Search Results (91)

Background/Objectives: Endometriosis is a chronic, estrogen-driven gynecological disorder affecting approximately 10% of reproductive-aged women worldwide, with significant physical, psychosocial, and socioeconomic impacts. Recent research suggests a possible involvement of the gut microbiome in endometriosis disease mechanisms through immune manipulation, estrogen metabolism, and inflammatory networks. This narrative review aims to summarize current evidence on gut microbiota changes in endometriosis patients, explore the mechanisms by which gut dysbiosis contributes to disease progression, and examine epidemiological links between gastrointestinal health and endometriosis risk. Methods: A narrative review was conducted to synthesize available literature on the compositional changes in gut microbiota associated with endometriosis. The review also evaluated studies investigating potential mechanisms and epidemiological patterns connecting gut health with endometriosis development and severity. Results: Alterations in gut microbiota composition were observed in endometriosis patients, suggesting roles in immune dysregulation, estrogen metabolism, and inflammation. Potential gut-oriented interventions, including dietary changes, probiotics, and lifestyle modifications, emerged as promising management options. However, methodological variability and research gaps remain barriers to clinical translation. Conclusions: Integrating gut microbiome research into endometriosis management holds potential for improving early diagnosis, patient outcomes, and healthcare system sustainability. The study emphasizes the need for further research to address existing challenges and to develop public health strategies that incorporate microbiome-based interventions in population-level endometriosis care. Full article

The environmental detriments of the growing global production and overconsumption of beef, including greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and biodiversity loss, are well-documented. However, public awareness of how dietary choices affect the environment remains limited. This study examines sustainability views on beef consumption and the potential for behavioral change as a step toward more sustainable intake levels. An observational web-based survey was conducted (n = 1367) to assess respondents’ current beef intake frequency, views on beef consumption related to planetary health, tropical deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, and climate change, and willingness to modify beef consumption behavior. Chi-square tests were used for group comparisons, and weighted average scores were applied to rank levels of resistance to reducing beef intake. Environmental concern related to beef consumption was associated with greater beef cutback intentions and lower long-term intake reduction resistance amongst beef eaters. Beef eaters who strongly agreed that global beef consumption negatively impacts the environment were considerably more likely to express intentions to reduce their long-term beef intake compared to those who strongly disagreed (94.4% vs. 19.6%). Overall, 76.6% of beef eaters indicated wanting to eat less beef or phase it out entirely (30.7% reduce, 29.4% minimize, 16.6% stop), with only 23.4% of them intending to keep their consumption unchanged. Compelling messages that help translate awareness into action, such as the #NoBeefWeek concept explored in this study, may support individuals in adopting more sustainable food choices. These cross-national findings provide evidence for a ‘knowledge–intent’ gap in sustainable diet research, with relevance for health communicators and policymakers. Future research could examine the factors and motivations influencing decisions to modify beef consumption, including the barriers to achieving sustainable consumption levels and the role of suitable alternatives in facilitating this transition. Full article

Suicidality, encompassing suicidal ideation, attempts, and completed suicide, continues to be a significant public health concern globally. Traditional research has emphasized genetic, neurobiological, and psychosocial factors; however, recent findings suggest that gut microbiota may play a crucial role in influencing suicidal behavior. The gut microbiota impacts neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter metabolism, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, all of which are associated with psychiatric disorders linked to suicidality. This review gathers current evidence on the gut–brain axis, investigating the role of microbiota in suicidality through mechanisms such as immune system modulation, serotonin regulation, and the stress response. We also consider the potential of microbiota-targeted interventions, such as probiotics and dietary changes, as innovative therapeutic strategies. Despite the accumulating evidence, research in this field remains limited, emphasizing the urgent need for further investigation to clarify the causal relationship between gut microbiota and suicidality. Full article

Background/Objectives: Obesity is a chronic and multifactorial disease that affects billions of people, and among the factors responsible for obesity are a sedentary lifestyle, a high-calorie diet, and genetic factors. Excessive caloric intake causes adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, contributing to the secretion of metabolically active molecules, known as adipokines, by adipose tissue. Individuals living with obesity have increased pro-inflammatory adipokines and a reduction in anti-inflammatory adipokines. Nuts contain bioactive compounds associated with potential health benefits, although these effects may vary depending on individual and dietary factors. Thus, this work aimed to critically review the impact of consuming almonds, walnuts, and mixed nuts on the production of adipokines associated with obesity and overweight. Methods: A comprehensive search was carried out using the terms associated with the theme of the work. The inclusion criteria for manuscripts used were the following: (1) in vivo studies; (2) intervention with oilseeds (nuts); (3) results related to adipokines and/or obesity; and (4) publications in English. Results: Studies show that regular intake of nuts reduces total cholesterol levels, LDL-c, and triglycerides and increases HDL-c in individuals with obesity. However, few studies demonstrate changes in adipokine levels related to the intake of nuts. A larger amount of 30 g of mixed nuts appears to be more beneficial for regulating adipokines in overweight or obese individuals than using nuts in larger amounts or isolated form. Of all the adipokines reported, only the results for IL-6 appear consistent, while the others remain unclear. Conclusions: Furthermore, more studies focusing specifically on this topic and humans are needed to draw greater conclusions, including the amount that results in a beneficial effect on health. Full article

