Search Results (162)

Feed supplementation strategies are essential for optimizing cattle productivity, and the incorporation of non-conventional feed resources may reduce both production costs and environmental impact. This study evaluated the effects of pelletized protein concentrates (including Acacia farnesiana, A. schaffneri, and Agave duranguensis bagasse) on rumen fermentation parameters, microbial communities, and gas emissions. Fistulated bullocks received the concentrate daily, and ruminal contents were collected and filtered before and after supplementation to assess in vitro gas and methane production, pH, and microbial composition using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and mcrA amplicons. In addition, in situ degradability was evaluated during and after the supplementation period. Supplementation led to a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in degradability parameters and methane production, along with a marked decrease in the abundance of Methanobrevibacter and an increase in succinate-producing taxa. These effects were attributed to the enhanced levels of non-fiber carbohydrates, hemicellulose, crude protein, and the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites and methanol. Rumen microbiota composition was consistent with previously described core communities, and mcrA-based sequencing proved to be a valuable tool for targeted methanogen detection. Overall, the inclusion of non-conventional ingredients in protein concentrates may improve ruminal fermentation efficiency and contribute to methane mitigation in ruminants, although further in vivo trials on a larger scale are recommended. Full article

Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral in poultry nutrition, but its low bioavailability from conventional feed ingredients presents a significant challenge for efficient utilization. This study investigated the effects of different P sources (monocalcium phosphate (MCP) and calcium humophosphate (CHP)) and three phytase concentrations (0, 1000, or 2000 FTU/kg of feed) on broiler performance and ileal nutrient digestibility. A total of 600 Cobb 500 male broilers were fed one of six different dietary treatments with 10 replicates per treatment from 11 to 21 d of age. The birds and feed were weighed at 1, 10, and 21 d of age to determine growth performance. At 21 d of age, ileal digesta was collected from all the birds to determine dry matter, organic matter, Ca, P, and ash digestibility. The results indicated that phytase supplementation at 1000 and 2000 FTU/kg improved the feed conversion ratio and P digestibility compared with the non-supplemented group. The broilers fed CHP showed superior P digestibility compared to those fed MCP, regardless of phytase concentration. The results also indicated interactive effects between P source and phytase concentration on the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and ash. The findings suggest that CHP enhances nutrient digestibility and could optimize P utilization in broiler diets with phytase inclusion. This report reveals a better understanding of the effects of P sources and phytase concentration on feed digestibility. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and support improvements in broiler performance under commercial production conditions. Full article

In view of the growing global need for sustainable protein sources, this study explores the utilization of short-chain fatty acids into single-cell protein using the non-conventional yeast Cyberlindnera jadinii. Short-chain fatty acids can be sustainably produced via anaerobic digestion of organic waste, presenting a promising fermentation substrate for a circular bioeconomy. Cyberlindnera jadinii is demonstrated to be capable of growing on acetate, propionate and butyrate as both a carbon and energy source without strong inhibition. Bioprocess development was conducted in stirred tank bioreactors, where a fed-batch pH-stat bioprocess led to improved efficiency without substrate inhibition. The highest titer of 31.3 ± 1.0 g/L, rate of 0.67 ± 0.02 g/L/h and yield of 0.36 ± 0.01 g/g was achieved with propionate. The resulting biomass contained 41.3% crude protein, and 17.3% crude lipids with 81% unsaturated fatty acids. In contrast to acetate and butyrate, propionate as a substrate led to accumulation of 37% odd-chain fatty acids with titer, rate and yield of 1.74 ± 0.06 g/L, 0.037 ± 0.001 g/L/h and 0.020 ± 0.001 g/g. These findings confirm that short-chain fatty acids are viable fermentation substrates not only for single-cell protein, but also unsaturated and odd-chain fatty acid production with Cyberlindnera jadinii. Full article

Mannoproteins are structural components of the yeast cell wall exhibiting extensive functionality applicable to the food, feed, and medical industries. They are characterized mostly by immunostimulatory, prebiotic, antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and emulsifying properties. The bioactive properties of mannoproteins underscore their significance in functional food production, therapy, and animal husbandry. This review critically examines the literature on yeast mannoproteins, focusing on their chemical characteristics, biological activity, and potential applications. Considering gaps in the literature data regarding detailed chemical characterization and mechanisms of action of mannoproteins, future research should aim at precise structural analysis, particularly of mannoproteins derived from nonconventional yeast, to uncover new potential industrial and health applications. Full article

