Search Results (5,974)

Women of reproductive age diagnosed with thyroid cancer face a distinctive psychological burden arising from the concurrent demands of disease management and primary caregiving, yet the mechanisms linking parenting stress to diminished well-being in this group remain poorly characterized. The present study applied a stress-buffering framework to examine whether psychological distress (anxiety and depressive symptoms) statistically mediated the association between parenting stress and well-being, and whether social support attenuates these pathways. We recruited a convenience sample of 400 consecutive eligible mothers between July and December 2025 at a tertiary cancer center in China. All were of reproductive age (18–49 years), had cytologically confirmed papillary thyroid carcinoma and at least one child aged ≤12 years, and completed the survey during their initial hospitalization, before surgery. Validated instruments assessed parenting stress, anxiety and depression, social support, and well-being; analyses included bivariate correlations, mediation, and moderated mediation models. Well-being correlated inversely with parenting stress (r = −0.447, p < 0.01) and anxiety and depression (r = −0.573, p < 0.01), and positively with social support (r = 0.515, p < 0.01). Psychological distress partially mediated the parenting stress–well-being association, with the indirect effect constituting 44.32% of the total effect (−0.210, 95% CI: −0.321 to −0.125). Parenting stress was positively associated with HADS scores (β = 0.322, p < 0.001), though this association was weaker at higher levels of social support (interaction β = −0.106, p = 0.006). Both parenting stress (β = −0.148, p = 0.001) and HADS scores (β = −0.367, p < 0.001) were independently associated with lower well-being, while social support moderated the parenting stress–well-being association (interaction β = 0.098, p = 0.003). In conclusion, parenting stress and psychological distress were jointly associated with diminished well-being in this population, but social support emerged as a modifiable protective correlate. Psychosocial interventions targeting stress reduction, emotional regulation, and support mobilization may thus hold particular promise for improving outcomes among young women with thyroid cancer. Full article

Background/Objectives: The emotional impact of a cancer diagnosis may become particularly salient during survivorship, as survivors continue to face fears and concerns related to recurrence. Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is one of the most prevalent psychological challenges and significant unmet need among women with female cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of FCR in predominantly breast cancer survivors, and to examine its relationship with certain demographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 120 women with a history of breast or gynecological cancer who were recruited over a two-month period through several cancer support associations across Croatia. Data were collected in person using a questionnaire comprising sociodemographic and clinical variables, as well as four self-reported instruments: the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory–Short Form, Impact of Event Scale, Cancer Behavior Inventory–Brief Version, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression analysis. Results: In the final sample of 110 women, FCR levels were moderate, with 66.4% of participants reporting clinically significant levels. FCR was positively associated with chemotherapy (r = 0.22, p < 0.05), intrusive thoughts (r = 0.56, p < 0.01) and avoidance tendencies (r = 0.39, p < 0.01), and negatively associated with age (r = −0.26, p < 0.01) and self-efficacy for coping (r = −0.41, p < 0.01). In the final regression model, intrusive thoughts, coping self-efficacy, and chemotherapy were the only variables independently associated with fear of cancer recurrence. Conclusions: These findings indicate the presence of FCR in the period after primary treatment, particularly among breast cancer survivors, and highlight cognitive processing of cancer-related experiences and self-efficacy as potentially relevant areas for further research. Full article

The mental health of young people has increasingly emerged as a public health priority due to the growing prevalence of mental health problems during adolescence and early adulthood. The literature has identified community-based programs as effective strategies for promoting well-being and preventing psychological symptomatology. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of the interventions provided by junior psychologists working in the Youth Health Offices of the Cuida-te Program of the Portuguese Institute of Sports and Youth (IPDJ) on the quality of life, well-being, and mental health of Portuguese youth through a pre- and post-intervention analysis. A total of 1164 young people, aged between 12 and 29 years old, participated across three editions of the program. Self-report instruments were used to assess the quality of life, the well-being, and the psychological symptoms (stress, depression, and anxiety) of the participants. The results revealed statistically significant improvements between pre- and post-intervention assessments, including increased quality of life and well-being, as well as reduced levels of stress, depression, and anxiety. These findings were observed among both female and male participants and across different age groups. Non-binary participants showed less pronounced results, although with no statistically significant differences identified, suggesting the need for more research with larger samples and for inclusive interventions tailored to the specific needs of sexual and gender minorities. Overall, the work carried out appears to constitute an effective and cost-effective community-based response for the prevention of mental health symptoms and the promotion of mental health in adolescents and young adults, reinforcing the importance of permanent, accessible, and inclusive public policies. Full article

