Search Results (47)

Crash boxes play a vital role in improving vehicle safety by absorbing collision energy and reducing the forces transmitted to occupants. Additive manufacturing (AM) has become a powerful method for developing advanced crash boxes by enabling complex geometries. This review provides a comprehensive examination of recent progress in AM crash boxes, with a focus on three key aspects: geometric design innovations, material behavior, and manufacturing techniques. The review investigates the influence of various AM-enabled structural configurations, including tubular, origami-inspired, lattice, and bio-inspired designs, on crashworthiness performance. Among these, bio-inspired structures exhibit superior energy absorption characteristics, achieving a mean specific energy absorption $\left(SEA\right)$ of 21.51 J/g. Material selection is also explored, covering polymers, fiber-reinforced polymers, metals, and multi-material structures. Metallic AM crash boxes demonstrate the highest energy absorption capacity, with a mean $SEA$ of 28.65 J/g. In addition, the performance of different AM technologies is evaluated, including Stereolithography (SLA), Material Jetting (MJT), Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), and hybrid manufacturing techniques. Among these, crash boxes produced by SLM show the most favorable energy absorption performance, with a mean $SEA$ of 16.50 J/g. The findings presented in this review offer critical insights to guide future research and development in the design and manufacturing of next-generation AM crash boxes intended to enhance vehicle safety. Full article

This paper presents a three-degrees-of-freedom origami parallel robot that is free from parasitic motion. This robot is designed to achieve one translational and two rotational motions within its workspace, enabling precise orientation about a fixed point—a capability unattainable for parallel robots with parasitic motion. The elimination of parasitic motion is critical, allowing the use of this device in applications requiring high precision. The robot’s key kinematic features include a parasitic motion-free workspace, large orientational capability, compactness, decoupled motion, simplicity in manufacturing and control, mechanically pivoted rotation of the moving platform, and scalability. These characteristics make the robot particularly well-suited for micromanipulation tasks in both manufacturing and medical applications. In manufacturing, it can enable high-precision operations such as micro-assembly, optical fiber alignment, and semiconductor packaging. In medicine, it can support delicate procedures such as microsurgery and cell injection, where sub-micron accuracy, high stability, and precise motion decoupling are critical requirements. The use of nearly identical limbs simplifies the architecture, facilitating easier design, manufacture, and control. The kinematics of the robot is analyzed using reciprocal screw theory for an analytic constraint-embedded Jacobian. To further enhance operational accuracy and robustness, particularly in the presence of uncertainties or disturbances, a deep neural network (DNN)-based state estimation method is integrated, providing accurate forward kinematic predictions. The construction of the robot utilizes origami-inspired limbs and joints, enhancing miniaturization, manufacturing simplicity, and foldability. Although capable of being scaled up or further miniaturized, its current size is 66 mm × 68 mm × 100 mm. The robot’s moving platform is theoretically and experimentally proven to be free of parasitic motion and possesses a large orientation capability. Its unique features are demonstrated, and its potential for high-precision applications is thoroughly discussed. Full article

With the rapid development of precision instruments, aerospace, and automotive industries, the demand for compact vibration isolators capable of suppressing low-frequency vibrations has surged. Although prior reviews have established the theoretical framework of quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) isolators, critical gaps persist in addressing their compact design under strong nonlinear dynamics and diverse engineering constraints. This review systematically analyzes the dynamic characteristics of QZS systems under nonlinear effects and evaluates five innovative design methodologies for compact QZS isolators: special spring type, magnetic type, bionic type, metamaterials-based type, and origami-inspired type. Key findings reveal that special spring-type isolators are simple to design and space-efficient but difficult to machine. Magnetic-type isolators achieve ultra-low start-up frequencies but face thermal instability. Metamaterial designs enable multifunctional integration at the cost of manufacturing complexity, while bionic-inspired and origami-inspired isolators are difficult to abstract for practical applications. We find that current research tends to prioritize miniaturization over the synergistic optimization of load capacity, broadband isolation, and adaptability. Future research should focus on multi-degree-of-freedom systems, coupled metamaterials-bionic structures, and active magnetic control. This work provides a key roadmap for advancing compact QZS technology in space-constrained applications. Full article