Accurate prediction of tool wear plays a vital role in improving machining quality in intelligent manufacturing. However, traditional Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) models are constrained by linear assumptions, while conventional filtering algorithms struggle in noisy environments with low signal-to-noise ratios. To address these challenges, this paper presents an innovative tool wear prediction method that integrates a nonlinear mean function and a multi-kernel function-optimized GPR model combined with an LSTM-enhanced particle filter algorithm. The approach incorporates the LSTM network into the state transition model, utilizing its strong time-series feature extraction capabilities to dynamically adjust particle weight distributions, significantly enhancing the accuracy of state estimation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method reduces the mean absolute error (MAE) by 47.6% and improves the signal-to-noise ratio by 15.4% compared to traditional filtering approaches. By incorporating a nonlinear mean function based on machining parameters, the method effectively models the coupling relationships between cutting depth, spindle speed, feed rate, and wear, leading to a 31.09% reduction in MAE and a 42.61% reduction in RMSE compared to traditional linear models. The kernel function design employs a composite strategy using a Gaussian kernel and a 5/2 Matern kernel, achieving a balanced approach that captures both data smoothness and abrupt changes. This results in a 58.7% reduction in MAE and a 64.5% reduction in RMSE. This study successfully tackles key challenges in tool wear monitoring, such as noise suppression, nonlinear modeling, and non-stationary data handling, providing an efficient and stable solution for tool condition monitoring in complex manufacturing environments. Full article

In recent years, the rapid development of the ruminant feeding industry and the limited availability and rising prices of traditional protein feed ingredients have renewed the focus on protein feeds in ruminant diets. Plant protein feeds are a core component of protein feeds for ruminants; however, the utilisation of both conventional and non-conventional plant protein feeds is limited by the presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs). In order to maximise the use of plant protein feeds and to promote their application in ruminant production, it is important to have a comprehensive understanding of the types and nature of their ANFs, their anti-nutritional mechanisms, and current effective methods of eliminating ANFs. Therefore, the types, anti-nutritional mechanisms, and elimination methods of ANFs in major plant protein feeds for ruminants are initially summarised in this review, which provides a reference for anti-nutritional factor elimination and the production of full-price compound feeds for ruminants. Full article

Portal hypertension (PH) is a complication of advanced liver diseases, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, often leading to unfavorable outcomes. Endo-hepatology, particularly endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has revolutionized the assessment of PH. Notably, EUS-guided portal pressure gradient (EUS-PPG) enables measurement of portal and hepatic venous pressures, offering diagnostic precision for both cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic forms of PH, including porto-sinusoidal vascular disorder (PSVD). EUS-based assessment of PH in advanced liver disease can refine diagnostic workup and prognostication, supporting therapeutic decisions. Additionally, EUS-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) achieves high-quality histological samples with fewer complications compared to percutaneous techniques, enabling thorough evaluation of chronic liver diseases and vascular abnormalities. EUS-shear wave elastography (EUS-SWE) further refines stiffness measurements where standard imaging fails. Moreover, EUS plays a major role in controlling variceal hemorrhage, a severe PH complication. EUS-guided coil and cyanoacrylate injection for gastric varices demonstrate a great efficacy, often surpassing conventional endoscopy. Similarly, EUS-based identification and treatment of perforator vessels feeding esophageal varices reduce rebleeding risks, particularly in challenging patients. The combination of these state-of-the-art interventions supports a “one-stop strategy”, integrating variceal screening, biopsy, and portal pressure measurement within a single procedure. Despite these advancements, refinements in sedation protocols, patient selection, and cost-effectiveness data are necessary. While noninvasive tools remain central in guidelines, EUS-based methods continue to expand their role, especially in complex cases. This review summarizes the applications and impact of EUS in evaluating PH, emphasizing its importance in contemporary hepatology and its potential as a pivotal diagnostic modality in cirrhosis complicated by PH. Full article

