Search Results (120)

Smart textile interfaces hold promise for battery-free wearable interaction, yet their adoption is limited by complex fabrication and insufficient on-body evaluation. We present TriboTex, a low-cost spray-patterning workflow that forms nylon–Cu–nylon triboelectric stacks on cotton textiles using laser-cut PET stencils and commercially available materials. The core consumables cost approximately USD 0.003/cm², and sensor geometry can be rapidly iterated by modifying only the digital stencil. Controlled characterization across nine devices from three fabrication batches showed a peak open-circuit voltage of 52.3 V and a maximum power density of 1870 µW/m² at 4 GΩ. The output retained 96.1% of its initial voltage after 1000 bending cycles and 94.2% after 24 h of simplified saline immersion. Three-sample environmental sweeps showed voltage amplitudes of 41.9–43.7 V from 15 to 45 °C, with a decrease to 27.7 V at 0 °C; the humidity response remained within 92.7–104.5% of the 20% RH value over 20–60% RH but decreased to 19.9% at 70% RH. Two wearable prototypes were developed: a single-electrode garment sleeve recognized tap, double-tap, and swipe gestures with 95.0% accuracy across 1200 trials from 12 participants; a single-electrode insole generated action-dependent peak voltages up to 123 V under repeated foot loading and was connected through a rectification and voltage-regulation module to charge a battery. Across the two 12-participant studies, attachment and fit stability emerged as shared integration requirements, while participant feedback and controlled humidity measurements highlighted moisture management as a priority for reliable on-body sensing and energy capture. The primary contribution is an accessible, low-cost, and geometry-flexible route for early-stage wearable sensing experiments and application demonstrations, supported by documented fabrication, electrical characterization, and human-centered evaluation. Full article

Construction workers face disproportionate rates of fatal and nonfatal injuries, including falls, heat strain, overexertion, and struck-by incidents, that passive personal protective equipment cannot continuously monitor. Smart garments, which embed sensors and microelectronics directly into textile apparel, offer a deployable infrastructure for continuous worker-level physiological and kinematic monitoring. This PRISMA-guided systematic review synthesizes 76 records (search executed 31 December 2025; coverage 2000–2026), of which 63 are empirically validated and used for benchmarking. Four analytical contributions are made: (i) a tiered corpus classification separating construction-direct, transferable, and contextual evidence; (ii) stratification of all performance claims by validation context; (iii) explicit transferability assessment for records from healthcare, occupational safety, sports, and rehabilitation; and (iv) a deployment-maturity framework evaluating readiness across technical performance, validation maturity, operational durability, human and organizational acceptance, and system integration, extending beyond single-dimension scores such as NASA TRL. Only 7 of 63 empirical records (11%) were field or field-simulated, of which 6 reached TRL 5; most other systems remain at TRL 4. The framework suggests that technical performance is less often the primary limiting dimension than validation maturity, durability, and integration, although this conclusion is constrained by the dominance of laboratory and transferable evidence. Full article

Understanding hand–paddle interaction is essential for optimizing performance and preventing injury in kayaking, yet coaches still lack objective, practical tools. We present a soft, instrumented glove that measures and dynamically maps palmar pressure throughout the stroke cycle. A matrix of piezoresistive sensors is integrated into the glove and connected to dedicated electronics housed in a waterproof enclosure. A viscoelastic model converts sensor resistance into forces, enabling time-resolved 3D mapping of contact mechanics. Data are transmitted via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). Experimental validation on a kayak ergometer across multiple cadences demonstrated accurate measurements (per-sensor root mean square error (RMSE) of ±2 N), clear delineation of pull and push phases, evolving pressure distribution over the motion, and a peak total right-hand force of 186 N at high cadence. Beyond feasibility, these results position the glove as a practical training aid: it supports athlete-specific load monitoring and the early detection of potentially problematic movement patterns. Full article

