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Keywords = piezoelectric dispensing

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15 pages, 36663 KiB  
Article
Self-Sensing of Piezoelectric Micropumps: Gas Bubble Detection by Artificial Intelligence Methods on Limited Embedded Systems
by Kristjan Axelsson, Mohammadhossien Sheikhsarraf, Christoph Kutter and Martin Richter
Sensors 2025, 25(12), 3784; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123784 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 407
Abstract
Gas bubbles are one of the main disturbances encountered when dispensing drugs of microliter volumes using portable miniaturized systems based on piezoelectric diaphragm micropumps. The presence of a gas bubble in the pump chamber leads to the inaccurate administration of the required dose [...] Read more.
Gas bubbles are one of the main disturbances encountered when dispensing drugs of microliter volumes using portable miniaturized systems based on piezoelectric diaphragm micropumps. The presence of a gas bubble in the pump chamber leads to the inaccurate administration of the required dose due to its impact on the flowrate. This is particularly important for highly concentrated drugs such as insulin. Different types of sensors are used to detect gas bubbles: inline on the fluidic channels or inside the pump chamber itself. These solutions increase the complexity, size, and cost of the microdosing system. To address these problems, a radically new approach is taken by utilizing the sensing capability of the piezoelectric diaphragm during micropump actuation. This work demonstrates the workflow to build a self-sensing micropump based on artificial intelligence methods on an embedded system. This is completed by the implementation of an electronic circuit that amplifies and samples the loading current of the piezoelectric ceramic with a microcontroller STM32G491RE. Training datasets of 11 micropumps are generated at an automated testbench for gas bubble injections. The training and hyper-parameter optimization of artificial intelligence algorithms from the TensorFlow and scikit-learn libraries are conducted using a grid search approach. The classification accuracy is determined by a cross-training routine, and model deployment on STM32G491RE is conducted utilizing the STM32Cube.AI framework. The finally deployed model on the embedded system has a memory footprint of 15.23 kB, a runtime of 182 µs, and detects gas bubbles with an accuracy of 99.41%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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9 pages, 3564 KiB  
Communication
Pico-Dispensed Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Actuation of Microcantilevers: A Precise Deposition Approach
by Paweł Janus, Anna Katarzyna Piotrowska, Piotr Prokaryn, Andrzej Sierakowski, Jan Prokaryn and Rafał Dobrowolski
Sensors 2025, 25(12), 3689; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123689 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 2411
Abstract
This paper presents a cost-effective and versatile pico-dispensing technique as an efficient and straightforward approach for depositing zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO—NP) thin films on micromechanical devices (MEMS). Due to its piezoelectric properties, bulk ZnO is commonly used as a material for micro-/nanocantilever actuation. [...] Read more.
This paper presents a cost-effective and versatile pico-dispensing technique as an efficient and straightforward approach for depositing zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO—NP) thin films on micromechanical devices (MEMS). Due to its piezoelectric properties, bulk ZnO is commonly used as a material for micro-/nanocantilever actuation. The pico-dispensing process provides precise control over the deposition, allowing uniform and localized application of ZnO—NP on microcantilevers. Compared to traditional ZnO deposition techniques (e.g., sputtering or sol–gel), pico-dispensing of ZnO—NP offers advantages in simplicity, reduced material waste, and significantly lower costs. Furthermore, it is easy to tailor the composition and properties by incorporating nanoparticles of other materials. Experimental results demonstrate that ZnO—NP thin films deposited via pico-dispensing enable actuation with amplitudes of several nanometers and bandwidths up to 250 kHz, making them potentially suitable for actuation of micromechanical devices such as in dynamic AFM modes. Full article
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19 pages, 3991 KiB  
Article
A Holistic 4D Approach to Optimize Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Contributing to Variability in Microarray Biosensing in Glycomics
by Paras H. Kundalia, Lucia Pažitná, Kristína Kianičková, Eduard Jáné, Lenka Lorencová and Jaroslav Katrlík
Sensors 2023, 23(12), 5362; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125362 - 6 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2057
Abstract
Protein–carbohydrate interactions happen to be a crucial facet of biology, discharging a myriad of functions. Microarrays have become a premier choice to discern the selectivity, sensitivity and breadth of these interactions in a high-throughput manner. The precise recognition of target glycan ligands among [...] Read more.
