Search Results (10)

Accelerated environmental impacts are a growing concern in the modern world. Electric mobility and the transition to a cleaner energy matrix have become increasingly discussed topics. In this context, this work presents a framework for controlling an electric vehicle (EV)-charging station integrated into a microgrid application as a basis for creating the infrastructure integrated into a smart grid concept. Considering the electrification of the transportation sector future perspectives, a brief review is conducted on the impacts of EV fleet growth in different countries and how smart-charging technologies are identified as solutions for mitigating the negative effects of energy and power consumption associated with EV-charging stations. An analysis of the technical characteristics and the tools that enable the deployment of a fleet-charging operator are examined, specifically focusing on the communication protocol for EVs, such as the OCPP (Open Charge Point Protocol) parameterization/configuration. A new EV-charging station control method is proposed to manage the impacts of distributed solar photovoltaic generation and mitigate the effects of the duck curve. Finally, an integration architecture via IEC 61850 for these elements is proposed, in a practical implementation for variable power control, considering different strategies to deal with distributed generation impact using EV-fleet-charging power demand dynamic management. Full article

The EV charging network has witnessed significant growth in the UK in the last few years due to the net zero emission target of the government by 2030. The related literature in EV charging management mainly focuses on road-traffic-parameter-based optimization and lacks detail in terms of charging statistics and cyber–security-enabled charging management frameworks. In this context, this paper proposes a novel EV Charging Management and Security (EVCMS) framework using real-time charging statistics and an Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP). Specifically, a system model for EVCMS is presented considering charging data management and security protocols. An EVCMS framework design is detailed, focusing on charging pricing, optimization, and charging security. The experimental implementation is described in terms of client–server and charge-box-based simulation. The performance of the proposed EVCMS framework is evaluated by considering different charging scenarios and a range of charging-related metrics. An analysis of results and comparative study attest to the benefits of the proposed EVCMS framework for enabling the EV charging ecosystem. Full article

This paper proposes a new approach to the design of smart charging systems. It aims to separate the role of the Smart Charging Service Provider (SCSP) from the role of the Charge Point Operator (CPO) to provide real flexibility and efficiency of mass deployment. As interoperability is required for this purpose, the challenge is to use standard equipment and protocols in the design of the smart charging Energy Management System (EMS). The use of an Open Charge Point Interface (OCPI) is crucial for an interface between the EMS and the Charge Point Operator. The smart charging EMS developed has been implemented and successfully tested with two CPOs, with different use cases: (1) EV charging infrastructure at office buildings, and (2) EV charging infrastructure installed at a public car park facility. Full article

Electric vehicle (EV) adoption grows steadily on a global scale, yet there is no consistent experience for EV drivers to charge their vehicles, which hinders the important EV mass market adoption. The Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) is the solution to this challenge, as it provides standardization and open communication between EV infrastructure components. The interplay of the OCPP with open cross-functional communication standards boosters driver experience on the one hand, while the charging station itself is integrated into a renewable energy ecosystem. This paper presents a deep dive into the combination of the OCPP with the OpenADR protocol, the Open Smart Charging Protocol (OSCP), the ISO 15118, and eRoaming protocols to explore possibilities and limitations. Furthermore, we suggest LoRa communication as an alternative to IP-based communication for deep-in building applications. Hence, this paper reveals the next important steps towards a successful EV mass market transition powered by user-friendliness and green energy. Full article

Among the main problems faced in the context of electric mobility today, the management and monitoring of electric vehicle charging stations, the integration between the diverse types of technologies that make up its architecture, and its low scalability stand out. Therefore, we will present the implementation and complete integration of an electric vehicle charging system in an electric mobility pilot project being executed in the Amazon region in Brazil. Therefore, a literature review of related works will be presented, and its entire implementation will be addressed, from the charging infrastructure, through its back-end system and its Internet of things platform, to its front-end web system for monitoring charging stations. In addition, a complete prototype is created with a real testbed to verify the scalability of the implemented physical system. Based on the testbed evaluations performed, we observe that the implemented system performs well in receiving and sending data from up to 160 electric vehicle charging stations, achieving an average consumption of 26% for CPU and 95% for memory. In addition, it is important to mention that the deployed system supports horizontal scalability, enabling the connection of more charging stations and making it ideal for other integrated systems similar to ours. Based upon the main results obtained with the implemented system, the possibility of carrying out the management and monitoring of charging stations stands out; the integration of different technologies, from the back end and IoT middleware to its front end; a system that supports scalability, enabling the connection of more charging stations; and a reference architecture for charging station management and monitoring systems for the Amazon region. Full article