Background and objective: Menopause is a significant physiological milestone in a woman’s life, coinciding with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk due to various health-related changes. This narrative review focuses on cardiovascular health-related alterations during menopause and their implications on vascular function. Methods: An electronic database search was performed, drawing from sources such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Publications were included if they addressed CVD risk in peri- and postmenopausal women, and examined the impact of hormonal changes, traditional risk factors (e.g., hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes), or lifestyle factors (e.g., diet, physical activity) on CVD. Results: Estrogen deficiency is pivotal, leading to adverse effects such as endothelial dysfunction, increased arterial stiffness, and lipid profile deterioration. Characteristics of menopause, including the age at onset, type or stage of menopause, and severity of symptoms, further modulate CVD risk. Additionally, the impact of traditional risk factors is amplified during this period. Strategies for the prevention of CVD in menopausal women are critically assessed, with a focus on lifestyle modifications, dietary interventions, and physical activity. Conclusions: This narrative review describes the potential benefits and risks of hormone therapy, alongside lipid-lowering therapies. Emphasis is placed on individualized risk assessment and management, highlighting the need for regular cardiovascular screenings and proactive management of risk factors. Full article

Background: The global outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantly altered everyday routines, even influencing dietary behaviors and food choices. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changes in the consumption of various food sources and to examine the likelihood of nutritional vulnerability while exploring potential age and sex differences. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design through an online survey using the Qualtrics platform. Participants’ nutritional risk was assessed both before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (retrospectively) using the Dietary Screening Tool. This study involved a large sample of 10,050 participants aged between 40 and 100 years. The main outcome measures included changes in food consumption after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (from 9 August to 15 September 2020) and the likelihood of being classified as “nutritionally vulnerable” across different age and sex groups. Paired-samples t-tests were used to compare dietary changes before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, chi-square tests were used to explore categorical differences, and binary logistic regression was used to assess the likelihood of nutritional vulnerability. Results: The analysis revealed significant sex- and age-related differences in food consumption patterns after the onset of the pandemic. Men had a 30% greater likelihood of decreased dairy and processed meat consumption than women after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Significant reductions in the consumption of processed meats (130%), vegetables (96%), lean protein (33%), and dairy (11%) were observed among individuals aged 40–60 years compared to those aged 81–100 years. The 61–80-year age group had a greater reduction in dairy consumption (21%) than the 81–100-year age group. Furthermore, women exhibited 17% greater odds of being classified as “nutritionally vulnerable” after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, age did not emerge as a significant predictor of nutritional vulnerability. Conclusions: The findings of this study can inform public health practitioners when developing interventions for improving dietary habits during and after pandemics, especially among vulnerable populations. Full article

Ageing is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, with increasing evidence highlighting the exposome as a key determinant of healthspan. This review explores the impact of environmental exposures, focusing in particular on pollution, endocrine disruptors, and climate change on the development of age-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, and metabolic disorders. Additionally, it examines protective factors that contribute to healthy ageing. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published between 2000 and 2025. Findings indicate that chronic exposure to pollutants accelerates cellular ageing through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and epigenetic dysregulation. In contrast, longevity hotspots—Blue Zones, Cilento and the mountain villages of Sicily (Sicani and Madonie Mountains)—illustrate how traditional dietary patterns, strong social structures, and reduced environmental toxicity contribute to exceptional health and longevity. Mechanistically, exposome-driven alterations in immune-inflammatory pathways and epigenetic regulation play a central role in modulating ageing trajectories. Understanding these interactions is essential for developing targeted strategies to mitigate harmful exposures and enhance protective factors. This review underscores the urgent need for integrative public health policies that address the environmental determinants of ageing, ultimately promoting a longer and healthier lifespan. Full article