Protein–carbohydrate interactions happen to be a crucial facet of biology, discharging a myriad of functions. Microarrays have become a premier choice to discern the selectivity, sensitivity and breadth of these interactions in a high-throughput manner. The precise recognition of target glycan ligands among the plethora of others is central for any glycan-targeting probe being tested by microarray analyses. Ever since the introduction of the microarray as an elemental tool for high-throughput glycoprofiling, numerous distinct array platforms possessing different customizations and assemblies have been developed. Accompanying these customizations are various factors ushering variances across array platforms. In this primer, we investigate the influence of various extrinsic factors, namely printing parameters, incubation procedures, analyses and array storage conditions on the protein–carbohydrate interactions and evaluate these factors for the optimal performance of microarray glycomics analysis. We hereby propose a 4D approach (Design–Dispense–Detect–Deduce) to minimize the effect of these extrinsic factors on glycomics microarray analyses and thereby streamline cross-platform analyses and comparisons. This work will aid in optimizing microarray analyses for glycomics, minimize cross-platform disparities and bolster the further development of this technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Affinity-Based Sensors)
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16 pages, 4350 KiB  
Article
Design and Analysis of a Hybrid Displacement Amplifier Supporting a High-Performance Piezo Jet Dispenser
by Shuai Zhou and Peng Yan
Micromachines 2023, 14(2), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14020322 - 27 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2339
Abstract
In this study, a compliant amplifier powered by a piezoelectric stack is designed to meet high-performance dispensing operation requirements. By studying the issue of low frequency bandwidth on the traditional bridge-type amplifier mechanism, we propose a displacement amplifier mechanism, hybrid bridge-lever-bridge (HBLB), that [...] Read more.
In this study, a compliant amplifier powered by a piezoelectric stack is designed to meet high-performance dispensing operation requirements. By studying the issue of low frequency bandwidth on the traditional bridge-type amplifier mechanism, we propose a displacement amplifier mechanism, hybrid bridge-lever-bridge (HBLB), that enhances its dynamic performance by combining the traditional bridge-type and lever mechanism. A guiding beam is added to further improve its output stiffness with a guaranteed large amplification ratio. An analytical model has been developed to describe the full elastic deformation behavior of the HBLB mechanism that considers the lateral displacement loss of the input end, followed by a verification through a finite element analysis (FEA). Results revealed that the working principle of the HBLB optimizes the structural parameters using the finite element method. Finally, a prototype of the displacement amplifier was fabricated for performance tests. Static and dynamic test results revealed that the proposed mechanism can reach a travel range of 223.2 μm, and the frequency bandwidth is 1.184 kHz, which meets the requirements of a high-performance piezo jet dispenser. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Mechatronics: Design, Control and Applications)
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18 pages, 4118 KiB  
Article
Influence of the Volatility of Solvent on the Reproducibility of Droplet Formation in Pharmaceutical Inkjet Printing
by Robert Mau and Hermann Seitz
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(2), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020367 - 21 Jan 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2738
Abstract
Drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printing enables exact dispensing and positioning of single droplets in the picoliter range. In this study, we investigate the long-term reproducibility of droplet formation of piezoelectric inkjet printed drug solutions using solvents with different volatilities. We found inkjet printability of [...] Read more.
Drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printing enables exact dispensing and positioning of single droplets in the picoliter range. In this study, we investigate the long-term reproducibility of droplet formation of piezoelectric inkjet printed drug solutions using solvents with different volatilities. We found inkjet printability of EtOH/ASA drug solutions is limited, as there is a rapid forming of drug deposits on the nozzle of the printhead because of fast solvent evaporation. Droplet formation of c = 100 g/L EtOH/ASA solution was affected after only a few seconds by little drug deposits, whereas for c = 10 g/L EtOH/ASA solution, a negative affection was observed only after t = 15 min, while prominent drug deposits form at the printhead tip. Due to the creeping effect, the crystallizing structures of ASA spread around the nozzle but do not clog it necessarily. When there is a negative affection, the droplet trajectory is affected the most, while the droplet volume and droplet velocity are influenced less. In contrast, no formation of drug deposits could be observed for highly concentrated, low volatile DMSO-based drug solution of c = 100 g/L even after a dispensing time of t = 30 min. Therefore, low volatile solvents are preferable to highly volatile solvents to ensure a reproducible droplet formation in long-term inkjet printing of highly concentrated drug solutions. Highly volatile solvents require relatively low drug concentrations and frequent printhead cleaning. The findings of this study are especially relevant when high droplet positioning precision is desired, e.g., drug loading of microreservoirs or drug-coating of microneedle devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Pharmaceutical Technology)
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13 pages, 1982 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Tracking Control for the Piezoelectric Actuated Stage Using the Krasnosel’skii-Pokrovskii Operator
by Rui Xu, Dapeng Tian and Zhongshi Wang
Micromachines 2020, 11(5), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11050537 - 25 May 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2725
Abstract
In this paper, a discrete second order linear equation with the Krasnosel’skii-Pokrovskii (KP) operator is used to describe the piezoelectric actuated stage. The weights of the KP operators are identified by the gradient descent algorithm. To suppress the hysteresis nonlinearity of the piezoelectric [...] Read more.
In this paper, a discrete second order linear equation with the Krasnosel’skii-Pokrovskii (KP) operator is used to describe the piezoelectric actuated stage. The weights of the KP operators are identified by the gradient descent algorithm. To suppress the hysteresis nonlinearity of the piezoelectric actuated stage, this paper proposes an adaptive tracking control with the hysteresis decomposition on the designed error surface. The proposed adaptive tracking controller dispenses with any form of the feed-forward hysteresis compensation and the unknown parameters of the discrete second order linear equation are adaptively adjusted. Some simulations are implemented to verify the effectiveness of the KP operators, then a series of modeling and control experiments are carried out on the piezoelectric actuated stages experimental systems. The comparative experimental results verify the feasibility of the KP operators modeling method and the adaptive tracking control method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section E:Engineering and Technology)
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13 pages, 2678 KiB  
Article
The Research on Multi-Material 3D Vascularized Network Integrated Printing Technology
by Shuai Yang, Hao Tang, Chunmei Feng, Jianping Shi and Jiquan Yang
Micromachines 2020, 11(3), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11030237 - 25 Feb 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3749
Abstract
Three-dimensional bioprinting has emerged as one of the manufacturing approaches that could potentially fabricate vascularized channels, which is helpful to culture tissues in vitro. In this paper, we report a novel approach to fabricate 3D perfusable channels by using the combination of extrusion [...] Read more.