This paper proposes a smart system for managing the operations of grid-connected charging stations for electric vehicles (EV) that use photovoltaic (PV) sources. This system consists of a mobile application for EV drivers to make charging reservations, an algorithm to optimize the charging schedule, and a remote execution module of charging operations based on the open charge point protocol (OCPP). The optimal charging schedule was obtained by solving a binary integer programming problem. The merits of our solution are illustrated by simulating different charging demand scenarios. Full article

An accurate management of the interactions among end user, electric vehicle, and charging station during recharge is fundamental for the diffusion of electric mobility. The paper proposes an extension of the Open Charge Point Protocol standard with the aim of including the user in the charging optimization process. The user negotiates with the central station a recharge reservation giving his/her preference and flexibility. The charging station management system provides different solutions based on user’s flexibility. This negotiation allows the optimization of the power grid management considering the user requests and constraints. The complete architecture has been designed, implemented on a web server and on a smartphone app, and tested. Results are reported in this work. Full article

The E.U. market for electric vehicles (EVs) is growing significantly, but the absence of widely adopted protocols and interoperability standards for charging hinders the development of cross-border EV travel (“e-roaming”). In this paper, we present our vision on what should be the basic functionalities of e-roaming. Furthermore, we describe the best practices of 6 years of e-roaming in the Netherlands, and analyze what can be learned from other sectors that were successful in introducing roaming mechanisms in the past. We translate these into proposed next steps, such as the need for piloting e-roaming on a European level using open standards, such as Open Charge Point Interface (OCPI). We conclude with a proposal for a comparative study of protocols to pave the way for future convergence, and, thus, facilitate a European market for EV products and services. Full article

The melt of H₃BO₃ was used to reach a controllable reduced graphene oxide (rGO) synthesis protocol using a graphene oxide (GO) precursor. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC) investigation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images have shown that different from GO powder, reduction of GO in the melt of H₃BO₃ leads to the formation of less disordered structure of basal graphene planes. Threefold coordinated boron atom acts as a scavenger of oxygen atoms during the process of GO reduction. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of synthesized products have shown that the complex of glycerol and H₃BO₃ acts as a regioselective catalyst in epoxide ring-opening reaction and suppress the formation of ketone C=O functional groups at vacancy sites. Thermal treatment at 800 °C leads to the increased concentration of point defects in the backbone structure of rGO. Synthesized materials were tested electrochemically. The electrochemical performance of these materials essentially differs depending on the preparation protocol. The highest charge/discharge rate and double-layer capacitance were found for a sample synthesized in the melt of H₃BO₃ in the presence of glycerol and treated at 800 °C. The effect of optimal porosity and high electrical conductivity on the electrochemical performance of prepared materials also were studied. Full article

Interoperability of charging infrastructures is a key success factor for E-Mobility. Standards like ISO/IEC 15118 and IEC 61851-1 are developed to ensure base level interoperability of front-end com- munication and signaling processes for smart charging between electric vehicles and charge spots. With the Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) a forum of European industry members also moves towards a common back-end protocol for charge spots intending to reduce and secure overall investment costs. However, in the current form OCPP lacks means for enabling grid services based on smart charging. In this paper the authors provide a review of today’s state of the art in ISO/IEC standardization of the V2G Interface and furthermore detail how OCPP could leverage existing standardization efforts for grid automation from IEC 61850 in order to overcome its shortcomings. Full article