to examine the current state and determine the prospects for the development of mechanical properties of collagen implant used in neurosurgery towards Industry 4.0/5.0, including ML model. Full article

The growing global demand for electricity, driven by the development of electromobility, data centers, and smart technologies, necessitates innovative approaches to energy generation. Wind power, as a clean and renewable energy source, plays a pivotal role in the global transition towards low-carbon power systems. This paper presents a comprehensive review of generator technologies used in wind turbine applications, ranging from conventional synchronous and asynchronous machines to advanced concepts such as low-speed direct-drive (DD) generators, axial-flux topologies, and superconducting generators utilizing low-temperature superconductors (LTS) and high-temperature superconductors (HTS). The advantages and limitations of each design are discussed in the context of efficiency, weight, reliability, scalability, and suitability for offshore deployment. Special attention is given to HTS-based generator systems, which offer superior power density and reduced losses, along with challenges related to cryogenic cooling and materials engineering. Furthermore, the paper analyzes selected modern generator designs to provide references for enhancing the performance of grid-synchronized hybrid microgrids integrating solar PV, wind, battery energy storage, and HTS-enhanced generators. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and engineers developing next-generation wind energy technologies with improved efficiency and integration potential. Full article

Electroless nickel deposition (ELD) is an autocatalytic technique extensively used to impart conductive, protective, and mechanical functionalities to inherently non-conductive synthetic substrates. This review systematically explores the fundamental mechanisms of electroless nickel deposition, emphasising recent advancements in surface activation methods, solvent systems, and microstructural control. Critical analysis reveals that bio-inspired activation methods, such as polydopamine (PDA) and tannic acid (TA), significantly enhance coating adhesion and durability compared to traditional chemical etching and plasma treatments. Additionally, solvent engineering, particularly using polar aprotic solvents like dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethanol-based systems, emerges as a key strategy for achieving uniform, dense, and flexible coatings, overcoming limitations associated with traditional aqueous baths. The review also highlights that microstructural tailoring, specifically the development of amorphous-nanocrystalline hybrid nickel coatings, effectively balances mechanical robustness (hardness exceeding 800 HV), flexibility, and corrosion resistance, making these coatings particularly suitable for wearable electronic textiles and smart materials. Furthermore, commercial examples demonstrate the real-world applicability and market readiness of nickel-coated synthetic fibres. Despite significant progress, persistent challenges remain, including reliable long-term adhesion, internal stress management, and environmental sustainability. Future research should prioritise environmentally benign plating baths, standardised surface activation protocols, and scalable deposition processes to fully realise the industrial potential of electroless nickel coatings. Full article

Ecosystem services—the benefits humans derive from nature—are foundational to environmental sustainability and economic well-being, with carbon sequestration and storage standing out as critical regulating services in the fight against climate change. This study presents a comprehensive financial valuation of the carbon sequestration, storage and product substitution ecosystem services provided by the Hungarian forest-based sector. Using a multi-scenario framework, four complementary valuation concepts are assessed: total carbon storage (biomass, soil, and harvested wood products), annual net sequestration, emissions avoided through material and energy substitution, and marketable carbon value under voluntary carbon market (VCM) and EU Carbon Removal Certification Framework (CRCF) mechanisms. Data sources include the National Forestry Database, the Hungarian Greenhouse Gas Inventory, and national estimates on substitution effects and soil carbon stocks. The total carbon stock of Hungarian forests is estimated at 1289 million tons of CO₂ eq, corresponding to a theoretical climate liability value of over EUR 64 billion. Annual sequestration is valued at approximately 380 million EUR/year, while avoided emissions contribute an additional 453 million EUR/year in mitigation benefits. A comparative analysis of two mutually exclusive crediting strategies—improved forest management projects (IFMs) avoiding final harvesting versus long-term carbon storage through the use of harvested wood products—reveals that intensified harvesting for durable wood use offers higher revenue potential (up to 90 million EUR/year) than non-harvesting IFM scenarios. These findings highlight the dual role of forests as both carbon sinks and sources of climate-smart materials and call for policy frameworks that integrate substitution benefits and long-term storage opportunities in support of effective climate and bioeconomy strategies. Full article