Background: Post-surgical breast cancer (BC) survivors frequently experience clusters of persistent post-treatment physical and psychological symptoms, which can negatively affect their quality of life (QoL). Mind–body interventions such as Qigong may offer potential benefit, but evidence in oncology remains limited. Methods: We conducted a single-arm pilot feasibility study at the AMICO clinic (IRCCS-CROB, Southern Italy) to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, safety, and exploratory pre–post symptoms associated with an 8-week Qigong programme in post-surgical BC patients. Fourteen women (aged 42–73 years; stage I–III) who reported symptom burden and emotional sensitivity attended weekly one-hour classes and were encouraged to practise at home. Feasibility outcomes included adherence, completion of post-intervention assessment, adverse events, and participant acceptability. Symptom severity was assessed at baseline and post-intervention using a 0–5 study-specific symptom questionnaire score. For the secondary descriptive prevalence analysis, scores ≥ 3 were classified as indicating moderate-to-severe symptom burden. Results: All 14 participants completed the post-intervention assessment, overall intervention adherence was 92%, and no adverse events were reported. In the secondary descriptive analysis, the prevalence of moderate-to-severe pain and mood changes decreased from 64.3% to 35.7%, fatigue from 57.1% to 28.6%, anxiety from 85.7% to 42.9%, and sleep disturbances from 35.7% to 14.3%. Hot flushes decreased from 64.3% to 42.9%. Despite the heterogeneity of individual symptom trajectories, most participants reported meaningful improvements in overall well-being. Conclusions: The 8-week programme was feasible, well tolerated, and acceptable in this small real-world cohort. Symptom burden decreased during the intervention period; however, because of the uncontrolled study design and small sample size, these changes cannot be attributed specifically to Qigong. Larger controlled studies are required to estimate treatment effects and identify potential moderators of response. Full article

This article examines how drama in English portrays men who anchor their self-worth to sexual potency and masculine performance, particularly when that confidence faces direct challenge or the quiet pressure of ageing. Through sustained close reading of Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, and Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, the analysis traces how characters negotiate pride, vulnerability, and the defence of manhood through dialogue, pacing, and silence. Existing criticism has often approached these moments through historical or ideological lenses; this reading instead attends to the psychological negotiation visible in the text itself. Drawing on established work on gender performance and narrative identity, the article treats masculine pride not as a fixed cultural pattern but as a dramatic act that characters repeat, defend, and sometimes surrender. The theoretical tools serve the text rather than dictate it, allowing the plays to reveal how men construct, protect, and adjust their sense of virility when it is called into question. The findings emerge from careful attention to scene structure, verbal exchange, and the unspoken tensions that shape dramatic portrayal. Full article

With the advancement of healthy city development and community renewal practices, the influence of perceived community environmental quality on residents’ psychological well-being has attracted increasing attention. Previous research has shown that the built environment is closely related to residents’ well-being; however, most studies have focused on objective spatial elements or facility provision and have paid insufficient attention to the mechanisms through which subjective environmental perceptions operate in the process by which the environment affects psychological well-being. From the perspective of Homo Urbanicus theory, this study takes 36 communities in Yangpu District, Shanghai, as cases and uses data from 882 valid questionnaires. Structural equation modeling is employed to examine the relationships among perceived community environmental quality, perceived environmental restorativeness, and residents’ psychological well-being, and to further explore age-related patterns among young-old, middle-old, and oldest-old groups. The results show that perceived community environmental quality has a significant positive effect on residents’ psychological well-being and produces a significant indirect effect through perceived environmental restorativeness. Exploratory age-stratified analyses further suggested different pathway patterns among the young-old, middle-old, and oldest-old groups. On this basis, the study further proposes a four-quadrant model of spatial contact opportunities and a five-category accessibility classification and accordingly develops community environment optimization strategies for older adults of different ages. The findings provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for healthy-community development and age-friendly community renewal. Full article

