Search Results (841)

The rapid growth of live e-commerce, a sector valued at over USD 100 billion worldwide, demonstrates its transformative impact on the retail industry, especially in markets like China, where platforms such as Taobao Live and TikTok Shop have markedly altered consumer interaction. This transition is further expedited by Netflix-like entertainment marketing methods, which have demonstrated the capacity to enhance consumer retention by as much as 40%. As organizations adjust to this evolving landscape, it is essential to optimize supply chain strategies to align with these dynamic, consumer-centric environments. This paper examines the complexity of decision-making in live e-commerce supply chains, specifically regarding Netflix-inspired marketing strategies. The primary aim of this study is to design a game-theoretic framework that examines the interactions between producers and online celebrity retailers (OCRs) across different power dynamics. As live commerce integrates digital retail with immersive experiences, businesses must optimize pricing, quality, and marketing strategies in real-time. We present engagement-driven marketing as a strategic variable and incorporate consumer regret and switching costs into the demand function. To illustrate practical trade-offs in strategy, we incorporate a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) layer with AHP-TOPSIS, assessing profit, consumer surplus, engagement score, and channel efficiency. The experiment results indicate that Netflix-style marketing markedly increases demand and profit in retailer-led frameworks, whereas centralized tactics enhance overall channel performance. TOPSIS analysis prioritizes high-effort, high-engagement methods, whereas the Stackelberg experiment underscores the influence of power dynamics on profit distribution. This study presents an innovative integrative decision-making methodology for enhancing live-streaming commerce tactics in data-driven and consumer-focused markets. Full article

Enhancing market integration levels is crucial for advancing sustainable regional collaborative development and achieving ecological protection and high-quality development goals within the Yellow River Basin, fostering a balance between economic efficiency, social equity, and environmental resilience. This study analyzed the retail price data of goods from prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2022, employing the relative price method to measure the market integration index. Additionally, it examined the temporal and spatial evolution patterns and driving factors using the Dagum Gini coefficient and panel regression models. The results indicate the following. (1) The market integration index of the Yellow River Basin shows a fluctuating upward trend, with an average annual growth rate of 9.8%. The spatial pattern generally reflects a situation where the east is relatively high and the west is relatively low, as well as the south being higher than the north. (2) Regional disparities are gradually diminishing, with the overall Gini coefficient decreasing from 0.153 to 0.104. However, internal differences within the downstream and midstream areas have become prominent, and contribution rate analysis reveals that super-variable density has replaced between-group disparities as the primary source. (3) Upgrading the industrial structure and enhancing the level of economic development are the core driving forces, while financial support and digital infrastructure significantly accelerate the integration process. Conversely, the level of openness exhibits a phase-specific negative impact. We propose policy emphasizing the need to strengthen development in the upper reach of the Yellow River Basin, further improve interregional collaborative innovation mechanisms, and enhance cross-regional coordination among multicenter network nodes. Full article

We live in an era where digitalization and omnichannel strategies significantly transform retail landscapes, and accurate spatial analytics from Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can deliver substantial competitive benefits. Nonetheless, despite evident practical advantages for specific targeting strategies and operational efficiency, the degree of GIS integration into academic marketing literature remains ambiguous. Clarifying this uncertainty is beneficial for advancing theoretical understanding and ensuring retail strategies fully leverage robust, data-driven spatial intelligence. To examine the intellectual development of the field, co-occurrence analysis, topic mapping, and citation structure visualization were performed on 4952 peer-reviewed articles using the Bibliometrix R package (version 4.3.3) within R software (version 4.4.1). The results demonstrate that although GIS-based methods have been effectively incorporated into fields like site selection and spatial segmentation, traditional marketing research has not yet entirely adopted them. One of the study’s key findings is the distinction between “author keywords” and “keywords plus,” where researchers concentrate on novel topics like omnichannel retail, artificial intelligence, and logistics. However, “Keywords plus” still refers to more traditional terms such as pricing, customer satisfaction, and consumer behavior. This discrepancy presents a misalignment between current research trends and indexed classification practices. Although the mainstream retail research lacks terminology connected to geomarketing, a theme evolution analysis reveals a growing focus on technology-driven and sustainability-related concepts associated with the Retail 4.0 and 5.0 paradigms. These findings underscore a conceptual and structural deficiency in the literature and indicate the necessity for enhanced integration of GIS and spatial decision support systems (SDSS) in retail marketing. Full article