The present paper proposes a three-dimensional (3D) spherical shell model for the magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) free vibration analysis of simply supported multilayered smart shells. A mixed curvilinear orthogonal reference system is used to write the unified 3D governing equations for cylinders, cylindrical panels and spherical shells. The closed-form solution of the problem is performed considering Navier harmonic forms in the in-plane directions and the exponential matrix method in the thickness direction. A layerwise approach is possible, considering the interlaminar continuity conditions for displacements, electric and magnetic potentials, transverse shear/normal stresses, transverse normal magnetic induction and transverse normal electric displacement. Some preliminary cases are proposed to validate the present 3D MEE free vibration model for several curvatures, materials, thickness values and vibration modes. Then, new benchmarks are proposed in order to discuss possible effects in multilayered MEE curved smart structures. In the new benchmarks, first, three circular frequencies for several half-wave number couples and for different thickness ratios are proposed. Thickness vibration modes are shown in terms of displacements, stresses, electric displacement and magnetic induction along the thickness direction. These new benchmarks are useful to understand the free vibration behavior of MEE curved smart structures, and they can be used as reference for researchers interested in the development of of 2D/3D MEE models. Full article

Titanium is widely recognized as an interesting material for electrodes due to its excellent corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility. However, further functionalization is often necessary to impart advanced interfacial properties, such as selective ion transport or stimuli responsiveness. In this context, the integration of smart polymers, such as poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA)—noted for its dual pH- and thermo-responsive behavior—has emerged as a promising approach to tailor surface properties for next-generation devices. This work compares two covalent immobilization strategies for PDMAEMA on titanium: the “graft-to” method, involving the attachment of pre-synthesized polymer chains, and the “graft-from” method, based on surface-initiated polymerization. The resulting materials were characterized with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) for molecular weight, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for chemical structure, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology, and contact angle measurements for wettability. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization studies were used to assess electrochemical performance. Both strategies yielded uniform and stable coatings, with the mode of grafting influencing both surface morphology and functional stability. These findings provide valuable insights into the development of adaptive, stimuli-responsive titanium-based interfaces in advanced electrochemical systems. Full article

The current paper presents a comprehensive intelligent system designed to optimize the performance of a barrier eddy current separator (BECS), comprising a conveyor belt, a vibration feeder, and a magnetic drum. This system was trained and validated on real-world industrial data gathered directly from the working separator under 81 different operational scenarios. The intelligent models were used to recommend optimal settings for drum speed, belt speed, vibration intensity, and drum angle, thereby maximizing separation quality and minimizing energy consumption. the smart separation module utilizes YOLOv11n-seg and achieves a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.838 across 7163 industrial instances from aluminum, copper, and plastic materials. For shape classification (sharp vs. smooth), the model reached 91.8% accuracy across 1105 annotated samples. Furthermore, the thermal monitoring unit can detect iron contamination by analyzing temperature anomalies. Scenarios with iron showed a maximum temperature increase of over 20 °C compared to clean materials, with a detection response time of under 2.5 s. The architecture integrates a Digital Twin using Azure Digital Twins to virtually mirror the system, enabling real-time tracking, behavior simulation, and remote updates. A full connection with the PLC has been implemented, allowing the AI-driven system to adjust physical parameters autonomously. This combination of AI, IoT, and digital twin technologies delivers a reliable and scalable solution for enhanced separation quality, improved operational safety, and predictive maintenance in industrial recycling environments. Full article

Cement-based batteries (CBBs) are an emerging category of multifunctional materials that combine structural load-bearing capacity with integrated electrochemical energy storage, enabling the development of self-powered infrastructure. Although previous reviews have explored selected aspects of CBB technology, a comprehensive synthesis encompassing system architectures, material strategies, and performance metrics remains insufficient. In this review, CBB systems are categorized into two representative configurations: probe-type galvanic cells and layered monolithic structures. Their structural characteristics and electrochemical behaviors are critically compared. Strategies to enhance performance include improving ionic conductivity through alkaline pore solutions, facilitating electron transport using carbon-based conductive networks, and incorporating redox-active materials such as zinc–manganese dioxide and nickel–iron couples. Early CBB prototypes demonstrated limited energy densities due to high internal resistance and inefficient utilization of active components. Recent advancements in electrode architecture, including nickel-coated carbon fiber meshes and three-dimensional nickel foam scaffolds, have achieved stable rechargeability across multiple cycles with energy densities surpassing 11 Wh/m². These findings demonstrate the practical potential of CBBs for both energy storage and additional functionalities, such as strain sensing enabled by conductive cement matrices. This review establishes a critical basis for future development of CBBs as multifunctional structural components in infrastructure applications. Full article

