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Keywords = panchromatic camera

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19 pages, 2592 KiB  
Article
Multispectral Demosaicing Based on Iterative-Linear-Regression Model for Estimating Pseudo-Panchromatic Image
by Kyeonghoon Jeong, Sanghoon Kim and Moon Gi Kang
Sensors 2024, 24(3), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030760 - 24 Jan 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2107
Abstract
This paper proposes a method for demosaicing raw images captured by multispectral cameras. The proposed method estimates a pseudo-panchromatic image (PPI) via an iterative-linear-regression model and utilizes the estimated PPI for multispectral demosaicing. The PPI is estimated through horizontal and vertical guided filtering, [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a method for demosaicing raw images captured by multispectral cameras. The proposed method estimates a pseudo-panchromatic image (PPI) via an iterative-linear-regression model and utilizes the estimated PPI for multispectral demosaicing. The PPI is estimated through horizontal and vertical guided filtering, with the subsampled multispectral-filter-array-(MSFA) image and low-pass-filtered MSFA as the guide image and filtering input, respectively. The number of iterations is automatically determined according to a predetermined criterion. Spectral differences between the estimated PPI and MSFA are calculated for each channel, and each spectral difference is interpolated using directional interpolation. The weights are calculated from the estimated PPI, and each interpolated spectral difference is combined using the weighted sum. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method outperforms the State-of-the-Art methods with regard to spatial and spectral fidelity for both synthetic and real-world images. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Image Processing in Sensors and Communication Systems)
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15 pages, 6130 KiB  
Technical Note
An On-Orbit Relative Sensor Normalization for Unbalance Images from the Ice Pathfinder Satellite (BNU-1)
by Sishi Zhang, Xinyi Shang, Lanjing Li, Ying Zhang, Xiaoxu Wu, Fengming Hui, Huabing Huang and Xiao Cheng
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(23), 5439; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15235439 - 21 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1372
Abstract
The Ice Pathfinder satellite (code: BNU-1) is the first Chinese microsatellite, designed for monitoring polar climate and environmental changes. The major payload of BNU-1 is the wide-field camera which provides multispectral satellite images with a 73.69 m spatial resolution and a 739 km [...] Read more.
The Ice Pathfinder satellite (code: BNU-1) is the first Chinese microsatellite, designed for monitoring polar climate and environmental changes. The major payload of BNU-1 is the wide-field camera which provides multispectral satellite images with a 73.69 m spatial resolution and a 739 km swath width. However, the color misrepresentation issue can be observed as the BUN-1 image appears yellowish as it gets farther towards the center field of view (FOV). The blue band of the image appears to be higher near the center FOV and declines generously towards both the edge areas of the image, which may cause the color misrepresentation issue. In this study, we develop a relative sensor normalization method to reduce the radiance errors of the blue band of BNU-1 images. This method uses the radiometric probability density distribution of the BNU-1 panchromatic band as a reference, correcting the probability density distribution of the blue band radiance first. Then, the mean adjustment is used to correct the mean of the blue band radiance after probability density function (PDF) correction, obtaining the corrected radiance in the blue band. Comparisons with the ground measurements and the Landsat8 image reveal the following: (1) The radiances of snow surfaces also have good consistency with ground observations and Landsat-8 images in the red, green, and blue bands. (2) The radiance errors of the uncorrected BNU-1 images are eliminated. The RMSE decreases from 80.30 to 32.54 W/m2/μm/sr. All these results indicate that the on-orbit relative correction method proposed in this study can effectively reduce the radiance errors of the BNU-1 images. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring Cold-Region Water Cycles Using Remote Sensing Big Data)
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28 pages, 24747 KiB  
Article
SaTSeaD: Satellite Triangulated Sea Depth Open-Source Bathymetry Module for NASA Ames Stereo Pipeline
by Monica Palaseanu-Lovejoy, Oleg Alexandrov, Jeff Danielson and Curt Storlazzi
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(16), 3950; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15163950 - 9 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4233
Abstract
We developed the first-ever bathymetric module for the NASA Ames Stereo Pipeline (ASP) open-source topographic software called Satellite Triangulated Sea Depth, or SaTSeaD, to derive nearshore bathymetry from stereo imagery. Correct bathymetry measurements depend on water surface elevation, and whereas previous methods considered [...] Read more.