Three-dimensional bioprinting has emerged as one of the manufacturing approaches that could potentially fabricate vascularized channels, which is helpful to culture tissues in vitro. In this paper, we report a novel approach to fabricate 3D perfusable channels by using the combination of extrusion and inkjet techniques in an integrated manufacture process. To achieve this, firstly we investigate the theoretical model to analyze influencing factors of structural dimensions of the printed parts like the printing speed, pressure, dispensing time, and voltage. In the experiment, photocurable hydrogel was printed to form a self-supporting structure with internal channel grooves. When the desired height of hydrogel was reached, the dual print-head was switched to the piezoelectric nozzle immediately, and the sacrificial material was printed by the changed nozzle on the printed hydrogel layer. Then, the extrusion nozzle was switched to print the next hydrogel layer. Once the printing of the internal construct was finished, hydrogel was extruded to wrap the entire structure, and the construct was immersed in a CaCl2 solution to crosslink. After that, the channel was formed by removing the sacrificial material. This approach can potentially provide a strategy for fabricating 3D vascularized channels and advance the development of culturing thick tissues in vitro. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Micromachines)
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15 pages, 2752 KiB  
Article
Robotic Cell Printing for Constructing Living Yeast Cell Microarrays in Microfluidic Chips
by Charlotte Yvanoff, Stefania Torino and Ronnie G. Willaert
Fermentation 2020, 6(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6010026 - 14 Feb 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5062
Abstract
Living cell microarrays in microfluidic chips allow the non-invasive multiplexed molecular analysis of single cells. Here, we developed a simple and affordable perfusion microfluidic chip containing a living yeast cell array composed of a population of cell variants (green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Saccharomyces [...] Read more.
Living cell microarrays in microfluidic chips allow the non-invasive multiplexed molecular analysis of single cells. Here, we developed a simple and affordable perfusion microfluidic chip containing a living yeast cell array composed of a population of cell variants (green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Saccharomyces cerevisiae clones). We combined mechanical patterning in 102 microwells and robotic piezoelectric cell dispensing in the microwells to construct the cell arrays. Robotic yeast cell dispensing of a yeast collection from a multiwell plate to the microfluidic chip microwells was optimized. The developed microfluidic chip and procedure were validated by observing the growth of GFP-tagged yeast clones that are linked to the cell cycle by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy over a few generations. The developed microfluidic technology has the potential to be easily upscaled to a high-density cell array allowing us to perform dynamic proteomics and localizomics experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Yeast Biotechnology 3.0)
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18 pages, 6204 KiB  
Article
Development of a Piezo-Driven Liquid Jet Dispenser with Hinge-Lever Amplification Mechanism
by Mojiz Abbas Trimzi, Young Bog Ham, Byeung Cheol An, Young Min Choi, Jung Ho Park and So Nam Yun
Micromachines 2020, 11(2), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11020117 - 21 Jan 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 8536
Abstract
Owing to the quick response, compact structure, high precision, huge blocking force generation, and ease of operation, piezoelectric actuators are urgently being adopted in the field of advanced dispensing for jetting performance improvement and fulfillment of precision requirements in microelectronics packaging, adhesive bonding, [...] Read more.
Owing to the quick response, compact structure, high precision, huge blocking force generation, and ease of operation, piezoelectric actuators are urgently being adopted in the field of advanced dispensing for jetting performance improvement and fulfillment of precision requirements in microelectronics packaging, adhesive bonding, and miniaturization industry. This research focuses on the fundamental design and development of a piezo-electrically driven compact fluid dispenser using the principle of a class-one lever for amplification of needle displacement, and enhancement of application areas of the developed jet dispenser. Using fundamental lever principle, geometry-based modelling is carried out to fabricate a working prototype of a normally closed hinge-lever type dispenser. Preliminary experiments are carried out to witness the workability of the fabricated dispenser to deliver 100 dots of working fluid per second that will provide a novel device for dispensing of various fluids, and the proposed amplification mechanism suits various other piezoelectric applications as well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the ICAE 2019)
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12 pages, 3533 KiB  
Article
Simulation and Experiment on Droplet Volume for the Needle-Type Piezoelectric Jetting Dispenser
by Shizhou Lu, Xi Chen, Hai Zheng, Yupei Zhao and Yizhou Long
Micromachines 2019, 10(9), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10090623 - 18 Sep 2019
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7156
Abstract
The needle-type piezoelectric jetting dispenser is widely applied in the microelectronics packaging field, and it is important to control the droplet size to ensure that the droplet jetting process is successful. In this study, we analyzed the influences of system parameters, such as [...] Read more.