Background: The declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic by the World Health Organization in 2020 led to the widespread suspension of clinical practices, including dentistry. This study aims to evaluate the impact of these restrictions on oral health and dietary habits. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Egas Moniz University Clinic (Lisbon Metropolitan Area), covering from June 2019 to June 2021. A total of 3380 participants were included and categorized into two cohorts: pre- and post-COVID-19 restrictions. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire assessing oral health behaviors and dietary habits. Results: Of 3469 incoming patients, 3380 met the inclusion criteria. Statistically significant post-lockdown changes were observed, including increased smoking prevalence, higher coffee with sugar consumption, reduced use of dental floss and mouthwash, and redistribution in tooth brushing frequency, with fewer individuals brushing 2–3 times daily. Conclusions: COVID-19-related restrictions had a heterogeneous impact on oral health and dietary behaviors. While some individuals reported improved hygiene routines, others showed negative changes, such as increased tobacco use or decreased use of oral hygiene products. These contrasting effects call for targeted public health strategies to reduce inequalities and support vulnerable groups during crises. Full article

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an urgent global health threat with many anthropogenic drivers outside of healthcare. The impacts of modern agriculture on human health are manifold, from the food systems and dietary patterns they support to the less apparent effects of environmental stresses and biodiversity loss in ecosystems. Intensive practices, such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, induce abiotic stresses that deplete biodiversity and drive AMR in soil and aquatic microbiomes. The overuse of antibiotics in livestock production is another major driver of AMR. Changes in weather patterns due to climate change have the potential to exacerbate these issues as warmer and wetter weather increases the potential for bacterial infection. While practices exist to address healthcare-associated drivers, the impact of agriculture and environmental destruction are not widely appreciated in healthcare and biomedical sciences. It is imperative that healthcare professionals and public health experts understand these connections to properly address the emergent issue of AMR. This review aims to summarize the current data on important agricultural and environmental drivers of AMR for educational purposes, to fill gaps in knowledge, and to improve current practices and stimulate further research. Full article

Stroke is one of the most common causes of death and disability worldwide, with significant impact on both physical and cognitive health. Although strokes are less common in young adults, they still occur in this population, particularly in those with certain comorbidities, such as Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD). Despite the lack of specific guidelines for stroke prevention in young adults, certain preventive measures can be implemented. Smoking cigarettes is the most significant stroke risk factor in this group. Additionally, psychosocial stress, often exacerbated by academic, career, and financial pressures, is emerging as a modifiable risk factor for stroke in young adults. Key preventive measures include dietary changes, management of underlying health conditions, incorporating regular physical activity into daily routines, smoking cessation, and effective stress management techniques such as mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT). Promoting mental health awareness, directing public health campaigns toward young adults, educating them on recognizing stroke symptoms and administering first aid, and improving the quality of healthcare for this population all play a vital role in preventing stroke in young adults. Full article

The scientific interest in edible insects as an alternative source of high-value protein for the human diet has increased drastically over the last decade. Edible insects harbour enormous potential in terms of planetary health. Their lower water and land use, lower feed conversion ratios, and overall lower global warming potential paired with a high nutritional value compared with conventional livestock are key drivers towards an environmentally sustainable diet. However, low consumer acceptance, as well as regulatory challenges, have slowed down the success of edible insects in Western countries, despite edible insects being consumed regularly all over the world. To date, four edible insect species have been approved as novel foods in the European Union—namely yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), house cricket (Acheta domesticus), and lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus). Depending on the species, they have a high protein content (48–67%), with a beneficial indispensable amino acid profile, high fat content (21–39%), with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids based on the dry matter, and contain reasonable amounts of minerals and vitamins. Unlike other animal-based foods, edible insects contain dietary fibre. Data on the bioavailability of nutrients in humans are scarce. Although numerous publications have investigated the nutritional profiles, environmental impacts, and future perspectives of edible insects, here, those findings are reviewed critically, as some publications were partially contradictory or related to selected species only. In this narrative review, we emphasise that edible insects could play a key role in a changing world with a steadily increasing demand for nutritionally valuable food and the depletion of natural resources. Full article

