Search Results (312)

Plastics are indispensable to modern life, yet pose a double-edged sword as their escalating production threatens human health and ecosystems. This urgent reality drives intensive efforts to develop recycling technologies that convert waste plastics into valuable feedstocks. Herein, we develop an efficient organocatalytic strategy for the depolymerization and closed-loop chemical recycling of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). The strong organic base TBD demonstrated the highest catalytic activity for the methanolysis depolymerization of PBS, achieving a yield of 93.1% under mild conditions (100 °C, 2 h). GC and MS analyses identified dimethyl succinate (DMS) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO) as the major products. Investigation into the depolymerization behavior and mechanism revealed that the process proceeds via random chain scission, facilitated by a dual hydrogen-bonding activation mechanism mediated by TBD. Closed-loop chemical recycling was achieved by repolymerizing the recovered monomers into PBS. The reproduced polymer exhibited properties comparable to commercial virgin PBS. Moreover, this strategy could be extended to other commercial polyester systems, establishing an eco-friendly and viable pathway for sustainable polymer recycling. Full article

This study investigates the mechanical, structural, and thermal performance of bio-based composite laminates reinforced with nonwoven fibrous materials derived from polylactic acid (PLA), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and polyamide 1010 (PA1010). The fibrous reinforcements, produced using melt-blown and electrospinning techniques, were characterized in terms of morphology, fibre diameter distribution, and wettability, and subsequently incorporated into bio-resin laminates to strengthen them. The curing behaviour of the composites was evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results demonstrate that fibre structure and morphology strongly influence resin impregnation and interfacial interactions. Mechanical properties varied significantly depending on the reinforcement type. PA1010-based laminates exhibited the highest strength and stiffness due to their compact and uniform fibrous structure. PBS-based systems showed intermediate behaviour, while PLA-based composites displayed lower strength but higher deformability. DSC results indicated that fibre type affected crosslinking efficiency. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed similar initial thermal stability of laminates (T₅% ≈ 299–313 °C), governed by the resin matrix, while differences at higher temperatures reflected the type of reinforcement used. These findings highlight the importance of fibre morphology and interfacial compatibility in designing sustainable composite laminates reinforced with recycled fibrous materials. Full article

In this study, fully bio-based oligomers of butylene succinate (OBS) with different molecular weights (low: L-OBS, medium: M-OBS and high: H-OBS) were incorporated into poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) by melt mixing at varying loadings of 5–15 wt%. Then, PBS/OBS films were obtained by thermo-compression and characterized to assess their suitability for sustainable food packaging. Thus, OBS were homogeneously incorporated into PBS matrix and modulated the thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of the PBS. L-OBS (Mn = 1150 g·mol⁻¹) plasticized the amorphous PBS, depending on its concentration, more effectively than M-OBS (Mn: 8700 g·mol⁻¹) and H-OBS (Mn: 18,650 g·mol⁻¹), as deduced from the thermo-mechanical analysis. In every case, OBS enhanced crystallinity, mainly L-OBS, which reduced the film strength and increased water vapor permeability, depending on its concentration. In contrast, H-OBS improved mechanical strength, stiffness, and barrier performance. In all cases, X-ray diffraction confirmed the preservation of the PBS’s monoclinic crystalline structure but slightly shifted the diffraction angle depending on the ratio of the end-chain groups in the blend, thus reflecting the contribution of OBS in the crystalline lattice. Finally, oligomer incorporation resulted in an overall migration increase in different food simulants, impairing their application in packaging. Full article

This study presents an efficient and environmentally friendly route for synthesizing succinic acid derivatives via palladium-catalyzed oxidative dicarbonylation of ethylene, utilizing oxygen as the terminal oxidant. By systematically optimizing reaction parameters—including catalyst composition, solvent volume, gas ratio, temperature, and additives—the turnover number (TON) for dimethyl succinate was significantly enhanced to 10,325. This strategy not only demonstrates the potential of CO and ethylene as simple and abundant C1 and C2 building blocks but also highlights the viability of oxygen as a sustainable oxidant. The developed process offers a promising pathway toward the cost-effective and scalable production of biodegradable materials such as poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), with important implications for advancing green synthesis and enabling an autonomous supply chain in the biodegradable polymer industry. Full article

The accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in agricultural soils and atrazine in agricultural soils creates compound pollution that severely threatens soil health. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polybutylene succinate (PBS) on the adsorption and degradation of atrazine in yellow-brown and black soil. Batch adsorption kinetic and isotherm experiments were conducted in two distinct soils amended with MPs. A 90-day degradation experiment was performed to monitor atrazine persistence and the activities of key soil enzymes. The adsorption process was best described by the pseudo-second-order model and the Freundlich isotherm model, suggesting dominant chemisorption and multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces of the soil–MP composites. All MPs significantly enhanced the adsorption capacity for atrazine (6.80–39.93 mg kg⁻¹), with the order PBS > PE > PVC. Furthermore, the degradation of atrazine was impeded by all MPs, with PVC exhibiting the strongest inhibitory effect. The half-life of atrazine ranges from 22.97 to 81.76 days in two soils. The presence of MPs also influenced soil enzyme activities and the effects varied by MP type and soil property. These results demonstrate that MPs can modify the adsorption and persistence of atrazine in soil, thereby increasing its environmental risk. This study provides valuable insights for the long-term ecological risk assessment of co-existing MPs and pesticide pollution in terrestrial environments. Full article

The commercialization of poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA), a biodegradable and potentially fully biobased random copolyester, is still ongoing. Due to its high relevance as mono material or as blend component in flexible film applications, a sound understanding of compounding, further processing and film properties is necessary. In this work, PBSA, poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and blends at three different compositions thereof were processed into flat films and blown films, respectively. Investigating the films with X-ray diffraction (XRD), multivariate confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the semicrystalline order as well as the blend morphology. While PBSA is semicrystalline, PLA remains amorphous after the processing step. As imaged by CRM, flat films exhibit lamellar-like domains formed during uniaxial stretching and rapid cooling, whereas blown films show no pronounced preferential orientation. Tensile tests in both the machine and transverse directions demonstrate the versatility of PBSA and its blends in spanning a wide range of mechanical strength and flexibility, covering and partly exceeding the stiffness and strength ranges typically reported for commodity polyolefins while exhibiting reduced ductility. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) provide further insights into the thermal properties of the pure and blend materials. Full article

This study analyzes the effect of two bioactive additives—caffeic acid and natamycin (Natamax^®)—on the properties of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) in the context of applications in biodegradable active packaging. Materials containing 1, 3, and 5 wt.% of the additives were prepared by melt blending and characterized in terms of density, rheological behavior (MFR), mechanical properties, thermal stability (TGA), and thermal behavior and crystallization (DSC). Caffeic acid strongly reduced the melt viscosity (reflected by a significant increase in MFR) and, at higher concentrations, led to material stiffening and increased strength at the expense of a pronounced reduction in deformability. Natamycin exhibited a milder rheological effect; at 1 wt.% it simultaneously improved strength and elastic modulus, whereas at higher loadings it deteriorated mechanical performance due to structural effects. Both additives were thermally compatible with PBS; caffeic acid introduced an additional degradation step, while Natamax^® did not significantly alter the degradation mechanism. The results indicate that both the type and concentration of the additive govern the structure–property–function relationships and enable the design of PBS-based packaging materials with controlled performance and functional characteristics. Full article

Background/Objectives: Achieving effective hemostasis is a vital step in wound healing, particularly in cases of severe bleeding caused by surgical procedures or trauma. This study focuses on the development of chitosan-based dressings enriched with Heparin (hep)-loaded poly(butylene succinate) (PBSu) nanoparticles to combine hemostatic and anticoagulant properties. Methods: Chitosan, a biocompatible and biodegradable carbohydrate with inherent antibacterial and hemostatic properties, was chemically modified with 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) to enhance its swelling ability and hemostatic activity. PBSu nanoparticles were synthesized using an oil-in-water emulsification method and loaded with Hep to achieve controlled anticoagulant release. The dressings of the modified chitosan derivatives with the nanoparticles which were systematically characterized for morphology, chemical structure, swelling ability, loading capacity, and Hep release kinetics. Results: This dual-function system is designed to decouple local surface hemostasis from thrombotic processes: the chitosan matrix provides rapid topical hemostasis, while controlled heparin release from the nanoparticles aims to modulate excessive fibrin deposition, support microvascular perfusion, and exploit the pro-healing benefits of low-dose heparin reported in advanced wound dressings, particularly in high-risk or thrombotic-prone patients. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated their potential for promoting rapid hemostasis. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the integration of modified chitosan and Hep-loaded nanoparticles is a promising strategy for advancing wound care and hemostatic technologies. Full article