The increasing incidence of traffic accidents involving elderly pedestrians has highlighted the necessity for effective strategies to improve visibility in low-light environments. Conventional safety garments based on retroreflective materials or optical fibers exhibit limitations, including passive operation and low luminance. In this study, a textile-based organic light-emitting diode (OLED) safety garment with automatic light-sensing functionality is proposed to overcome these limitations. The OLED devices were fabricated on an ultrathin polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate and transferred onto a textile substrate to maintain flexibility and wearability. A light-emitting module incorporating a LilyPad Arduino and ambient light sensor was implemented to enable automatic illumination under low-light conditions. The fabricated textile-based OLED exhibited a luminance of 550 cd/m² at 4.5 V and maintained stable performance after transfer, with a T₅₀ lifetime of 485 h. Thermal analysis showed a minimal temperature increase of 2.9 °C after 5 h of operation, remaining below body temperature. Moreover, mechanical testing confirmed over 95% luminance retention after 2,000 bending cycles. The fabricated OLED-based luminous safety garment exhibited lightweight wearability with a total weight of 140 g and improved visibility at observation distances of up to 50 m under low-light conditions. These results indicate that the proposed OLED-based luminous safety garment can offer a viable solution for enhancing the safety of elderly pedestrians. Full article

Background/Objectives: Wearable technologies become increasingly important in surveillance of biometric parameters in pregnant women; however, early-stage usability data on wearable form factors specifically designed for pregnant women remain limited. This study evaluated the usability and acceptance of three non-functional wearable garment prototypes intended for future breathing exercise guidance and sleep-related applications. The prototypes incorporated sensor dummies that were technically capable of operation but intentionally deactivated for this usability pilot study. Methods: Eighteen pregnant women (second and third trimester) and twelve non-pregnant women tested three prototypes (Bra, Strap, Maternity Belt (hereafter Belt)) for 24 h. Usability was assessed using structured, participant-completed questionnaires addressing fit, material properties, comfort, and wear-related issues immediately after fitting (T0) and after 24 h of wear (T24). Analyses were descriptive and exploratory. Results: Among pregnant women, the Bra prototype showed consistently favorable usability ratings across multiple domains, particularly after extended wear, whereas the Belt demonstrated declining ratings related to fit and comfort over time. The Strap showed intermediate usability with specific strengths related to pressure and friction. In non-pregnant women, usability ratings were largely comparable between the Bra and Strap, with no clear preference pattern. No systematic differences were observed between pregnant and non-pregnant groups. Conclusions: This exploratory usability study suggests that garment form factor plays a critical role in acceptability during pregnancy. The Bra prototype demonstrated the most favorable usability profile among pregnant women, while the Belt revealed design limitations that warrant further modification. These findings provide formative guidance for the development of functional maternal wearables, with future studies integrating objective testing and validated measures to optimize performance and evaluate adherence in larger cohorts. Full article

Far-infrared (FIR)-emitting textiles are increasingly used in sleepwear; however, their influence on sleep physiology has not been comprehensively evaluated with multi-modal wearable sensing. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study examined whether FIR-emitting garments modulate nocturnal thermoregulation, autonomic activity, and sleep architecture. Fifteen healthy young men completed two overnight laboratory sleep sessions wearing either FIR-emitting garments or visually matched polyester controls. Tympanic membrane temperature (TMT), sweating rate, skin temperature, and humidity were continuously monitored using wearable sensors, and sleep stages and heart rate variability (HRV) were assessed using validated portable systems. Compared with control garments, FIR garments produced consistently lower TMT across the night (p = 0.004) and reduced mid-sleep sweating (condition × time interaction: p = 0.026). The proportion of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was higher in the FIR condition (22.2% ± 6.5% vs. 18.6% ± 6.5%, p = 0.027), despite no changes in total sleep time or sleep efficiency. A transient increase in low-frequency power during early sleep (p = 0.027) suggested baroreflex-related thermal adjustments without sympathetic activation. These findings indicate that FIR-emitting garments facilitate mild nocturnal heat dissipation and support REM expression, demonstrating their potential as a passive intervention to improve sleep-related thermal environments. Full article

Compression garments are widely employed in medical and sports contexts for their ability to promote venous return, manage oedema, support musculoskeletal function, and enhance athletic recovery. Advances in textile-based compression systems have been driven by innovations in fibres, yarn structures, fabric structure engineering, and design methods. This review critically examines the current literature on compression garments, highlighting the influence of raw materials and yarn architectures on performance, durability, and wearer comfort. Attention is given specially to fabric structures and manufacturing methods, where the evolution from traditional cut-and-sew methods to advanced seamless, flatbed, and circular knitting technologies is highlighted, along with their impact on pressure distribution and overall garment efficacy. The integration of 3D body scanning, finite element analysis, and predictive modelling, which enables more personalised and precise garment design, is also speculated upon. Moreover, the review highlights testing and evaluation methodologies, spanning both in vivo and in vitro based assessments, pressure sensor studies for real-time monitoring, and theoretical models mostly based on Laplace’s law. This literature survey provides a foundation for future innovations aimed at optimising compression garment design for both therapeutic and athletic use. Full article