This study examined the effects of incorporating processed (hydrolysed) (POP) and unprocessed (non-hydrolysed) (UOP) orange peels into the diets of lactating ewes on the proximate composition, fatty acid profile, antioxidant properties, physicochemical characteristics, and sensory attributes of traditional sheep milk yoghurt. Thirty-six Chios breed ewes were divided into three dietary groups: POP, UOP, and a conventional control diet (Control). Yoghurt produced from the UOP and POP diets had higher protein content (5.93 and 5.53%, respectively) and fat content (6.79 and 6.24%, respectively) compared to the Control (5.42% for protein and 6.06% for fat). Additionally, there were no significant differences in the nutritional indices of yoghurt fat. The determination of antioxidant activity showed no significant differences among the groups using the ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP methods, whereas significant differences were observed when measured with the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Textural analysis revealed that UOP yoghurt had greater firmness and cohesiveness. The whiteness index of yoghurt across all treatments remained consistent during storage, maintaining the desirable visual characteristics of traditional sheep milk yoghurt. Syneresis levels were similar across all groups, indicating no negative effects on yoghurt stability. Sensory evaluation confirmed the high acceptability of yoghurt produced from both experimental diets. These findings highlight the potential of orange peels as a sustainable feed additive, with no adverse effects on the nutritional, functional, or sensory properties of dairy products, while contributing to effective waste valorisation. Full article

Grape pomace, a winemaking byproduct, is nutrient- and polyphenol-rich, but research on its use in beef cattle is limited. This study explored the impact of grape pomace-based complete pellet feed on growth, serum biochemistry, fatty acid profile, and rumen microbiota in beef cattle. Fifteen healthy Simmental cattle were randomly divided into three groups (G0, G15, and G20) and fed a complete pelleted ration containing 0%, 15%, and 20% of grape pomace, respectively, for 60 days. The results showed that the addition of grape pomace to the ration markedly increased the average daily feed intake and average daily weight gain in beef cattle. In terms of biochemistry, the levels of total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) in the G20 group were higher than in the G0 group (p > 0.05). The levels of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and behenic acid were higher in the G20 group than in the G0 group. Grape pomace had no significant effect on rumen fungal diversity and total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) in beef cattle. The pH and ammonia nitrogen content in the G15 and G20 groups were significantly higher than that in the G0 group. This indicates that grape pomace can be used as feed raw material for beef cattle. Full article

Shunt active power filters (SAPFs) have been around for a long time. They improve the quality of a current drawn from the grid when feeding non-linear loads formed by old-fashioned power electronic converters such as uncontrolled and controlled rectifiers. Most SAPFs are implemented using the well-known six-switch three-phase inverter (SSTPI) topology. This paper investigates the capability of adopting the four-switch three-phase inverter (FSTPI) scheme to develop low-cost SAPFs, mainly for low-power ranges. The performance of the proposed SAPF using the FSTPI topology is compared with the conventional scheme of an SAPF formed by the six-switch three-phase inverter (SSTPI) topology. Qualitative and quantitative analyses are conducted. The performance of the proposed FSTPI-based SAPF is investigated under different loading conditions. The obtained results indicate the validity and effectiveness of the FSTPI scheme in improving the quality of currents drawn from the AC grid. The SAPF scheme investigated is also feasible and results in cost reduction when the SAPF power circuit is constructed with modern WBG devices, such as SiC-based MOSFETs, which are relatively expensive (approximately three times the price of the equivalent Si IGBTs). Full article

Lung cancer still represents one of the main causes of cancer-related mortality, highlighting the necessity for precise, effective, and minimally intrusive diagnostic methods. This research presents an innovative approach to classifying lung lesions using Doppler ultrasound imagery combined with a feed-forward neural network (FNN). This study integrates Doppler mode ultrasound vascularization features—blood vessel area, tortuosity index, and orientation—into an FNN to classify lung lesions as benign or malignant. A dataset of 565 Doppler ultrasound pictures was extended using augmentation techniques to enhance robustness, yielding a training dataset of 3390 images. The FNN architecture was trained utilizing the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm, achieving a classification accuracy of 98%, demonstrating its potential as a diagnostic aid. The results indicate that integrating all three vascularization factors significantly improves diagnosis accuracy compared with individual modules. This method offers a non-invasive and cost-effective complementary tool to conventional techniques such as CT scans, with the potential to improve early detection and treatment planning for lung cancer patients. Full article

Reed straw is a potential roughage resource that limits its application in livestock production due to its higher fiber content. Inferior jujube is widely used as a non-conventional feed in livestock production due to its high nutritional value. In this study, a two-factor experimental design was used to investigate the effects of fermentation with Composite A (BA) and Composite B (BB) under the condition that the dry matter ratio of reed straw to residual red dates was 1:1, and mixed microstorage was fermented for different times (0 d, 30 d, and 60 d) with the effects of nutrient indexes, fermentation quality, and microbial community dynamics changes. A control group (CON) was set up, six replicates were set up for each treatment, and the amount of bacteria added was 1% of the dry matter basis. The results showed that compared with the control group, both composite bacterial liquids could effectively reduce the nutrient loss of micro-silage feeds, in which with the addition of composite bacterium B (BB) treatment group at the end of fermentation, the crude protein (CP) content increased by 1.91%, and the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and the acid detergent fiber (ADF) were reduced by 11.32% and 10.61%, respectively. The volatile fatty acid content was significantly higher than that of the control group, which was 26.41 μg·mL⁻¹. The BB group had the highest abundance of Lacticaseibacillus during the fermentation process, which could produce a large amount of lactic acid and lower the pH to improve the quality of feed fermentation. In addition, the differences in the indexes were smaller in the BB group compared with the BA group, but the fermentation effect of the BB group was better than that of the BA group. Full article