Background: Mental health disorders are an increasing concern in Saudi Arabia, including in the Eastern Province, where one study found that of the 42.5% of medical students who reported a clear need for mental health services, only 16.2% had actually used them. Stigma and other psychosocial factors are thought to shape help-seeking behavior, yet comparative studies remain scarce. This study compares attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, and perceived stigma, between students in health-related and non-health-related programmes at King Faisal University. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 589 students at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia, were recruited through convenience sampling. Data were collected with an online, self-administered questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics and three validated Arabic instruments: the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help–Short Form (ATSPPH-SF), the Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help (SSRPH), and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25). Results: Of the 589 respondents, 580 (98.5%) were included in the analysis—279 (48.1%) health-related and 301 (51.9%) non-health-related students. Most were aged 18–21 (76.9%), Saudi nationals (96.9%), single (91.9%), and of middle income (79.2%). Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help did not differ significantly between health-related and non-health-related students (Welch’s t(566) = −1.48, p = 0.138, Cohen’s d = −0.12, a negligible effect). Perceived stigma (SSRPH) was significantly higher among health-related students (10.85 vs. 10.16; t(578) = 2.56, p = 0.011). Perceived social stigma was inversely and significantly associated with attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help (r = −0.262, p < 0.001). Together, stigma and psychological distress (HSCL-25) explained a modest 7.9% of the variance in help-seeking attitudes (R² = 0.079). Conclusions: Health-related and non-health-related students at this single university did not differ significantly in their attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. Perceived stigma showed the stronger association with less favorable attitudes, whereas psychological distress was associated with a smaller, positive association. These findings, from a single-center convenience sample, point to a need for stigma-reduction efforts and confidential mental health services at King Faisal University. Full article

Background: Academic performance does not depend solely on cognitive abilities, but also depends on socioemotional processes. Emotional experiences may be associated with school performance; however, their effects are often inconsistent, suggesting the need to examine mediating mechanisms such as self-esteem and developmental conditions such as age. Objective: We aimed to analyze the association between positive and negative emotional experiences and academic performance in school students, assessing the mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating effect of age. Methods: A cross-sectional explanatory study was conducted with 325 students from Lima, Peru (149 boys and 176 girls). Emotional experiences were assessed using the PANAS-N, self-esteem with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and academic performance with final grades in Communication and Mathematics. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), with bootstrapping based on 10,000 subsamples. Results: Positive emotional experiences were positively associated with self-esteem (β = 0.434, p < 0.001) and academic performance (β = 0.272, p < 0.001). Negative emotional experiences were negatively associated with self-esteem (β = −0.489, p < 0.001) but showed no significant direct association with academic performance (β = −0.005, p > 0.05). Self-esteem was positively associated with academic performance (β = 0.114, p = 0.043). The model explained 40.8% of the variance in self-esteem and 11.3% of the variance in academic performance. Age moderated only the association between negative emotional experiences and self-esteem (Δβ = 0.183, p = 0.035). Conclusions: Self-esteem plays a significant mediating role in the association between emotional experiences and academic performance, and this effect is especially relevant during adolescence. The findings suggest that self-worth constitutes a key psychological process for understanding how emotional experiences are linked to school performance. Full article