Exposure to hot microclimate constitutes a serious threat to human health, especially in environments where collective protection measures cannot be implemented. Despite technological advances, personal cooling solutions remain insufficient for long-term use. Thermoelectric modules (TEMs) offer a promising pathway for developing cooling garments. This paper deals with temperature variations in a cooling set composed of a TEM and an evaporative heat sink, for different supply currents. A special methodology was adopted that included the use of a skin model placed in a climatic chamber, and temperature sensors that allowed temperatures at several points to be recorded. After 30 min of operation, the cold side temperature of the TEM was approximately 3 °C to 4.5 °C lower than when the heat sink was absent and the TEM was not supplied. This is close to what thermal comfort requires and may become too small for longer operation or less favourable climatic conditions. Enhanced heat dissipation from the hot side is therefore essential for enabling TEMs to function effectively in wearable colling systems, which makes research on heat sinks other than evaporative ones necessary. Full article

This paper explores the development of a Smart e-Textile Singlet designed to enhance geriatric care through continuous monitoring of vital health parameters. The proposed garment integrates various sensors to measure core body temperature, blood oxygen saturation, respiration rate, blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiogram (ECG), activity level, and risk of falls. Leveraging advanced technologies such as inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors, thermoelectric materials, and piezoelectric fibers, the e-textile ensures both functionality and sustainability. Additionally, artificial intelligence algorithms are employed to provide near-real-time feedback and early warnings, significantly improving health management for elderly individuals. This innovative approach not only promotes autonomy and well-being among the elderly but also alleviates the workload of healthcare providers. The Smart e-Textile Singlet represents a multi-sensor solution by offering a holistic monitoring system. Full article

Wearable auditory feedback systems have demonstrated potential to support gait rehabilitation, yet user experience and engagement remain underexplored. This feasibility study investigated the usability and perceptions of an IMU-based (WT901BLECL, WitMotion) sonification system designed to deliver real-time gait feedback. Twenty healthy participants walked on a treadmill at two speeds under three conditions: no feedback, discrete bass tones, and continuous whoosh tones. The proposed system, with an IMU sensor embedded in a flexible garment, combined real-time gait analysis with auditory cues. Participants reported high levels of comfort, with most (90%) indicating that they had a positive overall experience. Discrete bass tones enhanced awareness of specific gait phases, particularly heel strike and initial contact, whereas continuous whoosh sounds extended awareness to the trunk and hips but were occasionally perceived as distracting. Motivation effects were mixed, and no significant correlations were found between subjective ratings and biomechanical measures, reflecting individual variability in auditory cue interpretation. These results emphasized the role of sound modality in influencing gait perception and highlighted the importance of user-centered design in wearable rehabilitation technologies. The study provides foundational evidence for refining personalized auditory feedback systems and supports future investigations with clinical populations, such as stroke survivors and individuals with Parkinson’s Disease. Full article

Stroke is a significant global health concern characterized by the abrupt disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to neurological impairment. Accurate and timely diagnosis—enabled by imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—is essential for differentiating stroke types and initiating interventions like thrombolysis, thrombectomy, or surgical management. In parallel, recent advancements in wearable technology, particularly smart clothing, offer new opportunities for stroke prevention, real-time monitoring, and rehabilitation. These garments integrate various sensors, including electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes, electroencephalography (EEG) caps, electromyography (EMG) sensors, and motion or pressure sensors, to continuously track physiological and functional parameters. For example, ECG shirts monitor cardiac rhythm to detect atrial fibrillation, smart socks assess gait asymmetry for early mobility decline, and EEG caps provide data on neurocognitive recovery during rehabilitation. These technologies support personalized care across the stroke continuum, from early risk detection and acute event monitoring to long-term recovery. Integration with AI-driven analytics further enhances diagnostic accuracy and therapy optimization. This narrative review explores the application of smart clothing in conjunction with traditional imaging to improve stroke management and patient outcomes through a more proactive, connected, and patient-centered approach. Full article

