Search Results (1,108)

This study used silicate cement as the base material and nano-silica, fly ash, and bentonite as the composite modification components. Through laboratory tests, the engineering characteristics and impermeability and drying shrinkage properties of the modified slurry were systematically investigated. The results showed that the verification test mix proportion of the slurry was a water–binder ratio of 0.7, a nano-silica content of 2%, a fly ash content of 40%, and a bentonite content of 6%. This ratio of the slurry had the best comprehensive performance. Compared with pure cement slurry, the water loss rate decreased by 61.90%; the 3d, 7d, and 28d compressive strengths increased by 30.60%, 36.08%, and 20.08% respectively; the fluidity decreased by 6.38%; and the initial setting time decreased by 9.77%. The anti-seepage pressure of the verification test mix proportion slurry group reached 1.05 MPa, which was 43.84% higher than the pure cement reference group and was superior to each single addition group. Combined incorporation of nano-silica, fly ash, and bentonite remarkably improved the impermeability. The 56d drying shrinkage rate was 1257 × 10⁻⁶, which was 19.16% lower than that of the reference group. Based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests, the microstructure was analyzed, and the hydration mechanism was discussed. The composite modification did not change the type of hydration products but significantly improved the microstructure. Nano-silica reacted with the hydration product Ca(OH)₂ in the early stage of hydration, accelerating the hydration process and promoting the interwoven coating of the hydration product on the calcium aluminosilicate crystals, thereby improving the compactness of the matrix. Fly ash participated in the pozzolanic reaction in the later stage of hydration, adhering to the secondary hydration products on the surface and gradually consuming them, further filling the pores and optimizing the interface structure. Combined with bentonite, nano-silica and fly ash jointly densified the matrix, refining the microstructure of modified samples and forming a continuous integrated hydration product network inside the grout. Full article

The durability of dental restorations against erosive and staining challenges is crucial for long-term clinical success. Therefore, this in vitro study aimed to investigate the combined effects of sequential simulated gastric acid exposure, coffee immersion, and different cleaning procedures on the surface roughness and color stability of four contemporary flowable resin composites with different filler and matrix characteristics. Ninety-six disk-shaped specimens were fabricated from four resin composites: Omnichroma Flow, G-ænial Universal Injectable, Universal Flo, and EverX Flow. Baseline surface roughness and color coordinates were recorded. Specimens were immersed in 0.06 M hydrochloric acid for 48 h to simulate gastric acid exposure and subsequently immersed in coffee solution for 24 h to simulate staining. Color measurements were performed at baseline, after sequential gastric acid–coffee exposure, and after cleaning procedures. ΔE₀ was calculated between baseline and post-exposure values, whereas ΔE₁ was calculated between post-exposure and post-cleaning values. Specimens were then allocated to three cleaning subgroups: toothbrushing (BR), water flosser (WF) and mouthrinse (MR). Final surface roughness and color changes were evaluated. Data were analyzed using mixed and factorial ANOVA tests. Sequential gastric acid–coffee exposure significantly increased surface roughness in all materials. Omnichroma Flow showed the lowest roughness values, whereas G-ænial Universal Injectable demonstrated the highest post-treatment roughness, particularly after toothbrushing. Toothbrushing generally caused greater roughness increases than other cleaning procedures. Material type significantly affected color stability, with Universal Flo showing the greatest discoloration and Omnichroma Flow the lowest color change. Surface roughness and color stability were significantly influenced by sequential gastric acid–coffee exposure and cleaning procedures in a material-dependent manner. Full article

To clarify the pollution characteristics and source composition of heavy metals in the paddy soils of the Yellow River irrigation district of Ningxia, a total of 515 surface soil samples were collected, and the concentrations of As, Hg, Pb, Cd, and Cr were measured. Regional-scale pollution assessment and source apportionment were conducted using the geo-accumulation index, spatial interpolation analysis, and the Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. Based on the regional pollution assessment and spatial distribution patterns, a representative area with relatively elevated Cd accumulation and more pronounced anthropogenic influence was selected for local-scale isotope investigation. Eight paddy soil samples and potential end-member samples were collected, and, combined with literature-based end-member data, Pb and Cd isotopes were analyzed using the MixSIAR Bayesian (version 3.1.12) mixing model to further constrain the sources of Pb and Cd in village soils. The results showed that some sampling points in the study area exceeded the soil background values, but none of the points surpassed the screening values for agricultural soil pollution risk, indicating that the overall risk of paddy soils in the study area remained low. Geo-accumulation index results indicated that As, Pb, and Cr were predominantly classified as unpolluted, whereas Hg and Cd showed more pronounced accumulation, with most sampling points reaching unpolluted to moderately polluted or higher. PMF results revealed that heavy metals in the study area primarily originated from natural sources, agricultural activities, coal combustion-related sources, and industrial–traffic mixed sources. Cd was mainly influenced by agricultural sources, Hg was primarily affected by coal combustion and related industrial activities, and Pb exhibited a mixture of multiple sources. Local isotope analysis in the representative area further indicated that industrial and agricultural sources were the main contributors to soil Cd, accounting for 34.3% and 33.1%, respectively. Pb was primarily derived from agricultural activities (38.1%), while coal emissions, industrial sources, natural sources, and traffic contributed 19.2%, 18.3%, 16.9%, and 7.5%, respectively, indicating a complex mixture of agricultural, industrial, coal-combustion, natural, and traffic-related inputs. The combined application of PMF and Pb/Cd isotopes allowed for constraints on heavy metal sources at both regional and local scales, providing a scientific basis for pollution control and agricultural safety management in paddy soils of the Yellow River irrigation district. Full article