We developed the first-ever bathymetric module for the NASA Ames Stereo Pipeline (ASP) open-source topographic software called Satellite Triangulated Sea Depth, or SaTSeaD, to derive nearshore bathymetry from stereo imagery. Correct bathymetry measurements depend on water surface elevation, and whereas previous methods considered the water surface horizontal, our bathymetric module accounts for the curvature of the Earth in the imagery. The process is semiautomatic, reliable, and repeatable, independent of any external bathymetry data eliminating user bias in selecting bathymetry calibration points, and it can generate a fully integrated and seamless topo-bathymetry digital elevation model (TBDEM) in the same coordinate system, comparable with the band-ratio method irrespective of the regression method used for the band-ratio algorithm. The ASP output can be improved by applying a camera bundle adjustment to minimize reprojection errors and by alignment to a more accurate topographic (above water) surface without any bathymetric input since the derived TBDEM is a rigid surface. These procedures can decrease bathymetry root mean square errors from 30 to 80 percent, depending on environmental conditions, the quality of satellite imagery, and the spectral band used (e.g., blue, green, or panchromatic). Full article
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15 pages, 22318 KiB  
Communication
Optical System Design of Oblique Airborne-Mapping Camera with Focusing Function
by Hongwei Zhang, Weining Chen, Yalin Ding, Rui Qu and Sansan Chang
Photonics 2022, 9(8), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9080537 - 31 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2218
Abstract
The use of airborne-mapping technology plays a key role in the acquisition of large-scale basic geographic data information, especially in various important civil/military-mapping missions. However, most airborne-mapping cameras are limited by parameters, such as the flight altitude, working-environment temperature, and so on. To [...] Read more.
The use of airborne-mapping technology plays a key role in the acquisition of large-scale basic geographic data information, especially in various important civil/military-mapping missions. However, most airborne-mapping cameras are limited by parameters, such as the flight altitude, working-environment temperature, and so on. To solve this problem, in this paper, we designed a panchromatic wide-spectrum optical system with a focusing function. Based on the catadioptric optical structure, the optical system approached a telecentric optical structure. Sharp images at different object distances could be acquired by micro-moving the focusing lens. At the same time, an optical passive compensation method was adopted to realize an athermalization design in the range of −40–60 °C. According to the design parameters of the optical system, we analyzed the influence of system focusing on mapping accuracy during the focusing process of the airborne-mapping camera. In the laboratory, the camera calibration and imaging experiments were performed at different focusing positions. The results show that the experimental data are consistent with the analysis results. Due to the limited experiment conditions, only a single flight experiment was performed. The results show that the airborne-mapping camera can achieve 1:5000 scale-imaging accuracy. Flight experiments for different flight altitudes are being planned, and the relevant experimental data will be released in the future. In conclusion, the airborne-mapping camera is expected to be applied in various high-precision scale-mapping fields. Full article
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23 pages, 4324 KiB  
Article
PRISMA L1 and L2 Performances within the PRISCAV Project: The Pignola Test Site in Southern Italy
by Stefano Pignatti, Aldo Amodeo, Maria Francesca Carfora, Raffaele Casa, Lucia Mona, Angelo Palombo, Simone Pascucci, Marco Rosoldi, Federico Santini and Giovanni Laneve
Remote Sens. 2022, 14(9), 1985; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14091985 - 21 Apr 2022
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4976
Abstract
In March 2019, the PRISMA (PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa) hyperspectral satellite was launched by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), and it is currently operational on a global basis. The mission includes the hyperspectral imager PRISMA working in the 400–2500 nm spectral range [...] Read more.