Recent pressure sensor research often focuses on developing sensors for impulse applications, including touch sensors, e-skin development, or physiological monitoring. However, static loading applications, such as those needed for compression garment design, are significantly under-researched in comparison. Many technology solutions do not translate across applications, as static loading requires measurements which have high accuracy, high precision, and low drift. To address the gap in sensor development between impulse and static applications, we define a literature-based taxonomy providing two conceptual classifications based on sensor functionality and specific design characteristics. The taxonomy’s utility is demonstrated through the mapping of sensors onto compression garment development phases by matching application requirements with sensor performance. The taxonomy developed will advance research and the industry by providing a roadmap of how sensor characteristics influence performance to drive a focused development for future sensors, specifically for compression garment innovation. Full article

Currently, the sedentary nature of office work has led to a steady increase in the prevalence of spinal disorders, including lower back pain, back pain, and neck pain. Medical research has shown that monitoring and improving sitting posture is an important measure to prevent spinal discomfort. The emergence and development of wearable technology have enabled more people to effectively monitor their health. In this study, we propose and design a textile sensor-based sitting posture correction smart garment to realize dynamic sitting reminders aimed at meeting the needs of sedentary office workers. The garment achieves real-time sitting posture recognition through integrated machine learning algorithms, with a recognition accuracy exceeding 95% using a random forest classifier. Additionally, we developed haptic vibration feedback and visual GUI feedback modes to provide sitting posture intervention and dynamic sitting reminders. To evaluate the system’s effectiveness and usability, we conducted comparative experiments analyzing sitting posture behavior before and after wearing the smart garment, along with a user satisfaction survey. The results demonstrate that the smart garment effectively helps office workers adjust their sitting posture and reduces the risk of spinal discomfort associated with prolonged sedentary work. Full article

Microbial-derived materials are emerging for applications in biomedicine, sensors, food, cosmetics, construction, and fashion. They offer considerable structural properties and process reproducibility compared to other bio-based materials. However, challenges related to efficient and sustainable large-scale production of microbial-derived materials must be addressed to exploit their potential fully. This review analyzes the synergistic contribution of circular, sustainable, and biotechnological approaches to enhance bacterial cellulose (BC) production and fine-tune its physico-chemical properties. BC was chosen as an ideal example due to its mechanical strength and chemical stability, making it promising for industrial applications. The review discusses upcycling strategies that utilize waste for microbial fermentation, simultaneously boosting BC production. Additionally, biotechnology techniques are identified as key to enhance BC yield and tailor its physico-chemical properties. Among the different areas where cellulose-based materials are employed, BC shows promise for mitigating the environmental impact of the garment industry. The review emphasizes that integrating circular and biotechnological approaches could significantly improve large-scale production and enhance the tunability of BC properties. Additionally, these approaches may simultaneously provide environmental benefits, depending on their future progresses. Future advancements should prioritize circular fermentation and biotechnological techniques to expand the potential of BC for sustainable industrial applications. Full article

The most common aftereffect of severe burns in patients is hypertrophic scarring. Hypertrophic scars typically form following severe burns; it refers to excessive collagen production in the dermal layer during the healing process, resulting in an abnormal raised scar. Currently, practical treatments for suppressing hypertrophic scars include laser therapy, pressure therapy, and the application of silicone sheets for moisture retention. The most extensively used treatment involves compression therapy using specially designed garments for the affected areas. However, this method has limitations when applied to curved surfaces like the face. To address this issue, three-dimensional (3D) scanning and 3D printing techniques have been actively developed for face masks and have shown promising clinical results. Unfortunately, current facial masks under development lack a sensor system to measure pressure, making it difficult to ensure consistent and appropriate pressures during clinical trials. In this study, we have developed a burn pressure mask capable of real-time pressure monitoring. The facial mask developed in this study utilizes an FSR-type sensor to measure the pressure applied to the skin. We have also embedded electrical wires within the mask to enhance its comfort and wearability. For this study, two patients wore the facial mask with real-time pressure measurement capabilities for 4 weeks in 12 h per day on average. We evaluated whether the mask maintained the appropriate pressure range (15–25 mmHg) throughout the clinical trial and whether it effectively inhibited scar formation. Through the analysis of recorded pressure signal data, we confirmed that the patients consistently maintained the appropriate pressure while wearing the mask during the clinical trial. Additionally, we observed significant differences in skin moisture levels, transepidermal water loss, and scar thickness before and after the experiment. These findings suggest that the facial mask, featuring real-time monitoring capabilities, effectively prevents the formation of hypertrophic scars. Full article