Background: Problematic social media use (PSMU) has become increasingly prevalent among adolescents and is consistently associated with a wide range of adverse mental health outcomes, underscoring its growing significance as a contemporary psychosocial and developmental concern. However, empirical research examining protective psychological factors associated with relationships between PSMU and psychological difficulties remains limited. The present study examined whether resilience and secure attachment were associated with the relationships between PSMU and loneliness, bullying perpetration, and negative body image among adolescents. Methods: Participants were 712 adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years (M_age = 15.33, SD = 1.13; 61.1% females, 38.9% males). Standardized scales were used to assess problematic social media use, secure attachment, resilience, bullying perpetration, loneliness, and negative body image. Results: The findings indicated that higher levels of problematic social media use (PSMU) were significantly associated with lower levels of secure attachment and resilience, alongside higher levels of loneliness, bullying perpetration, and negative body image. Secure attachment and resilience were also significantly associated with lower loneliness, bullying perpetration, and negative body image. Moreover, significant indirect associations were observed between PSMU and loneliness, bullying perpetration, and negative body image through secure attachment and resilience. Conclusions: These findings suggest that secure attachment and resilience may represent important psychological resources associated with the relationships between PSMU and psychosocial difficulties during adolescence. Given the cross-sectional design of the study, these findings should be interpreted as statistical associations rather than causal processes or mechanisms. Full article

Background/Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare emotional well-being, depressive symptoms, and psychiatric medication use between adults with and without diabetes in Spain and to identify sex-specific factors associated with these outcomes among individuals with diabetes. Methods: A population-based matched study was conducted using data from the 2023 Spanish National Health Survey (SNHS 2023). Adults aged ≥35 years with physician-diagnosed diabetes were individually matched (1:1) to controls without diabetes according to sex, exact age, and autonomous community of residence. Low emotional well-being (WHO-5 score < 50), clinically relevant depressive symptoms (PHQ-8 ≥ 10), and psychiatric medication use were assessed. Conditional logistic regression and sex-specific multivariable logistic regression models were fitted. Results: The study included 3710 participants (1855 with diabetes and 1855 matched controls without diabetes). The prevalence of low emotional well-being was significantly higher among participants with diabetes than among matched controls in both men (16.4% vs. 11.6%; p = 0.004) and women (28.8% vs. 21.6%; p < 0.001). Likewise, clinically relevant depressive symptoms were more frequent among individuals with diabetes (men: 32.7% vs. 24.9%, p < 0.001; women: 54.4% vs. 40.2%, p < 0.001), as was psychiatric medication use (men: 20.5% vs. 15.2%, p = 0.005; women: 39.5% vs. 30.2%, p < 0.001). After full adjustment, diabetes remained independently associated with low emotional well-being (men: aOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.03–2.13; women: aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.14–1.78), depressive symptoms (men: aOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.02–1.69; women: aOR 1.38, 95% CI 1.08–1.77), and psychiatric medication use (men: aOR 1.34, 95% CI 1.02–1.75; women: aOR 1.35, 95% CI 1.06–1.73). Poor social support, physical inactivity, and several chronic comorbidities emerged as the factors most consistently associated with adverse mental health outcomes among individuals with diabetes. Conclusions: Adults with diabetes in Spain experience a substantially greater burden of adverse mental health than matched individuals without diabetes. Integrating routine mental health assessment and psychosocial support into diabetes care may help improve both psychological well-being and disease management. Full article

Background: Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and epidemiological projections indicate that its incidence will continue to increase. Gastrointestinal cancers are among the most frequently diagnosed malignant neoplasms. Quality of life is a key component of oncology care and is significantly influenced by nutritional status and dietary habits. Methods: The study included 52 adult patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal cancer. Data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire based on the QEB (Questionnaire of Eating Behaviour) and WHOQOL-BREF (World Health Organization Quality of Life—BREF) instruments, supplemented with questions regarding changes in dietary habits and the use of dietary counseling following diagnosis. Nutritional knowledge, dietary habits, and quality of life across four domains (physical, psychological, social, and environmental) were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and appropriate tests of statistical significance. Results: Cancers of the colon and rectum—reported either as unspecified colorectal cancer or as separately specified colon or rectal cancer—together accounted for the largest share of diagnoses (26 diagnoses, representing 44.8% of the 58 total reported diagnoses). Quality-of-life assessment revealed the lowest scores in the physical domain and the highest scores in the social domain. The youngest participants achieved the highest scores in the psychological domain, whereas the lowest scores across all domains were observed among individuals aged over 60 years. Following diagnosis, 63.5% of participants reported reviewing and modifying their dietary habits; however, the majority had not received dietary counseling. Women reported higher fruit and vegetable consumption than men, while higher educational attainment was associated with greater self-assessed nutritional knowledge. Conclusions: Among patients with gastrointestinal cancers surveyed in this study, the physical domain of quality of life had the lowest WHOQOL-BREF score. Most participants reported modifying their dietary habits after diagnosis, although most had not received formal dietary counseling. Higher educational attainment was associated with higher self-assessed nutritional knowledge. Given the small convenience sample and cross-sectional design, these findings should be considered exploratory. Full article