Electrochromic devices (ECDs) capable of modulating both visible color and infrared (IR) emissivity are promising for applications in smart thermal camouflage and multifunctional displays. However, conventional transmissive ECDs suffer from limited IR modulation due to the low IR transmittance of transparent electrodes. Here, we report a reflection-type electrochromic zinc-ion battery (HWEC-ZIB) using a self-doped polyaniline nanorod film (SP(ANI-MA)) as the active layer. By positioning the active material at the device surface, this structure avoids interference from transparent electrodes and enables broadband and efficient IR emissivity tuning. To prevent electrolyte-induced IR absorption, a thermal lamination encapsulation method is employed. The optimized device achieves emissivity modulation ranges of 0.28 (3–5 μm) and 0.19 (8–14 μm), delivering excellent thermal camouflage performance. It also exhibits a visible color change from earthy yellow to deep green, suitable for various natural environments. In addition, the HWEC-ZIB shows a high areal capacity of 72.15 mAh cm⁻² at 0.1 mA cm⁻² and maintains 80% capacity after 5000 cycles, demonstrating outstanding electrochemical stability. This work offers a versatile device platform integrating IR stealth, visual camouflage, and energy storage, providing a promising solution for next-generation adaptive camouflage and defense-oriented electronics. Full article

The rising demand for sustainable protein is driving interest in insects as a raw material for advanced food ingredients. This review collates and critically analyses over 300 studies on the conversion of crickets, mealworms, black soldier flies, and other farmed species into powders, protein isolates, oils, and chitosan-rich fibers with targeted techno-functional roles. This survey maps how thermal pre-treatments, blanch–dry–mill routes, enzymatic hydrolysis, and isoelectric solubilization–precipitation preserve or enhance the water- and oil-holding capacity, emulsification, foaming, and gelation, while also mitigating off-flavors, allergenicity, and microbial risks. A meta-analysis shows insect flours can absorb up to 3.2 g of water g⁻¹, stabilize oil-in-water emulsions for 14 days at 4 °C, and form gels with 180 kPa strength, outperforming or matching eggs, soy, or whey in specific applications. Case studies demonstrate a successful incorporation at 5–15% into bakery, meat analogs and dairy alternatives without sensory penalties, and chitin-derived chitosan films extend the bread shelf life by three days. Comparative life-cycle data indicate 45–80% lower greenhouse gas emissions and land use than equivalent animal-derived ingredients. Collectively, the evidence positions insect-based ingredients as versatile, safe, and climate-smart tools to enhance food quality and sustainability, while outlining research gaps in allergen mitigation, consumer acceptance, and regulatory harmonization. Full article

The rapid increase in the global population of older adults presents a significant challenge, but also a unique opportunity to leverage technological advancements for promoting independent living and well-being. This study introduces the CIREI framework, which is a comprehensive model designed to enhance the integration of smart home and assistive technologies specifically for pre-frail older adults. Developed through a systematic literature review and innovative and comprehensive co-design activities, the CIREI framework captures the nuanced needs, preferences, and challenges faced by older adults, caregivers, and experts. Key findings from the co-design workshop highlight critical factors such as usability, privacy, and personalised learning preferences, which directly influence technology adoption. These insights informed the creation of an intelligent middleware prototype named WISE-WARE, which seamlessly integrates commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) devices to support health management and improve the quality of life for older adults. The CIREI framework’s adaptability ensures it can be extended and refined to meet the ever-changing needs of the ageing population, providing a robust foundation for future research and development in user-centred technology design. All workshop materials, including tools and methodologies, are made available to encourage the further exploration and adaptation of the CIREI framework, ensuring its relevance and effectiveness in the dynamic landscape of ageing and technology. This research contributes significantly to the discourse on ageing in place, digital inclusion, and the role of technology in empowering older adults to maintain independence. Full article