Space exploration and satellite communication demand lightweight, large-scale, and highly deployable structures. Inspired by the folding mechanism of frilled lizards and origami mechanisms, this study explores a deployable structure based on the single-vertex multi-crease origami (SVMCO) concept. The design focuses on crease distribution optimization to enhance deployment efficiency. A mathematical model analyzes the relationship between sector angles of three types of facets and structural performances, providing guidelines for achieving optimal deployment. Drawing from the rib patterns of frilled lizards, a rib support system for thick-panel mechanisms was designed and verified through a physical prototype. The structure achieves smooth-surface deployment with fewer supports, offering a lightweight and efficient solution for deployable systems. Full article

In recent years, ecofriendly and renewable energy solutions have gained relevance mainly to lessen the effects of climate change. Governments and companies across the world have commitments to reduce fuel consumption and emissions as part of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Solar energy systems have great importance as a renewable energy source; however, they often have large space requirements to be effective, e.g., large areas covered by solar panels, as well as low efficiency and strong dependance on the weather. On the other hand, origami, the art of folding paper, can be a source of inspiration for new technologies and solutions for modern problems. In this paper, origami-inspired solar panels are presented as a potential solution for naval and mining operations. Prototype panels are manufactured based on the Miura-Ori pattern. Using this pattern, the photovoltaic modules can be folded by just one movement, thus reducing their footprint by up to 90%. The prototype photovoltaic modules are then tested on land and on board a vessel, where their efficiency and resistance can be tested. It is shown that naval and mining operations, where fuel consumption can be extremely high and available space is a major constraint, benefit greatly from this kind of development. Full article

The Yoshimura tubular origami mechanism possesses numerous advantageous properties and, when integrated with advanced material technologies, can be applied across various engineering disciplines. However, current research on Yoshimura origami predominantly focuses on centrally symmetric tubular origami mechanisms, which restricts the structural forms and motion patterns of these mechanisms. Drawing inspiration from the biological concept of “morphological variation,” we propose a novel tubular origami mechanism based on the Yoshimura pattern, which is the main contribution of this research. We analyze the Yoshimura planar crease elements and introduce both heterocellular and homocellular tubular origami mechanisms. Furthermore, we establish the origami topology matrices for the Yoshimura tubular origami mechanisms. This research also investigates complex motion forms that differ from traditional Yoshimura origami mechanisms, including macroscopic twisting and compound movements, thereby providing an intuitive design approach and extensive structural guidance for research in Yoshimura tubular origami engineering. Based on the tubular origami mechanism, we created an origami robot and investigate its motion characteristics. Full article

Biosensors are widely used across industries such as healthcare, food safety, and environmental monitoring, offering high stability and sensitivity compared to conventional methods. Recently, origami—the art of folding 2D structures into 3D forms—has emerged as a valuable approach in biosensor development, enabling the creation of shape-changing devices. These origami-based biosensors are particularly useful in precision medicine, rapid diagnostics, and resource-limited settings, offering affordable, highly precise, and portable solutions with diverse applications. Paper and biological substrates like DNA have been integrated with origami techniques to develop biosensors with enhanced functionality. The incorporation of aptamer origami into both paper and DNA biosensors further increases sensitivity and specificity for target detection. The concept of paper-based origami biosensors originated from using paper as a platform for biological assays, leading to significant advancements in design and functionality. These devices employ folding techniques to create channels and wells for manipulating samples and detecting target molecules through reactions with specific reagents. Similarly, DNA origami, introduced in 2006, has revolutionized biosensors by enabling the creation of precise molecular systems with tunable properties. Paper-based and DNA origami biosensors have immense potential to transform biosensing technologies in healthcare, food safety, and environmental monitoring. This review explores diverse origami-based biosensor techniques and their applications, including the role of aptamer origami in paper and DNA biosensors. Full article