With rising environmental awareness, numerous firms are transitioning to green investment, such as low-carbon production. However, the consumer adoption of low-carbon products remains low due to transparency concerns. Many firms are leveraging blockchain to address information asymmetry in the supply chain, thereby building consumer confidence in low-carbon products. The purpose of this work is to provide decision support for business firms by analyzing the strategic choices regarding the manufacturer’s green investment and the e-retailer’s adoption of blockchain technology. Three strategy combinations are considered, including the baseline strategy combination without green investment and blockchain technology (NN), the strategy combination with only green investment (LN), and the strategy combination with both green investment and blockchain technology (LB). The optimal pricing and green level decisions are derived, and the conditions under which green investment and blockchain technology are beneficial to the supply chain members are examined. The findings suggest that the e-retailer can obtain the highest profit without adopting blockchain technology if it holds a substantial or extremely low market share, if the consumers’ low-carbon preference is at a low to medium level, or if the consumer green trust coefficient is high when the manufacturer implements the green investment strategy. When consumers exhibit a weak preference for low-carbon products, the strategy combination NN is optimal for the supply chain members. The strategy combination LB becomes optimal if the consumer green trust coefficient is near or below the moderate threshold, if the market share of a channel is neither extremely high nor low, or if consumers exhibit a strong preference for low-carbon products. Full article

This paper explores the optimization of the bullwhip effect (BWE) and inventory costs considering price information symmetry in an omnichannel environment, offering novel insights into managing supply chain dynamics. We examine the pick-up lead time in the “buy online and pick up in store” (BOPS) channel as a critical operational factor, analyzing how the interaction with the ordering lead time affects omnichannel supply chain performance. The research highlights the impacts of the BOPS strategy on demand and inventory information, developing a comparative examination of the BWE and inventory expenses within various supply chain contexts. We discover that the interplay between ordering lead time and pick-up lead time significantly affects both inventory costs and the BWE of omnichannel retailers, with these impacts presenting an inverse relationship. While numerous studies have validated that product returns can restrain the information distortion in supply chains, our findings reveal that this relationship holds true in omnichannel retail only within specific supply chain contexts. This comprehensive approach offers valuable insights for omnichannel supply chain managers seeking to optimize the BOPS strategy and improve overall operational efficiency. Full article

U.S. gasoline and diesel prices are often volatile, driven by geopolitical risks and disruptions in the fossil fuel market. Forest biomass fuels, particularly renewable diesel derived from logging residues, offer a low-carbon alternative with the potential to stabilize fuel prices. This study evaluates whether biomass can moderate fuel price volatility using ANOVA, Tukey post hoc tests, and quadratic regression based on monthly data for biomass production, inventories, and retail fuel prices. Findings reveal the existence of a significant nonlinear relationship between forest biomass inventory levels and fossil fuel prices. Average gasoline prices peaked in the medium-inventory group (M = 0.837) and dropped in the high-inventory group (M = 0.684). Diesel prices followed a similar pattern, with the highest values in the medium-inventory group (M = 0.963) and the lowest in the high-inventory group (M = 0.759). One-way ANOVA results were statistically significant for both gasoline (F(2, 99) = 7.39, p = 0.001) and diesel (F(2, 99) = 7.22, p = 0.0012). Tukey tests confirmed that diesel prices fell significantly from both medium to high and low to high-inventory levels. This result remains robust when using the biomass index level and the biomass production level. These results indicate a threshold effect: only at higher biomass inventories do fossil fuel prices decline, suggesting a potential for substitution. However, current policies inadequately support biomass integration, highlighting the need for targeted reforms. Full article

In the context of global e-commerce platform supply chains dominated by Alibaba and Amazon, power reconfiguration among tripartite stakeholders (platforms, manufacturers, and retailers) remains a critical yet underexplored issue in supply chain contract design. To analyze the strategic interactions between platforms, manufacturers, and retailers, as well as how platforms select the contract format within a tripartite supply chain, this study proposes a Stackelberg game-theoretic framework incorporating participation constraints to compare fixed-fee and revenue-sharing contracts. The results demonstrate that revenue-sharing contracts significantly enhance supply chain efficiency by aligning incentives across members, leading to improved pricing and sales outcomes. However, this coordination benefit comes with reduced platform dominance, as revenue-sharing inherently redistributes power toward upstream and downstream partners. The analysis reveals a nuanced contract selection framework: given the revenue sharing rate, as the additional value increases, the optimal contract shifts from the mode RR to the mode RF, and ultimately to the mode FF. Notably, manufacturers and retailers exhibit a consistent preference for revenue-sharing contracts due to their favorable profit alignment properties, regardless of the platform’s value proposition. These findings may contribute to platform operations theory by (1) proposing a dynamic participation framework for contract analysis, (2) exploring value-based thresholds for contract transitions, and (3) examining the power-balancing effects of alternative contract formats. This study offers actionable insights for platform operators seeking to balance control and cooperation in their supply chain relationships, while providing manufacturers and retailers with strategic guidance for contract negotiations in platform-mediated markets. These findings are especially relevant for large e-commerce platforms and their partners managing the complexities of contemporary digital supply chains. Full article