In March 2019, the PRISMA (PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa) hyperspectral satellite was launched by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), and it is currently operational on a global basis. The mission includes the hyperspectral imager PRISMA working in the 400–2500 nm spectral range with 237 bands and a panchromatic (PAN) camera (400–750 nm). This paper presents an evaluation of the PRISMA top-of-atmosphere (TOA) L1 products using different in situ measurements acquired over a fragmented rural area in Southern Italy (Pignola) between October 2019 and July 2021. L1 radiance values were compared with the TOA radiances simulated with a radiative transfer code configured using measurements of the atmospheric profile and the surface spectral characteristics. The L2 reflectance products were also compared with the data obtained by using the ImACor code atmospheric correction tool. A preliminary assessment to identify PRISMA noise characteristics was also conducted. The results showed that: (i) the PRISMA performance, as measured at the Pignola site over different seasons, is characterized by relative mean absolute differences (RMAD) of about 5–7% up to 1800 nm, while a decrease in accuracy was observed in the SWIR; (ii) a coherent noise could be observed in all the analyzed images below the 630th scan line, with a frequency of about 0.3–0.4 cycles/pixel; (iii) the most recent version of the standard reflectance L2 product (i.e., Version 2.05) matched well the reflectance values obtained by using the ImACor atmospheric correction tool. All these preliminary results confirm that PRISMA imagery is suitable for an accurate retrieval of the bio-geochemical variables pertaining to a complex fragmented ecosystem such as that of the Southern Apennines. Further studies are needed to confirm and monitor PRISMA data performance on different land-cover areas and on the Radiometric Calibration Network (RadCalNet) targets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data Calibration and Validation)
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18 pages, 9761 KiB  
Article
Internal Geometric Quality Improvement of Optical Remote Sensing Satellite Images with Image Reorientation
by Jinshan Cao, Nan Zhou, Haixing Shang, Zhiwei Ye and Zhiqi Zhang
Remote Sens. 2022, 14(3), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030471 - 19 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2360
Abstract
When the in-orbit geometric calibration of optical satellite cameras is not performed in a precise or timely manner, optical remote sensing satellite images (ORSSIs) are produced with inaccurate camera parameters. The internal orientation (IO) biases of ORSSIs caused by inaccurate camera parameters show [...] Read more.
When the in-orbit geometric calibration of optical satellite cameras is not performed in a precise or timely manner, optical remote sensing satellite images (ORSSIs) are produced with inaccurate camera parameters. The internal orientation (IO) biases of ORSSIs caused by inaccurate camera parameters show a discontinuous distorted characteristic and cannot be compensated by a simple orientation model. The internal geometric quality of ORSSIs will, therefore, be worse than expected. In this study, from the ORSSI users’ perspective, a feasible internal geometric quality improvement method is presented for ORSSIs with image reorientation. In the presented method, a sensor orientation model, an external orientation (EO) model, and an IO model are successively established. Then, the EO and IO model parameters are estimated with ground control points. Finally, the original image is reoriented with the estimated IO model parameters. Ten HaiYang-1C coastal zone imager (CZI) images, a ZiYuan-3 02 nadir image, a GaoFen-1B panchromatic image, and a GaoFen-1D panchromatic image, were tested. The experimental results showed that the IO biases of ORSSIs caused by inaccurate camera parameters could be effectively eliminated with the presented method. The IO accuracies of all the tested images were improved to better than 1.0 pixel. Full article
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28 pages, 4940 KiB  
Article
Appraisal of Low-Cost Pushbroom Hyper-Spectral Sensor Systems for Material Classification in Reflectance
by Steven Hobbs, Andrew Lambert, Michael J. Ryan, David J. Paull and John Haythorpe
Sensors 2021, 21(13), 4398; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134398 - 27 Jun 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3040
Abstract
Near infrared (NIR) remote sensing has applications in vegetation analysis as well as geological investigations. For extra-terrestrial applications, this is particularly relevant to Moon, Mars and asteroid exploration, where minerals exhibiting spectral phenomenology between 600 and 800 nm have been identified. Recent progress [...] Read more.
Near infrared (NIR) remote sensing has applications in vegetation analysis as well as geological investigations. For extra-terrestrial applications, this is particularly relevant to Moon, Mars and asteroid exploration, where minerals exhibiting spectral phenomenology between 600 and 800 nm have been identified. Recent progress in the availability of processors and sensors has created the possibility of development of low-cost instruments able to return useful scientific results. In this work, two Raspberry Pi camera types and a panchromatic astronomy camera were trialed within a pushbroom sensor to determine their utility in measuring and processing the spectrum in reflectance. Algorithmic classification of all 15 test materials exhibiting spectral phenomenology between 600 and 800 nm was easily performed. Calibration against a spectrometer considers the effects of the sensor, inherent image processing pipeline and compression. It was found that even the color Raspberry Pi cameras that are popular with STEM applications were able to record and distinguish between most minerals and, contrary to expectations, exploited the infra-red secondary transmissions in the Bayer filter to gain a wider spectral range. Such a camera without a Bayer filter can markedly improve spectral sensitivity but may not be necessary. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Sensors)
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27 pages, 16868 KiB  
Article
Ultra-High-Resolution 1 m/pixel CaSSIS DTM Using Super-Resolution Restoration and Shape-from-Shading: Demonstration over Oxia Planum on Mars
by Yu Tao, Sylvain Douté, Jan-Peter Muller, Susan J. Conway, Nicolas Thomas and Gabriele Cremonese
Remote Sens. 2021, 13(11), 2185; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112185 - 3 Jun 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5090
Abstract
We introduce a novel ultra-high-resolution Digital Terrain Model (DTM) processing system using a combination of photogrammetric 3D reconstruction, image co-registration, image super-resolution restoration, shape-from-shading DTM refinement, and 3D co-alignment methods. Technical details of the method are described, and results are demonstrated using a [...] Read more.