Background: For infants, withholding or withdrawal of feeding is ethically permissible when the child is imminently dying or chronically and irreversibly comatose. It can also be appropriate in cases of medical futility with a low chance of survival. However, there is much contention in situations where the medical prognosis is uncertain. Case presentation: Annie is a 6-week-old neonate with antenatally acquired cystic encephalomalacia, a chronic non-progressive neurological condition. Her future neurological outcome is uncertain. She is putting on weight in the NICU with stable cardiorespiratory status on room air and tolerates full nasogastric tube feeding but requires frequent oropharyngeal suctioning. Her parents ask to stop tube feeding and allow Annie to die. They deem she has a poor quality of life and is experiencing tremendous suffering. Discussion: Parents’ perceptions of “best interest” and “physical suffering” are explored, alongside those of the healthcare team. Concomitant issues like feeding withdrawal and moral distress are examined in context—that of a newborn where developmental outcomes and disease trajectory are unclear. Conceptual frameworks, empirical evidence and consensus-based ethics guidelines informed a rich and multi-dimensional exposition of a difficult and value-laden decision. Conclusions: While instinctively legitimate, enteral feeding in an infant, in this case with severe neurological impairment, is ultimately still a medical intervention. In contrast to prevailing conventions within adult medicine, the careful and nuanced consideration of benefits and burdens from different stakeholders’ perspectives is critical before any deliberate withdrawal to allow natural death. Full article

Slide burnishing is a non-material-removal process that improves surface finish by plastically deforming peaks into valleys using a spherical hard tool. Conventionally, multiple passes were applied with the same setup to address residual peaks, even though the first pass achieves most of the deformation. Each pass consumes equal time and energy unless parameters like feed or force are adjusted, and changing these parameters requires another cycle of passes. This repetitive approach leads to inefficiencies in time and energy, highlighting the need for different approaches to reduce redundancy while improving surface integrity. This experiment aims to change these processes by changing the feed after each pass to help the tool follow a different path than the first round. Four levels of tool feed with three levels of force and three passes were tested in nine runs that required 27 runs in the conventional method for comparison and were used to burnish the face-milled C45 steel. The new method enhanced the initial surface with up to a 66.6% decrease in Sq, greater than by the old method, and up to 69.3% in Ssk. The new method showed more steady and predictable changes of skewness than the old method during parameter changes. The old method performed better in reducing kurtosis levels when a higher number of passes (three and four) were used. These results demonstrate significant improvement over the traditional techniques, paving the way for innovative advancements and further research in the field. Full article

Peanut allergies affect millions of people worldwide, often causing life-threatening reactions and necessitating strict avoidance. Recent advancements in oral immunotherapy, such as Palforzia™, and IgE-mediated treatments (e.g., Xolair), have improved care options; however, their high costs limit accessibility and widespread utility. To address these challenges, researchers are employing conventional breeding and advanced molecular tools, such as CRISPR editing, to develop peanut lines with reduced levels of major allergenic proteins (Ara h1, Ara h2, Ara h3, and Ara h6). These reduced-immunogenicity genotypes retain their agronomic viability, flavor, and nutritional quality to some extent, offering the potential for cost-effective oral immunotherapy and safe food options for use in public spaces by non-allergic individuals. Rigorous evaluation, including immunological assays and human feeding trials, is essential to confirm their effectiveness in reducing allergic reactions. Adoption will depend on the establishment of clear regulatory guidelines, stakeholder education, and transparent communication of the benefits and risks. With sustained research, public trust, and supportive policies, reduced-immunogenicity peanuts could substantially lower the global burden of peanut allergies. This communication examined the impact of peanut allergies worldwide and explored strategies to develop peanut genotypes with reduced allergen content, including conventional breeding and advanced genetic engineering. It also addressed the challenges associated with these approaches, such as policy and regulatory hurdles, and outlined key requirements for their successful adoption by farmers and consumers. Full article