This paper investigates sustainable decision systems within green E-business models by analyzing how different O2O (online-to-offline) fulfillment structures affect emission-reduction efforts and pricing strategies in a two-tier supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a new retailer. Three practical sales formats—package self-pickup, nearby delivery, and hybrid—are modeled using Stackelberg game frameworks that incorporate key factors such as inconvenience cost, logistics cost, processing fees, and emission-reduction coefficients. Results show that the manufacturer’s emission-reduction decisions and both parties’ pricing strategies are highly sensitive to cost conditions and consumer preferences. Specifically, higher inconvenience and abatement costs consistently reduce profitability and emission efforts; the hybrid model exhibits threshold-dependent advantages over single-mode strategies in terms of carbon efficiency and economic returns; and consumer green preference and distance sensitivity jointly shape optimal channel configurations. Robustness analysis confirms the model’s stability under varying parameter conditions. These insights provide theoretical and practical guidance for firms seeking to develop adaptive, low-carbon fulfillment strategies that align with sustainability goals and market demands. Full article

Green and low-carbon development of supply chains represents a practical approach to addressing climate change and enhancing corporate competitiveness. From the perspective of the relationship between policy subsidies and channel power structures, this paper constructs Stackelberg game models under four different scenarios to conduct theoretical analyses of the optimal strategies, supported by numerical simulations. The research findings reveal the following. (1) Under the product subsidy policy, the enhancement of consumers’ green preference will lead to a green premium, and in the case of the technology subsidy policy, consumers’ green preference will inhibit wholesale prices and retail prices. However, there is a threshold in the manufacturer-led case, and a “green premium” is also claimed when this threshold is exceeded. (2) The effects of the product subsidy policy and the green technology level subsidy policy on prices are opposite, where an increase in the product subsidy will increase the wholesale price and retail price, while an increase in the green technology level subsidy will reduce the wholesale price. The technology subsidy policy has a more significant effect on the promotion of green technology. (3) The power of supply chain channels will directly affect corporate profits, and the leader of the supply chain often has higher profits. Compared with product subsidies, technology subsidies can inhibit the channel power of retailers. Full article

Considering consumers’ low-carbon preferences, this article analyzes a manufacturer’s price and carbon abatement strategies, as well as a retailer’s price and promotion strategies, in a centralized game, where the manufacturer and the retailer jointly make decisions, and a decentralized game, where the two parties each make decisions simultaneously. This study discusses the impact of the carbon abatement cost coefficient, promotion cost coefficient, sensitivity coefficient of consumer demand to carbon abatement rate or promotion rate, or carbon tax rate on the manufacturer’s carbon abatement rate, commodity’s retail price, and retailer’s promotion rate. This article also discusses the impact of any one of the main parameters on supply chain profit. Through comparisons of the above two games, this article concludes that the former is better than the latter for firms, consumers, and the environment. This article also concludes that a reduction in the carbon abatement cost coefficient, a rise in the sensitivity coefficient of consumer demand to the carbon abatement rate, or a rise in the carbon tax rate increases the manufacturer’s optimal carbon abatement rate. A relatively high carbon abatement rate means relatively low CO₂ emissions, which are environmentally friendly and conducive to sustainable development at the ecological level. The foregoing conclusions provide governments with references for making carbon tax policies and also offer firms references for making decisions. Full article

In recent years, online retailing platforms (ORPs) have increasingly introduced private brand (PB) products as a new profit source, reshaping market dynamics and affecting their commission revenues. This shift creates a strategic trade-off for the platform: maximizing PB product profits while maintaining commission income from national brand (NB) retailers. This paper examines the platform’s pricing and quality strategies for PB products, as well as its incentives to introduce them. We develop a game-theoretic model featuring a platform and a retailer, and derive results through equilibrium analysis and comparative statics. Special attention is given to the platform’s strategy when market power is asymmetric and the PB product is homogeneous. The analysis yields three key findings. Firstly, the platform is always incentivized to introduce a PB product, regardless of its brand value. Even when direct profit is limited, the platform can leverage the PB product to increase competitive pressure on the retailer and boost commission revenue. Secondly, when the PB product has low brand value, the platform adopts a cost-saving strategy with low quality for extremely low brand value, and a function-enhancing strategy with high quality for moderately low brand value. Thirdly, when the PB product has high brand value, the platform consistently prefers a function-enhancing strategy. This study contributes to the literature by systematically characterizing the platform’s strategic trade-offs in introducing PB products, highlighting its varied pricing and quality strategies across categories, and revealing the critical role of brand value in supply chain competition. Full article