We introduce a novel ultra-high-resolution Digital Terrain Model (DTM) processing system using a combination of photogrammetric 3D reconstruction, image co-registration, image super-resolution restoration, shape-from-shading DTM refinement, and 3D co-alignment methods. Technical details of the method are described, and results are demonstrated using a 4 m/pixel Trace Gas Orbiter Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) panchromatic image and an overlapping 6 m/pixel Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Context Camera (CTX) stereo pair to produce a 1 m/pixel CaSSIS Super-Resolution Restoration (SRR) DTM for different areas over Oxia Planum on Mars—the future ESA ExoMars 2022 Rosalind Franklin rover’s landing site. Quantitative assessments are made using profile measurements and the counting of resolvable craters, in comparison with the publicly available 1 m/pixel High-Resolution Imaging Experiment (HiRISE) DTM. These assessments demonstrate that the final resultant 1 m/pixel CaSSIS DTM from the proposed processing system has achieved comparable and sometimes more detailed 3D reconstruction compared to the overlapping HiRISE DTM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mars Remote Sensing)
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18 pages, 4651 KiB  
Article
Multi-Sensor Fusion: A Simulation Approach to Pansharpening Aerial and Satellite Images
by Katarzyna Siok, Ireneusz Ewiak and Agnieszka Jenerowicz
Sensors 2020, 20(24), 7100; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247100 - 11 Dec 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3664
Abstract
The growing demand for high-quality imaging data and the current technological limitations of imaging sensors require the development of techniques that combine data from different platforms in order to obtain comprehensive products for detailed studies of the environment. To meet the needs of [...] Read more.
The growing demand for high-quality imaging data and the current technological limitations of imaging sensors require the development of techniques that combine data from different platforms in order to obtain comprehensive products for detailed studies of the environment. To meet the needs of modern remote sensing, the authors present an innovative methodology of combining multispectral aerial and satellite imagery. The methodology is based on the simulation of a new spectral band with a high spatial resolution which, when used in the pansharpening process, yields an enhanced image with a higher spectral quality compared to the original panchromatic band. This is important because spectral quality determines the further processing of the image, including segmentation and classification. The article presents a methodology of simulating new high-spatial-resolution images taking into account the spectral characteristics of the photographed types of land cover. The article focuses on natural objects such as forests, meadows, or bare soils. Aerial panchromatic and multispectral images acquired with a digital mapping camera (DMC) II 230 and satellite multispectral images acquired with the S2A sensor of the Sentinel-2 satellite were used in the study. Cloudless data with a minimal time shift were obtained. Spectral quality analysis of the generated enhanced images was performed using a method known as “consistency” or “Wald’s protocol first property”. The resulting spectral quality values clearly indicate less spectral distortion of the images enhanced by the new methodology compared to using a traditional approach to the pansharpening process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensing and Imaging)
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24 pages, 11883 KiB  
Article
A Multispectral Camera Development: From the Prototype Assembly until Its Use in a UAV System
by Alejandro Morales, Raul Guerra, Pablo Horstrand, Maria Diaz, Adan Jimenez, Jose Melian, Sebastian Lopez and Jose F. Lopez
Sensors 2020, 20(21), 6129; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216129 - 28 Oct 2020
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 9029
Abstract
Multispectral imaging (MI) techniques are being used very often to identify different properties of nature in several domains, going from precision agriculture to environmental studies, not to mention quality inspection of pharmaceutical production, art restoration, biochemistry, forensic sciences or geology, just to name [...] Read more.