Graphene is considered to be one of the most promising reinforcement phases for nanocomposites due to its unique two-dimensional planar structure with excellent mechanical properties. After the design of origami, the 2D material will obtain a negative Poisson’s ratio in the in-plane direction and become a metamaterial with unusual mechanical properties. Inspired by this, an origami pattern is adopted for graphene at an atomic scale using a molecular dynamics (MD) approach, and then origami graphene is embedded into a single-crystal copper matrix to obtain origami graphene/copper nanocomposites with auxetic behaviors. In the modeling, the periodic boundary condition is chosen to exhibit the Poisson’s ratio of the whole system. Under the isothermal–isobaric ensemble, the interactions between C-C, Cu-Cu, and C-Cu atoms are, respectively, determined by three potential functions: AIREBO, EAM, and LJ. The effect of the origami graphene/copper interfacial gap on the critical strain of incremental Poisson’s ratio, critical strain of engineering Poisson’s ratio, and moduli of the origami graphene/copper nanocomposites is studied to determine the optimum distance between the two phases. The influences of the mass fraction of carbon atom and temperature on those properties are discussed in detail after the MD model is confirmed. Full article

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of an innovative mechanical system inspired by recent advancements in metamaterials; more specifically, the work is focused on origami-type structures due to their intriguing mechanical properties. Originating from specific fields such as aerospace for their lightweight and foldable characteristics, origami mechanical devices exhibit unique nonlinear stiffness; in particular, when suitably designed, they show Quasi-Zero Stiffness (QZS) characteristics within a specific working range. The QZS property, aligned with the High Static Low Dynamic (HSLD) stiffness concept, suggests promising applications such as a low-frequency mechanical passive vibration isolator. The study explores the vibration isolation characteristics of origami-type suspensions, with a particular emphasis on their potential application as low-frequency passive vibration isolators. The Kresling Origami Module (KOM) has been selected for its compactness and compatibility with 3D printers. A detailed analysis using 3D CAD, Finite Element Analysis, and experimental testing has been carried out. The investigation includes the analysis of the influence of geometric parameters on the nonlinear force–displacement curve. Multibody simulations validate the low-frequency isolation properties within the QZS region, as well as disparities in dynamic properties beyond the QZS range. The study underscores the transformative potential of origami-type metamaterials in enhancing low-frequency vibration isolation technology. It also highlights challenges related to material properties and loading mass variations, providing valuable insights for future developments in this promising field. Full article

This paper aims to report the design of a mechanism to drive a propeller to deform between an aerial and one aquatic shape. This mechanism can realize the deformation of blade angle, radius, blade twist angle distribution and blade section thickness. Inspired by the Kresling origami structure and utilizing its rotation-folding motion characteristics, a propeller hub structure with variable blade angle is designed. A blade deformation unit (S-unit) with extensional-torsional kinematic characteristics is designed through the motion analysis of a spherical four-bar mechanism. A rib support structure fixed to the linkages of the s-unit is designed to achieve the change in blade section thickness. Based on motion analysis, the coordinate transformation method has been used to establish the relationship between propeller shape and deformation mechanism. The deformation of blade extension, blade twist distribution, and blade section thickness are analyzed. The deformation ability of the proposed structure can be verified then by kinematic simulation and rapid prototyping based on 3-D printing. It is proved that the proposed mechanism is applicable to deformable propeller design. The rapid prototype testing validates the stable motion of the mechanism. However, due to the relatively large self-weight of the structure, the blade has a slight deformation. In the subsequent work, the structural strength issue needs to be emphasized. Full article

Flexible electronic technology has attracted great interest, where rigid and brittle semiconductor materials can withstand large deformation. In order to improve the stretchability of devices, many novel structures have been designed, such as the classical “wavy” structure, the island-bridge structure, and origami structures that achieve stretchability through creases. However, the stretchability of these structures is still not large enough. Inspired by traditional kirigami, the stretchability of devices is achieved by making various periodic cuts in the substrate while the devices are placed in the area around the cuts. The previous research mainly focused on the change in the electrical properties of the structure during the deformation process, and there were few studies on the mechanical mechanisms. Therefore, this paper studies the buckling behavior of the kirigami structure when the substrate is stretched, and its mechanism can provide guidance for practical applications. Full article