Psychological capital (PsyCap), comprising optimism, hope, self-efficacy, and resilience, is an important positive psychological resource associated with well-being and adaptive functioning. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Lithuanian version of the revised Compound Psychological Capital Scale (CPC-12R) and to examine its associations with nature exposure and physical activity. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1255 Lithuanian adults aged 18–70 years (mean age 39.51 ± 13.84 years), and 64.4% were women. The total sample was randomly divided into exploratory (n = 628) and confirmatory factor analysis (n = 627) subsamples. Exploratory factor analysis supported a two-factor structure separating optimism from the remaining CPC-12R dimensions, whereas confirmatory factor analysis supported the theoretically expected second-order model comprising optimism, hope, self-efficacy, and resilience as first-order factors reflected by a higher-order PsyCap construct. The second-order model demonstrated good fit (robust CFI = 0.963, robust TLI = 0.952, robust RMSEA = 0.074, SRMR = 0.042) and strict measurement invariance across gender and place-of residence groups. Internal consistency was satisfactory to good for all subscales (McDonald’s ω = 0.79–0.85) and excellent for the total scale (ω = 0.93). Evidence of convergent validity was demonstrated through positive associations with self-esteem and life satisfaction and negative associations with psychological distress and poorer mental health. Furthermore, PsyCap explained a small but significant proportion of additional variance in mental health difficulties beyond self-esteem, life satisfaction, and psychological distress. PsyCap was positively associated with nature exposure, physical activity in nature, and leisure-time exercise. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that greater nature exposure and more frequent physical activity in nature were independently positively associated with PsyCap after accounting for sociodemographic characteristics, whereas leisure-time exercise was not. Overall, the findings support the reliability and validity of the Lithuanian CPC-12R, particularly its total score, although the EFA results suggest caution when interpreting the four subscale scores separately. The cross-sectional findings further identify engagement with natural environments as a meaningful behavioural correlate of PsyCap. Full article

Objective: This study assessed the prevalence of fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) and its clinical, treatment-related, and psychological correlates in breast cancer survivors without active disease. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 200 breast cancer survivors after curative treatment. FCR was assessed using the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory–Short Form (FCRI-SF), with scores ≥ 13 indicating clinically significant FCR. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A) and Depression (HADS-D) scores ≥ 8 indicated clinically significant symptoms. Associations with FCR were analyzed using logistic regression, with HADS-A and HADS-D evaluated in separate multivariable models because of their potential overlap. Results: The mean age was 55.6 ± 9.5 years; clinically significant FCR, anxiety, and depression occurred in 38.0%, 32.5%, and 38.0%, respectively. In univariable analysis, younger age, stage III disease, mastectomy, chemotherapy history, and high HADS-A and HADS-D were associated with FCR. In the HADS-A model, chemotherapy history (adjusted OR: 5.841; p = 0.006) and high HADS-A (adjusted OR: 7.828; p < 0.001) were independently associated with FCR, whereas increasing age was protective (adjusted OR: 0.855; p < 0.001). In the HADS-D model, mastectomy (adjusted OR: 6.265; p = 0.002), chemotherapy history (adjusted OR: 6.941; p = 0.001), and high HADS-D (adjusted OR: 14.343; p < 0.001) were independently associated with FCR, whereas increasing age was protective (adjusted OR: 0.836; p < 0.001). Conclusions: FCR is a major psychosocial concern among breast cancer survivors, particularly in younger patients, those with chemotherapy history, and those with greater psychological symptom burden. The association with mastectomy should also be considered, particularly in patients with depressive symptoms. Full article