Multispectral imaging (MI) techniques are being used very often to identify different properties of nature in several domains, going from precision agriculture to environmental studies, not to mention quality inspection of pharmaceutical production, art restoration, biochemistry, forensic sciences or geology, just to name some. Different implementations are commercially available from the industry and yet there is quite an interest from the scientific community to spread its use to the majority of society by means of cost effectiveness and ease of use for solutions. These devices make the most sense when combined with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), going a step further and alleviating repetitive routines which could be strenuous if traditional methods were adopted. In this work, a low cost and modular solution for a multispectral camera is presented, based on the use of a single panchromatic complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor combined with a rotating wheel of interchangeable band pass optic filters. The system is compatible with open source hardware permitting one to capture, process, store and/or transmit data if needed. In addition, a calibration and characterization methodology has been developed for the camera, allowing not only for quantifying its performance, but also able to characterize other CMOS sensors in the market in order to select the one that best suits the budget and application. The process was experimentally validated by mounting the camera in a Dji Matrice 600 UAV to uncover vegetation indices in a reduced area of palm trees plantation. Results are presented for the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) showing a generated colored map with the captured information. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Aerial Unmanned Systems)
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17 pages, 7786 KiB  
Article
Small Multispectral UAV Sensor and Its Image Fusion Capability in Cultural Heritage Applications
by Dimitris Kaimaris and Aristoteles Kandylas
Heritage 2020, 3(4), 1046-1062; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage3040057 - 24 Sep 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3174
Abstract
For many decades the multispectral images of the earth’s surface and its objects were taken from multispectral sensors placed on satellites. In recent years, the technological evolution produced similar sensors (much smaller in size and weight) which can be placed on Unmanned Aerial [...] Read more.
For many decades the multispectral images of the earth’s surface and its objects were taken from multispectral sensors placed on satellites. In recent years, the technological evolution produced similar sensors (much smaller in size and weight) which can be placed on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), thereby allowing the collection of higher spatial resolution multispectral images. In this paper, Parrot’s small Multispectral (MS) camera Sequoia+ is used, and its images are evaluated at two archaeological sites, on the Byzantine wall (ground application) of Thessaloniki city (Greece) and on a mosaic floor (aerial application) at the archaeological site of Dion (Greece). The camera receives RGB and MS images simultaneously, a fact which does not allow image fusion to be performed, as in the standard utilization procedure of Panchromatic (PAN) and MS image of satellite passive systems. In this direction, that is, utilizing the image fusion processes of satellite PAN and MS images, this paper demonstrates that with proper digital processing the images (RGB and MS) of small MS cameras can lead to a fused image with a high spatial resolution, which retains a large percentage of the spectral information of the original MS image. The high percentage of spectral fidelity of the fused images makes it possible to perform high-precision digital measurements in archaeological sites such as the accurate digital separation of the objects, area measurements and retrieval of information not so visible with common RGB sensors via the MS and RGB data of small MS sensors. Full article
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15 pages, 26387 KiB  
Article
The Colour of the Night Sky
by Zoltán Kolláth, Dénes Száz, Kai Pong Tong and Kornél Kolláth
J. Imaging 2020, 6(9), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6090090 - 5 Sep 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 10290
Abstract
The measurement of night sky quality has become an important task in night sky conservation. Modern measurement techniques involve mainly a calibrated digital camera or a spectroradiometer. However, panchromatic devices are still prevalent to this day, even in the absence of determining the [...] Read more.
The measurement of night sky quality has become an important task in night sky conservation. Modern measurement techniques involve mainly a calibrated digital camera or a spectroradiometer. However, panchromatic devices are still prevalent to this day, even in the absence of determining the spectral information of the night sky. In the case of multispectral measurements, colour information is currently presented in multiple ways. One of the most frequently used metrics is correlated colour temperature (CCT), which is not without its limitation for the purpose of describing especially the colour of natural night sky. Moreover, visually displaying the colour of the night sky in a quantitatively meaningful way has not attracted sufficient attention in the community of astronomy and light pollution research—most photographs of the night sky are post-processed in a way for aesthetic attractiveness rather than accurate representation of the night sky. The spectrum of the natural night sky varies in a wide range depending on solar activity and atmospheric properties. The most noticeable variation in the visible range is the variation of the atomic emission lines, primarily the green oxygen and orange sodium emission. Based on the accepted models of night sky emission, we created a random spectral database which represents the possible range of night sky radiance distribution. We used this spectral database as a learning set, to create a colour transformation between different colour spaces. The spectral sensitivity of some digital cameras is also used to determine an optimal transformation matrix from camera defined coordinates to real colours. The theoretical predictions were extended with actual spectral measurements in order to test the models and check the local constituents of night sky radiance. Here, we present an extended modelling of night sky colour and recommendations of its consistent measurement, as well as methods of visualising the colour of night sky in a consistent way, namely using the false colour enhancement. Full article
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18 pages, 7880 KiB  
Article
Rigorous Co-Registration of KOMPSAT-3 Multispectral and Panchromatic Images for Pan-Sharpening Image Fusion
by Changno Lee and Jaehong Oh
Sensors 2020, 20(7), 2100; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072100 - 8 Apr 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2904
Abstract
KOMPSAT-3, a Korean earth observing satellite, provides the panchromatic (PAN) band and four multispectral (MS) bands. They can be fused to obtain a pan-sharpened image of higher resolution in both the spectral and spatial domain, which is more informative and interpretative for visual [...] Read more.