Four-dimensional printing refers to a process through which a 3D printed object transforms from one structure into another through the influence of an external energy input. Self-folding structures have been extensively studied to advance 3D printing technology into 4D using stimuli-responsive polymers. Designing and applying self-folding structures requires an understanding of the material properties so that the structural designs can be tailored to the targeted applications. Poly(N-iso-propylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) was used as the thermo-responsive material in this study to 3D print hydrogel samples that can bend or fold with temperature changes. A double-layer printed structure, with PNIPAM as the self-folding layer and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the supporting layer, provided the mechanical robustness and overall flexibility to accommodate geometric changes. The mechanical properties of the multi-material 3D printing were tested to confirm the contribution of the PEG support to the double-layer system. The desired folding of the structures, as a response to temperature changes, was obtained by adding kirigami-inspired cuts to the design. An excellent shape-shifting capability was obtained by tuning the design. The experimental observations were supported by COMSOL Multiphysics^® software simulations, predicting the control over the folding of the double-layer systems. Full article

Origami, the art of paper folding, has long fascinated researchers and designers in its potential to replicate and tap the complexity of nature. In this paper, we pursue the crossing of origami engineering structures and biology, the realm of biologically-inspired origami structures categorized by the two biggest taxonomy kingdoms and DNA origami. Given the diversity of life forms that Earth comprises, we pursue an analysis of biomimetic designs that resemble intricate patterns and functionalities occurring in nature. Our research begins by setting out a taxonomic framework for the classification of origami structures based on biologically important kingdoms. From each of these, we explore the engineering structures inspired by morphological features, behaviors, and ecological adaptations of organisms. We also discuss implications in realms such as sustainability, biomaterials development, and bioinspired robotics. Thus, by parlaying the principles found in nature’s design playbook through the art of folding, biologically inspired origami becomes fertile ground for interdisciplinary collaboration and creativity. Through this approach, we aim to inspire readers, researchers, and designers to embark on a journey of discovery in which the boundaries between art, science, and nature are blurred, providing a foundation for innovation to thrive. Full article

The development of a soft crawling robot (SCR) capable of quick folding and recovery has important application value in the field of biomimetic engineering. This article proposes an origami-inspired vacuum-actuated foldable soft crawling robot (OVFSCR), which is composed of entirely soft foldable mirrored origami actuators with a Kresling crease pattern, and possesses capabilities of realizing multimodal locomotion incorporating crawling, climbing, and turning movements. The OVFSCR is characterized by producing periodically foldable and restorable body deformation, and its asymmetric structural design of low front and high rear hexahedral feet creates a friction difference between the two feet and contact surface to enable unidirectional movement. Combining an actuation control sequence with an asymmetrical structural design, the body deformation and feet in contact with ground can be coordinated to realize quick continuous forward crawling locomotion. Furthermore, an efficient dynamic model is developed to characterize the OVFSCR’s motion capability. The robot demonstrates multifunctional characteristics, including crawling on a flat surface at an average speed of 11.9 mm/s, climbing a slope of 3°, carrying a certain payload, navigating inside straight and curved round tubes, removing obstacles, and traversing different media. It is revealed that the OVFSCR can imitate contractile deformation and crawling mode exhibited by soft biological worms. Our study contributes to paving avenues for practical applications in adaptive navigation, exploration, and inspection of soft robots in some uncharted territory. Full article

The research work presents a novel voxel-type soft amphibious robot based on an assembly of origami flexiballs. The geometric and elastic constitutive models of the origami flexiball are theoretically established to elucidate its intricate deformation mechanism. Especially, the zero-energy storage phenomenon and the quasi-zero-stiffness characteristic are revealed to prove that the origami flexiball is suitable for serving as soft robotic components. As a proof of concept, fourteen origami flexiballs are interconnected to form a quadruped robot capable of walking or crawling in both underwater and terrestrial environments, including flat surfaces and sandy terrain. Its adaptability across multiple environments is enhanced by the origami polyhedra-inspired hollow structure, which naturally adjusts to underwater conditions such as hydrostatic pressure and currents, improving stability and performance. Other advantages of the voxel-type soft amphibious quadruped robot include its ease of manufacture using 3D printing with accessible soft elastic materials, ensuring rapid and cost-effective fabrication. We anticipate its potentially versatile applications, including underwater pipeline inspections, offshore maintenance, seabed exploration, ecological monitoring, and marine sample collection. By leveraging metamaterial features embodied in the origami polyhedra, the presented voxel-type soft robot exemplifies an innovative approach to achieving complex functionalities in soft robotics. Full article