Background: Primitive reflex (PR) assessments based on the Institute for Neuro-Physiological Psychology (INPP) framework are increasingly used in developmental and athletic populations. However, the reproducibility of these observer-based assessments remains insufficiently documented. This study investigated the intra- and inter-rater reliability of subjective PR assessments and examined the potential influence of evaluator expertise in elite youth football athletes. Methods: Sixty-nine male youth football players from an elite academy (age: 18 ± 2 years) participated in this study. PR assessments included the Moro reflex, asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, symmetrical tonic neck reflex, and tonic labyrinthine reflex, evaluated using standardized INPP procedures (0–4 ordinal scoring scale). Intra-rater reliability was assessed by an experienced examiner across three testing sessions performed over six months. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated using standardized video recordings independently scored by two novice raters. Relative reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), while absolute reliability was quantified using the standard error of measurement (SEM) and the minimal detectable change at the 95% confidence level (MDC95). Results: Good to excellent intra-rater relative reliability (ICC = 0.86–0.98; 95% CI = [0.81–0.99]) was observed, with SEM values of 0.1–0.6 and MDC95 values of 0.3–1.7 points. Moderate to excellent video-based inter-rater reliability was found (ICC = 0.69–0.99; 95% CI [0.56–0.99]), with SEM values of 0.1–0.7 and MDC95 values of 0.3–2.0 points. Pairwise comparisons among raters showed moderate to excellent relative reliability (ICC = 0.57–0.99; 95% CI [0.35–0.99]), with SEM values of 0.1–0.5 and MDC95 values of 0.2–1.3 points. Conclusions: Subjective PR assessments performed using the INPP framework demonstrated good to excellent intra-rater relative reliability and moderate to excellent video-based inter-rater relative reliability, together with generally low absolute measurement error in elite youth football athletes. These findings provide preliminary psychometric support for the use of standardized PR assessments in research and applied sport settings. Full article

Background: Early discharge with home nasogastric (NGT) feeding has been associated with favorable infant outcomes and high parental satisfaction. However, its impact on parental mental health has been insufficiently studied. We aimed to evaluate symptoms of anxiety and depression in mothers and fathers of very preterm infants discharged with or without NGT feeding. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at a German tertiary perinatal center between October 2020 and May 2024. A total of 238 preterm infants with a birth weight ≤ 1500 g and/or a postmenstrual age (PMA) ≤ 32 weeks were included; 131 were discharged with full oral feeding and 107 with NGT feeding. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed in mothers and fathers using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D) at discharge and at three months corrected age (CA). A total of 201 parent–infant dyads were included. HADS-D assessments were completed by 155 mothers and 135 fathers at discharge and by 121 mothers and 119 fathers at three months CA. Results: At discharge, depression and anxiety scores did not differ between parents of infants discharged with and without NGT feeding. At three months CA, mothers of infants discharged on full oral feeding had higher depression and anxiety scores than mothers of infants discharged with NGT feeding (4.95 ± 3.62 vs. 3.18 ± 2.89; p ≤ 0.01 and 6.42 ± 3.85 vs. 4.79 ± 3.72; p = 0.04), and clinically significant depression scores (≥8) were more frequent (23.53% vs. 10.45%; p = 0.04). Similarly, fathers in the non-tube-feeding group had higher depression scores at 3 months CA (4.78 ± 3.74 vs. 3.48 ± 2.72; p = 0.04), with a trend towards a greater proportion showing clinically significant depression scores (24.14% vs. 13.11%; p = 0.12. Conclusions: Early discharge of very preterm infants with home NGT feeding was not associated with increased parental psychological distress at discharge and at 3 months CA. Across the outcomes, parental distress tended to be lower at 3 months CA with NGT feeding at discharge. However, as no NGT × time interaction was statistically significant after correction for multiple testing, these group differences should be interpreted as exploratory in nature. Full article