KOMPSAT-3, a Korean earth observing satellite, provides the panchromatic (PAN) band and four multispectral (MS) bands. They can be fused to obtain a pan-sharpened image of higher resolution in both the spectral and spatial domain, which is more informative and interpretative for visual inspection. In KOMPSAT-3 Advanced Earth Imaging Sensor System (AEISS) uni-focal camera system, the precise sensor alignment is a prerequisite for the fusion of MS and PAN images because MS and PAN Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) sensors are installed with certain offsets. In addition, exterior effects associated with the ephemeris and terrain elevation lead to the geometric discrepancy between MS and PAN images. Therefore, we propose a rigorous co-registration of KOMPSAT-3 MS and PAN images based on physical sensor modeling. We evaluated the impacts of CCD line offsets, ephemeris, and terrain elevation on the difference in image coordinates. The analysis enables precise co-registration modeling between MS and PAN images. An experiment with KOMPSAT-3 images produced negligible geometric discrepancy between MS and PAN images. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensors)
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5 pages, 1146 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Leonardo Spaceborne Infrared Payloads for Earth Observation: SLSTRs for Copernicus Sentinel 3 and PRISMA Hyperspectral Camera for PRISMA Satellite
by Peter Coppo, Fabio Brandani, Marco Faraci, Francesco Sarti and Massimo Cosi
Proceedings 2019, 27(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019027001 - 16 Sep 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1895
Abstract
Leonardo has been involved in the realization of several infrared payloads for Earth Observation since 1990. Among the currently in orbit operative instruments we find the two SLSTRs and PRISMA. The SLSTRs are high accuracy radiometers of the Copernicus mission related to ESA [...] Read more.
Leonardo has been involved in the realization of several infrared payloads for Earth Observation since 1990. Among the currently in orbit operative instruments we find the two SLSTRs and PRISMA. The SLSTRs are high accuracy radiometers of the Copernicus mission related to ESA Sentinel-3 space component to provide Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data continuity respect to previous (A)ATSRs for climatology in the next 20-years. The PRISMA Program is the first ASI (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana) optical hyperspectral mission for Earth observation. It is based on a high spectral resolution spectrometer operating in the VIS-SWIR channels optically integrated with a panchromatic camera. Full article
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12 pages, 2118 KiB  
Article
Evaluating Human Photoreceptoral Inputs from Night-Time Lights Using RGB Imaging Photometry
by Alejandro Sánchez de Miguel, Salvador Bará, Martin Aubé, Nicolás Cardiel, Carlos E. Tapia, Jaime Zamorano and Kevin J. Gaston
J. Imaging 2019, 5(4), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging5040049 - 16 Apr 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 8330
Abstract
Night-time lights interact with human physiology through different pathways starting at the retinal layers of the eye; from the signals provided by the rods; the S-, L- and M-cones; and the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC). These individual photic channels combine in [...] Read more.
Night-time lights interact with human physiology through different pathways starting at the retinal layers of the eye; from the signals provided by the rods; the S-, L- and M-cones; and the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC). These individual photic channels combine in complex ways to modulate important physiological processes, among them the daily entrainment of the neural master oscillator that regulates circadian rhythms. Evaluating the relative excitation of each type of photoreceptor generally requires full knowledge of the spectral power distribution of the incoming light, information that is not easily available in many practical applications. One such instance is wide area sensing of public outdoor lighting; present-day radiometers onboard Earth-orbiting platforms with sufficient nighttime sensitivity are generally panchromatic and lack the required spectral discrimination capacity. In this paper, we show that RGB imagery acquired with off-the-shelf digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR) can be a useful tool to evaluate, with reasonable accuracy and high angular resolution, the photoreceptoral inputs associated with a wide range of lamp technologies. The method is based on linear regressions of these inputs against optimum combinations of the associated R, G, and B signals, built for a large set of artificial light sources by means of synthetic photometry. Given the widespread use of RGB imaging devices, this approach is expected to facilitate the monitoring of the physiological effects of light pollution, from ground and space alike, using standard imaging technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Light Pollution Assessment with Imaging Devices)
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