Advancing E-Roaming in Europe: Towards a Single “Language” for the European Charging Infrastructure †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Poor information about the location and availability of charging stations;
- An absence of information about tariffs and the total price of the session;
- Different, non-compatible ways, tools, tokens, and apps to obtain access to charging stations; and
- Non-transparent business models and a potentially high cost because of the complexity of the value chain.
2. Harmonization by the Use of Standards
2.1. Standardization, Interoperability, and Harmonization
2.2. Fragmentation: The Current EV Charging Infrastructure
- Type 1, originally developed by SAE International and original equipment manufacturer Yazaki, and also known as SAE J1772;
- Type 2, originally developed by the electric equipment manufacturer Mennekes; and
- Type 3, originally developed by the EV plug Alliance.
- CHAdeMO, developed by a Japanese industry association bearing the same name, is mostly used in Japan and Europe, and also generally referred to as “Type 4”;
- Combined Charging System (CCS) Combo 1, a Type 1 plug with added plugs for DC charging, now also standardized by the IEC and mostly used in North America;
- Combined Charging System (CCS) Combo 2, a Type 2 plug with added plugs for DC charging, now also standardized by the IEC and mostly used in Europe; and
- The Supercharger, for Tesla vehicles, a proprietary plug (not standardized) mostly used in North America as well as Europe [23].
- Type 2 had a larger installed based than Type 3;
- Type 2 had support from strong alliances among car manufacturers;
- Type 2 was technologically superior;
- Mennekes, the developer of the Type 2 plug, declared it would license all related patents free of charge;
- China had adopted a variant of the Type 2 connector as its standard; and
- The U.S. automotive industry also supported Type 2.
2.3. Harmonization: Roaming in Telecommunications and the Internet Protocol
2.3.1. Roaming in Mobile Telecommunications
2.3.2. Roaming in the Internet
2.4. Lessons for E-Roaming
3. EV Charging Infrastructure and E-Roaming
3.1. Current Market Situation versus Future Market Situation
3.2. Rationale for E-Roaming
3.2.1. E.U. Impact
3.2.2. User Impact
3.2.3. Products and Services Impact
3.2.4. Technology/ICT Impact
4. Roaming Initiatives in Europe
4.1. Overview Roaming Platforms and Protocols
4.2. E-Roaming in The Netherlands with an International Connection
5. Discussion and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protocol | Proprietary/Independent | Supports Roaming Hubs | Supports Peer-to-Peer Connection/Decentral |
---|---|---|---|
Open Clearing House Protocol (OCHP) | Proprietary (e-Clearing.net) | YES | YES |
Open InterCharge Protocol (OICP) | Proprietary (Hubject) | YES | NO |
eMobility Inter-Operation Protocol (eMIP) | Proprietary (Gireve) | YES | NO |
Open Charge Point Interface Protocol (OCPI) | Independent | YES | YES |
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Ferwerda, R.; Bayings, M.; Van der Kam, M.; Bekkers, R. Advancing E-Roaming in Europe: Towards a Single “Language” for the European Charging Infrastructure. World Electr. Veh. J. 2018, 9, 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj9040050
Ferwerda R, Bayings M, Van der Kam M, Bekkers R. Advancing E-Roaming in Europe: Towards a Single “Language” for the European Charging Infrastructure. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2018; 9(4):50. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj9040050
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerwerda, Roland, Michel Bayings, Mart Van der Kam, and Rudi Bekkers. 2018. "Advancing E-Roaming in Europe: Towards a Single “Language” for the European Charging Infrastructure" World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, no. 4: 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj9040050