The needle-type piezoelectric jetting dispenser is widely applied in the microelectronics packaging field, and it is important to control the droplet size to ensure that the droplet jetting process is successful. In this study, we analyzed the influences of system parameters, such as air pressure, nozzle size, needle strokes, and liquid properties, on droplet size and morphology by considering the droplet formation and separation process through a numerical simulation. An experimental platform was also designed to verify the reliability of the simulations and further analyze strategies for controlling the droplet size. We found that the droplet volume can be increased with an increase in air pressure, needle strokes, and nozzle size until the flow-stream or satellite droplets appear. On the other hand, very small values of these parameters will lead to adhesion or micro-dots. A large nozzle and needle displacement should be chosen for the high-viscosity liquid in order to produce normal droplets. The results also show the recommended ranges of parameter values and suitable droplet volumes for liquids with different viscosities, and these findings can be used to guide the droplet volume control process for needle-type jetting dispensers. Full article
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13 pages, 867 KiB  
Article
Development of a Piezoelectric-Based Odor Reproduction System
by Tengteng Wen, Dehan Luo, Yongjie Ji and Pingzhong Zhong
Electronics 2019, 8(8), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080870 - 6 Aug 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4788
Abstract
Odor reproduction, a branch of machine olfaction, is a technology through which a machine represents various odors by blending several odor sources in different proportions and releases them. In this paper, an odor reproduction system is proposed. The system includes an atomization-based odor [...] Read more.
Odor reproduction, a branch of machine olfaction, is a technology through which a machine represents various odors by blending several odor sources in different proportions and releases them. In this paper, an odor reproduction system is proposed. The system includes an atomization-based odor dispenser using 16 micro-porous piezoelectric transducers. The authors propose the use of an electronic nose combined with a Principal Component Analysis–Linear Discriminant Analysis (PCA–LDA) model to evaluate the effectiveness of the system. The results indicate that the model can be used to evaluate the system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Embedded Systems)
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15 pages, 3355 KiB  
Article
Piezo-Plunger Jetting Technology: An Experimental Study on Jetting Characteristics of Filled Epoxy Polymers
by Alexander Kurz, Jörg Bauer and Manfred Wagner
Fluids 2019, 4(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids4010023 - 1 Feb 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3586
Abstract
The droplet formation of Newtonian fluids and suspensions modified by spherical, non-colloidal particles has attracted much interest in practical and theoretical research. For the present study, a jetting technique was used which accelerates a geometrically defined plunger by a piezoelectric actuator. Changing rheological [...] Read more.
The droplet formation of Newtonian fluids and suspensions modified by spherical, non-colloidal particles has attracted much interest in practical and theoretical research. For the present study, a jetting technique was used which accelerates a geometrically defined plunger by a piezoelectric actuator. Changing rheological properties of materials and extending deformation rates towards nonlinear viscoelastic regimes created the requirement to extend dosage impulses towards larger magnitudes. To mimic the rheological characteristics of nonconductive adhesives we modified Newtonian epoxy resins by thixotropic additives and micro-scale glass spheres. Rheological analysis at steady shear and oscillatory shear ensured a differentiation between material and process-related factors. Evaluation of high-speed images allowed the investigation of drop dynamics and highlighted the dispense impulse reduction by material-specific dampening properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Experimental and Computational Rheology)
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12 pages, 4953 KiB  
Article
Photocurable Bioinks for the 3D Pharming of Combination Therapies
by Giovanny F. Acosta-Vélez, Chase S. Linsley, Timothy Z. Zhu, Willie Wu and Benjamin M. Wu
Polymers 2018, 10(12), 1372; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121372 - 11 Dec 2018
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4567
Abstract
Combination therapies mediate drug synergy to improve treatment efficacy and convenience, leading to higher levels of compliance. However, there are challenges with their manufacturing as well as reduced flexibility in dosing options. This study reports on the design and characterization of a polypill [...] Read more.