This study examines how contract structures influence coordination and innovation incentives in dual-channel telecommunications supply chains. We consider a setting where a mobile network operator (MNO) supplies services both directly to consumers and indirectly through a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO), which competes in the retail market. Using a game-theoretic framework, we evaluate how different contracts—single wholesale pricing, revenue sharing, and quantity discounts—shape strategic decisions, particularly in the presence of investment spillovers between parties. A key coordination problem emerges from the externalized gains of innovation, where one party’s investment generates value for both participants. Our results show that single wholesale and revenue sharing contracts often lead to suboptimal investment and profit outcomes. In contrast, quantity discount contracts, especially when combined with appropriate transfer payments, improve coordination and enhance the total performance of the supply chain. We also find that innovation led by the MVNO, while generally less impactful, can still yield reciprocal benefits for the MNO, reinforcing the value of cooperative arrangements. These findings emphasize the importance of contract design in managing interdependence and improving efficiency in decentralized supply chains. This study offers theoretical and practical implications for telecommunications providers and policymakers aiming to promote innovation and mutually beneficial outcomes through well-aligned contractual mechanisms. Full article

This study takes the dual-channel fresh product supply chain involving the participation of third-party logistics (3PL) as the background to explore how 3PL makes choices between homogeneous and differentiated logistics service strategies and how the supply chain formulates optimal decisions under different logistics service strategies to achieve maximum benefits. This paper constructs a sequential game model of the three-tier supply chain composed of 3PL, a supplier, and a retailer; uses the consumer utility function to describe market demand; and considers different logistics service strategies adopted by 3PL. It compares and analyzes the equilibrium strategies under the traditional retail channel (O Model), the homogeneous cold-chain service dual-channel model (D1 Model), and the differentiated cold-chain service dual-channel model (D2 Model). The results show the following: (1) The D1 Model reduces the transportation cost of the supply chain through economies of scale. Under the D2 Model, the transportation and sales prices of the offline channels are higher than those of the online channels, while the online marketing effort is higher than that of the offline channels. (2) The profits generated by the dual-channel models (D1 Model and D2 Model) are both higher than those of O Model. In most cases, the D1 Model generates the highest system profit. However, in scenarios where consumers are highly sensitive to freshness and marketing efforts, the system profit of the D2 Model is higher than that of the D1 Model. (3) The supply chain has lower pricing and effort input when consumers are more sensitive to prices and higher pricing and effort input when consumers are more sensitive to freshness. These findings contribute valuable insights to the field of supply chain management, particularly in the context of fresh product supply chains involving 3PL. They underscore the importance of considering consumer behavior and logistics service strategies in optimizing supply chain performance and highlight the potential trade-offs between standardization and differentiation in logistics services. Full article

Amidst escalating concerns about climate change, manufacturers are increasingly pressured to adopt a low-carbon supply chain (LCSC). Financial constraints deter numerous companies from embracing low-carbon initiatives in a competitive landscape. Inclusive internal financing (IIF) provides operational funds from capital-abundant members to capital-constrained members, resolving funding shortages internally within the system. However, when dominant members cannot support all such enterprises, selective internal financing (SIF) or hybrid financing (HF) becomes necessary. This paper studies the operation and financing strategies of a competitive LCSC. Within the framework of an LCSC where two capital-constrained retailers compete, using Stackelberg game theory and the backward induction method, three game-theoretical models are developed under IIF, SIF, and HF. The results indicate that increased competition intensity reduces product sales price, the manufacturer’s carbon emission reduction level, and profit. When competition intensity is high, SIF more effectively enhances carbon emission reduction level, product sales quantity, and profit acquisition. HF reduces profits for the allied retailer and diminishes its competitiveness, yet enhances the competitive strength of the rival retailer. Numerical analysis demonstrates that when equity financing in HF exceeds 0.546, the allied retailer becomes unprofitable and is driven out of the market. This study complements LCSC finance research and provides references for supply chain operations and financing strategy formulation. Full article

This paper studies a supply chain comprising a supplier, a third-party remanufacturer (TPR), and a retailer. The retailer sells both genuine and remanufactured products (i.e., Model O). Leveraging information advantages, the retailer may engage in brand deception by mislabeling remanufactured products as genuine to obtain extra profits (i.e., Model BD). AI-powered anti-counterfeiting technologies (AIT) (i.e., Model BA) and revenue-sharing contracts (i.e., Model C) are considered countermeasures. The findings reveal that (1) brand deception reduces (increases) sales of genuine (remanufactured) products, prompting the supplier (TPR) to lower (raise) wholesale prices. The asymmetric profit erosion effect highlights the gradual erosion of profits for the supplier, retailer, and TPR under brand deception. (2) The bi-interval adaptation effect indicates that AIT is particularly effective in industries with low adaptation resistance. When both the relabeling rate and industry adaptation resistance are low (high), Model BA (Model O) achieves a triple win. (3) Sequentially, when the industry adaptation resistance is low, AIT can significantly improve total profits, consumer surplus (CS), and social welfare (SW). Compared to Model BD, revenue-sharing offers slight advantages in CS but notable disadvantages in SW. Full article