Development of biodegradable polymer composites provides a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics. This study systematically investigates the effect of Eucomis autumnalis (EA) cellulose on the morphological, structural, and thermal behavior of polybutylene succinate (PBS) and polycaprolactone (PCL) blends. EA cellulose was extracted via delignification and hemicellulose removal, yielding 38% cellulose from the leaf biomass. A series of PBS/PCL/EA cellulose composites were prepared using a solution-casting method. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed retention of characteristic functional groups, with spectra dominated by PCL features, indicating the absence of new chemical bond formation between EA cellulose and the polymer matrix. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) revealed that EA cellulose acted as a nucleating agent, enhancing the crystallinity, especially in PCL, while slightly affecting PBS crystallization. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis demonstrated preferential localization of EA cellulose within the PBS phase, contributing to improved phase dispersion and interfacial interaction at the morphological level. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed enhanced crystallization behavior of PCL at higher EA cellulose loading (5 wt.%), with minimal influence on PBS thermal transitions. A thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the thermal stability depends on the polymer composition and cellulose content, with higher PCL fractions contributing to an improved stability. This study provides insight into the structure–property relationships governing PBS/PCL/EA cellulose systems and highlights the potential of EA cellulose as a bio-based additive for tailoring morphological and thermal characteristics of biodegradable polymer blends. A mechanical performance evaluation is recommended for future studies to correlate structural modifications with macroscopic properties. Full article

This study investigates the material recycling potential of discarded wind instrument reeds (Arundo donax), which are conventionally incinerated, by compounding them with thermoplastics (thermoplastic polyolefin, TPO; polybutylene succinate, PBS). After recovered reeds were pulverized and injection-molded at 10 and 30 wt% concentrations, their mechanical and interfacial properties were evaluated. Experimentally obtained results indicate that waste reeds function as effective reinforcing agents, particularly when combined with biodegradable PBS. Incorporating 30 wt% reed flour into PBS enhanced flexural strength by approximately 1.7 times and flexural modulus by 2.8 times compared to the neat resin. This superior performance relative to TPO composites is attributed to robust interfacial hydrogen bonding among PBS carbonyl groups and the hydroxyl groups on the reed surface. Additionally, thermal and spectroscopic analyses revealed that these strong interactions elevate the crystallization temperature and generate a “Rigid Amorphous Phase” (RAF) that facilitates efficient stress transfer. These research findings demonstrate the feasibility of creating high-quality, bio-based composites, offering a sustainable method to reduce petroleum reliance and carbon dioxide emissions by upcycling musical waste. Full article

Obtaining the adsorption equilibrium coefficient (K_d) of organic compounds on microplastics (MPs) is critical for understanding their environmental behaviors. Given the limited availability of these K_d values, it is imperative to develop predictive models for rapid acquisition of K_d values for different MPs. Herein, seven machine learning-based algorithms, i.e., MLR, RF, GBDT, XGBoost, CatBoost, LightGBM and SVM, were used to establish predictive models on the basis of 173 logK_d values in freshwater. The evaluation parameters, including R²_t, RMSE_t, Q²_v, RMSE_v and Q², indicate that the developed models have a satisfactory predictive capability. The developed MLR models can predict the logK_d values for chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polycaprolactone (PCL) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) MPs. Given the limited performance of MLR in predicting adsorption on PE MPs, RF, GBDT, XGBoost, CatBoost, LightGBM and SVM were employed to develop predictive models, which significantly enhanced the predictive accuracy. The predictive models for PE MPs have a wider AD, covering organic compounds with different functional groups than previous models. Hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, electrostatic and dispersion interactions may be involved in adsorption. The developed models can serve as efficient tools for estimating the K_d values for different MPs in freshwater, thereby providing the necessary data for evaluating the environmental risks of organic compounds and MPs. Full article

Thermoplastic starch (TPS) blended with biodegradable polyesters such as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and polycaprolactone (PCL) represents a promising route toward sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics. TPS offers advantages related to abundance, low cost, and biodegradability, while polyesters provide improved mechanical strength, thermal stability, and barrier performance. However, the intrinsic incompatibility between hydrophilic TPS and hydrophobic polyesters typically leads to immiscible systems with poor interfacial adhesion and limited performance. This review critically examines recent advances in the development of TPS/polyester blends, with emphasis on compatibilization strategies based on chemical modification, natural and synthetic compatibilizers, bio-based additives, and reinforcing agents. Particular attention is given to the role of organic acids, essential oils, phenolic compounds, nanofillers, and natural reinforcements in controlling morphology, crystallinity, interfacial interactions, and thermal–mechanical behavior. In addition, the contribution of bioactive additives to antimicrobial and antioxidant functionality is discussed as an emerging multifunctional feature of some TPS/polyester systems. Finally, current limitations related to long-term stability, scalability, and life cycle assessment are highlighted, identifying key challenges and future research directions for the development of advanced biodegradable materials with tailored properties. Full article