Combination therapies mediate drug synergy to improve treatment efficacy and convenience, leading to higher levels of compliance. However, there are challenges with their manufacturing as well as reduced flexibility in dosing options. This study reports on the design and characterization of a polypill fabricated through the combination of material jetting and binder jetting for the treatment of hypertension. The drugs lisinopril and spironolactone were loaded into hydrophilic hyaluronic acid and hydrophobic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) photocurable bioinks, respectively, and dispensed through a piezoelectric nozzle onto a blank preform tablet composed of two attachable compartments fabricated via binder jetting 3D printing. The bioinks were photopolymerized and their mechanical properties were assessed via Instron testing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to indicate morphological analysis. The polypill was ensembled and drug release analysis was performed. Droplet formation of bioinks loaded with hydrophilic and hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) was achieved and subsequently polymerized after a controlled dosage was dispensed onto preform tablet compartments. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed sustained release profiles for each of the loaded compounds. This study confirms the potential of material jetting in conjunction with binder jetting techniques (powder-bed 3D printing), for the production of combination therapy oral dosage forms involving both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing of Polymeric Materials)
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14 pages, 6318 KiB  
Article
Simulation and Experiment on Droplet Formation and Separation for Needle-Type Micro-Liquid Jetting Dispenser
by Shizhou Lu, Guangyu Cao, Hai Zheng, Dongqi Li, Meiyan Shi and Jiahui Qi
Micromachines 2018, 9(7), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9070330 - 29 Jun 2018
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 7839
Abstract
The needle-type droplet jetting dispenser has wide applications in the field of microelectronic packaging, and for which the good quality of droplet formation and separation is the key to successful dispensing. This paper simulates the droplet jetting process which has been divided into [...] Read more.
The needle-type droplet jetting dispenser has wide applications in the field of microelectronic packaging, and for which the good quality of droplet formation and separation is the key to successful dispensing. This paper simulates the droplet jetting process which has been divided into 5 stages named backflow, growth, droplet extension, breakage, and separation, and analyses the combined effects of system parameters, such as pressure, viscosity, needle stroke, and nozzle diameter, on the changes of morphologies of ejected droplets, which is verified by experiments. The simulation and experiment results show that a higher driving pressure is quite suitable for the high-viscosity liquid to form normal droplets by avoiding adhesion. When increasing the needle stroke, the pressure should also be lowered properly to prevent the flow-stream. Besides, the nozzle with a large diameter is much more likely to cause sputtering or satellite-droplet problems. The results have a great significance for guiding the parameter settings of the needle-type dispensing approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section B:Biology and Biomedicine)
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13 pages, 7088 KiB  
Article
Flow Channel Influence of a Collision-Based Piezoelectric Jetting Dispenser on Jet Performance
by Can Zhou, Guiling Deng, Junhui Li and Ji’an Duan
Sensors 2018, 18(4), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041270 - 20 Apr 2018
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5741
Abstract
To improve the jet performance of a bi-piezoelectric jet dispenser, mathematical and simulation models were established according to the operating principle. In order to improve the accuracy and reliability of the simulation calculation, a viscosity model of the fluid was fitted to a [...] Read more.
To improve the jet performance of a bi-piezoelectric jet dispenser, mathematical and simulation models were established according to the operating principle. In order to improve the accuracy and reliability of the simulation calculation, a viscosity model of the fluid was fitted to a fifth-order function with shear rate based on rheological test data, and the needle displacement model was fitted to a nine-order function with time based on real-time displacement test data. The results show that jet performance is related to the diameter of the nozzle outlet and the cone angle of the nozzle, and the impacts of the flow channel structure were confirmed. The approach of numerical simulation is confirmed by the testing results of droplet volume. It will provide a reliable simulation platform for mechanical collision-based jet dispensing and a theoretical basis for micro jet valve design and improvement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Micro- and Nano-Devices)
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