The conversion of tropical forests into urban and agriculture landscapes may alter insect populations through habitat disturbance and impact the diets of aerial insectivores. Most dietary studies on aerial insectivores have limitation on identifying prey at higher taxonomic levels in broad landscapes, restricting species-level identification and thus making a detailed dietary comparison impossible. This study examines the dietary changes through adaptation of house-farm swiftlets (Aerodramus sp.) and Pacific swallows (Hirundo tahitica) across three distinct habitats in Peninsular Malaysia: mixed-use landscapes, oil palm plantations, and paddy fields. High-throughput DNA metabarcoding with ANML primers targeting mitochondrial CO1 gene, identified 245 arthropod prey species, with six dominant orders: Coleoptera, Diptera, Blattodea, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera. Mixed-use landscapes supported the highest dietary diversity and niche breadth, reflecting their ecological complexity. Paddy fields exhibited moderate diversity, while oil palm plantations demonstrated the lowest diversity, influenced by simplified vegetation structures and limited prey availability. The consumption of agricultural pests and vector species highlights the critical ecological role of aerial insectivorous birds in natural pest management and mitigating vector-borne disease risks. This research emphasizes the importance of conserving habitat heterogeneity to sustain the ecological services provided by these birds, benefiting both agricultural productivity and public health. Full article

Background: Culinary medicine (CM) interventions in teaching kitchens have emerged as novel approaches for influencing dietary behaviors, but their efficacy, content, and delivery vary. Objective: The effects of a virtual vegan CM intervention on behavioral determinants, cooking competencies, diet quality, and skin carotenoid status were assessed. Methods: This analysis from a 9-week randomized crossover study evaluated behavioral survey assessments, Whole Plant Food Density (WPFD) as a diet quality indicator utilizing Automated Self-Administered 24 h Dietary Recall data, and skin carotenoid status (SCS) via pressure-mediated reflection spectroscopy at multiple timepoints. Adults at ≥5% atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk followed a vegan diet pattern that was high or low in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) for 4 weeks each with weekly virtual cooking classes, separated by a 1-week washout period. Qualitative feedback was collected for thematic analysis. Results: In 40 participants (75% female; body mass index, 32 ± 7 kg/m²; age, 64 ± 9 years mean ± SD), perceived control over trajectory of heart disease, knowledge of lifestyle behaviors for heart health, and confidence in cooking skills and preparing a variety of plant-based foods improved post intervention (all p ≤ 0.001). WPFD increased by 69–118% from baseline. Greater SCS changes occurred after high-EVOO (+51.4 ± 13.9 mean ± SEM, p < 0.001) compared to low-EVOO (+6.0 ± 16.4, p = 0.718) diets. Conclusions: A virtual vegan CM intervention improved dietary behaviors and quality, which was associated with reductions in CVD risk factors. SCS is influenced by EVOO intake, warranting consideration when used to estimate fruit and vegetable intake. The potential impacts of CM on behaviors and health outcomes warrant continued research efforts in medical and public health settings. Full article

Introduction: Childhood obesity has reached critical levels in Chile, particularly among preschoolers from low-income families who face barriers to nutritious food and physical activity. Early interventions are essential to mitigate long-term health risks. This study evaluates the Chile Active Intervention, a community-based program promoting physical activity and healthy eating among preschoolers attending public daycare centers in Antofagasta, Santiago, and Temuco. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a structured intervention in improving physical activity levels, dietary habits, and obesity-related risk factors in children aged 3 to 5 years old. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was implemented with intervention and control groups, including 1204 children from public daycare centers. The intervention-comprised educator training on healthy eating structured physical activity sessions tailored for young children and family engagement through “Healthy Days” events. Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured anthropometric variables, body composition, physical activity, and dietary intake. Results: The intervention led to positive changes in weight-for-height Z-scores, body fat percentage, and skinfold thickness, particularly among high-risk children. Physical activity assessments showed reduced sedentary time and increased active play. Dietary improvements included higher fruit and vegetable consumption and reduced ultra-processed food intake. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that early, community-based interventions can effectively improve health behaviors in preschoolers. The program’s scalability across Chile is promising, with parental involvement and institutional support being key to sustaining impact. Long-term evaluations are recommended to assess its lasting effects on childhood health outcomes. Full article

Time-restricted eating (TRE) has gained attention as an effective approach for weight management and overall well-being by focusing on limiting the eating window, rather than reducing calories. This study explores the biopsychosocial impacts of TRE in free-living individuals using a qualitative design. Twenty-one adults (aged 27–60 years) from Western Australia who had practised TRE for at least three months were purposively recruited, and semi-structured interviews were conducted. The data were analysed using a thematic analysis to identify key themes. The participants reported a range of benefits, including weight loss, reduced joint pain, better digestion, improved mental clarity, increased energy, and a more positive body image. Socially, TRE facilitated simplified daily routines but also introduced challenges, such as disruptions to social interactions and family meal dynamics. Some mixed and negative impacts were reported, including changes in sleep and exercise patterns. These findings highlight TRE’s potential as a holistic dietary intervention. Further research, particularly well-controlled, randomised controlled trials and longitudinal studies, is needed to confirm these insights and guide their appropriate application in clinical and public health settings. Full article