In an effort to reduce global dependence on fossil-based polymers and advance toward a more sustainable materials industry, research over recent decades has increasingly focused on the development of bio-based polymers and broadening their potential applications. Within this context, the present study investigates nanocomposites based on poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA), reinforced with two types of nanofillers: silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO₂ NPs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). The main objective of this work is to examine how the morphology, geometry, and chemical nature of the nanofillers influence the thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of PBSA, as well as its biodegradability. For each nanofiller, three formulations were prepared, containing 1, 2, and 5 wt% of filler, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed good dispersion and minimal aggregation in the SiO₂-based systems, whereas marked aggregation was observed in the CNF-based samples. Thermal analysis indicated that the intrinsic thermal properties of neat PBSA were largely preserved. Mechanical testing revealed improvements in both the elastic modulus and elongation at break for most nanocomposite samples. In particular, CNFs provided the most consistent reinforcing effect, with enhancements of approximately 40% in the elastic modulus (495.4 vs. 356.4 GPa in neat PBSA) and 52% in elongation at the break (185.1 vs. 122.0% in neat PBSA) with 5 wt% loading. Additionally, the incorporation of nanofillers did not alter the surface hydrophilicity, but it did improve the oxygen barrier performance and enhanced disintegration under composting conditions. Overall, these findings demonstrate the promising potential of PBSA-based nanocomposites for sustainable rigid packaging applications. Full article

This study examines the effects of kraft lignin, milled hemp stalks, and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) crosslinking on polybutylene succinate (PBS) composites, focusing on rheological, mechanical, and thermal properties as well as accelerated weathering and fungal performance. Two composite series were produced via twin-screw extrusion, (a) simple blends (B-series) and (b) DCP-crosslinked formulations (R-series), with emphasis on hybrid lignin–hemp composites (B-PLH and R-PLH). Rheological analysis showed that hemp fiber increased viscosity, while lignin reduced it, and DCP further enhanced shear-thinning behavior. Mechanical testing confirmed that R-PLH exhibited a 16% increase in flexural strength (42.6 MPa) and a 2.4-fold increase in flexural modulus (1785 MPa) over neat PBS, but tensile strength declined by 19%. Thermal analysis revealed a 14–26% reduction in mass loss rate and increased char formation (up to 16.3% in R-PLH), indicating improved thermal stability. Water absorption showed that hemp fibers increased hydrophilicity, further increased by DCP. Accelerated weathering led to significant color change and surface degradation, particularly in R-PLH. Despite lignocellulosic content, all composites exhibited ≤2% fungal degradation, indicating limited mass loss due to fungal exposure under conditions used in this study. Overall, B-PLH and R-PLH offer a balance of stiffness and thermal stability, though trade-offs in tensile strength and weathering resistance should be considered for sustainable applications. Full article

In this study, the properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) blends were analyzed according to the PBS content during the manufacture of the blend. However, the inherent immiscibility between PLA and PBS often leads to phase separation and limited mechanical performance, particularly in melt-spun fiber applications, which restrict their practical use. To increase the miscibility of the PLA/PBS blend, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) was added up to 0.8 wt.%, and the characteristics were analyzed via thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, viscosity measurements, dynamic mechanical analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. As the PBS content in the blend increased, the thermal stability, viscosity, elastic properties, and glass transition temperature decreased. In contrast, as the MDI content in the PLA/PBS blend increased, the thermal stability, viscosity, elastic properties, and glass transition temperature increased. The results revealed that the miscibility of the PLA/PBS blend increased as the MDI content in the blend increased. Additionally, the tensile strength and elongation of the PLA/PBS blend fibers manufactured through melt spinning were analyzed. While the tensile strength decreased as the PBS content increased, the tensile strength and elongation considerably improved as the MDI content in the blend increased. Specifically, the tensile strength of the PLA/PBS blend fibers increased from 2.55 to 2.99 gf/de, corresponding to an improvement of approximately 17%, while the elongation at break increased from 22.48% to 41.64%, representing an enhancement of approximately 85% with increasing MDI content. Full article