Problem statement: Contaminated mixed plastic waste—bearing metallic, paper, cardboard and organic residues—remains largely excluded from mechanical recycling because conventional routes require a costly, water- and energy-intensive washing–drying pretreatment. Research gap: No published study combines a fully dry, washing-free valorisation route for such waste with certified mechanical characterisation and a quantified CO₂ mass balance that explicitly credits elimination of the washing–drying stage. Methodology: This study presents DMP (Downcycled Mixed Plastic), a patented (OSIM, Romania) dry valorisation process based on continuous single-screw extrusion (D = 150 mm, L/D = 17.3), characterised through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), certified mechanical/thermal testing at accredited Romanian laboratories, Weber-number dispersion analysis, and a process-parameter sensitivity study. Key findings: The composite exhibits certified mechanical properties (tensile strength 9.22 MPa, elongation at break 112.8%, compressive strength 14.5 MPa); composition–property analysis across four batches shows that increasing the PP weight fraction from 20 to 28 wt% raises tensile strength by 8.3% while reducing elongation by 5.2%; a computed Weber number (We = 166.7 ≫ We_crit) is consistent with fine PP-phase dispersion within the PE matrix; the sensitivity study confirms statistically robust structure–property relationships (R² = 0.93–0.98); and the CO₂ mass balance establishes a net avoidance of 3.150 t CO₂ eq per tonne of waste processed relative to conventional wet recycling. Significance: dry, washing-free processing is a technically promising pathway for valorising plastic waste streams currently considered non-recyclable, potentially reducing production cost by 60–70% relative to wet recycling, pending additional characterisation identified as priorities for future work. Full article

As the core component of an artificial kidney, a hemodialysis membrane can remove metabolic wastes and excess fluid from the blood while retaining essential proteins. Despite their essential role in blood purification, current hemodialysis membranes still show limited efficiency in clearing middle-molecule uremic toxins, especially β₂-microglobulin. Ordered mesoporous silica (SBA-15) was used as an inorganic pore-regulating additive to construct ordered mesoporous silica/polyethersulfone (PES) mixed-matrix membranes for separation applications. The incorporation of SBA-15 may help form additional effective transport pathways in the PES membrane by regulating pore formation, increasing membrane hydrophilicity, and improving apparent pore connectivity, thereby reducing the apparent transport resistance of middle-molecule solutes. As a result, the composite membranes achieved improved dialysis performance while maintaining high BSA retention. The SBA-15 loading was systematically optimized. Relative to the pristine PES membrane, the 7 wt.% SBA-15 membrane reduced the water contact angle from 65.1° to 49.0° and increased lysozyme reduction from 40.9% to 55.2%, with pure water permeability reaching 261.5 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹ and bovine serum albumin (BSA) retention remaining above 90%. These results suggest that SBA-15 may regulate the pore structure of PES membranes and improve apparent pore connectivity, thereby facilitating middle-molecule solute transport while maintaining high BSA retention. Full article

Poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) polymer electrolytes suffer from low ionic strength and poor mechanical performance. Meanwhile, lithium lanthanum titanate (LLTO) fillers exhibit severe agglomeration and weak interfacial compatibility with the polymer matrix. To solve these problems, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH560) at four different concentrations (1 wt%, 2 wt%, 3 wt%, 4 wt%) was loaded onto polydopamine-modified LLTO (PDA@LLTO). The modified materials were mixed with PVDF-HFP, and composite solid electrolytes were fabricated by the solution casting method. The epoxy groups in KH560 undergo ring-opening reactions with amino and hydroxyl moieties on PDA, while its trimethoxysilane groups crosslink with the polymer matrix, forming a robust “LLTO-PDA-KH560-polymer” interfacial structure. This dual modification markedly improves the dispersion of PDA@LLTO, strengthens interfacial adhesion, and enhances the mechanical and electrochemical properties of the composite electrolyte. All KH560 loadings suppress LLTO agglomeration, and the 3 wt% grafting ratio yields the optimal performance: a uniform and dense microstructure, a room-temperature ionic conductivity of 5.92 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹, an electrochemical stability window extended to 4.88 V, and a tensile strength over 50% higher than the ungrafted sample. The modified electrolyte effectively inhibits lithium dendrite growth and enhances the cycling stability of solid-state batteries. This work demonstrates that KH560-PDA synergistic modification enables comprehensive performance optimization of composite electrolytes, offering a viable strategy for designing high-performance electrolytes for solid-state lithium-metal batteries. Full article

Litter-inhabiting fungi drive organic matter mineralization, regulate nutrient cycling, and support ecosystem stability. Understanding their dynamics in unique geological habitats is essential for predicting ecological recovery on volcanic landforms. Using high-throughput ITS sequencing and physicochemical analyses, we investigated litter-inhabiting fungal communities across four stand types on the Jingpo Lake lava plateau—shrub forest (SF), deciduous broad-leaved forest (DB), coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (CB), and coniferous forest (CF)—at the early (t₁) and late (t₂) stages of decomposition. The results showed significant differences in litter physical and chemical properties among forest stand types (p < 0.05). Regarding community composition, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota dominated throughout, and the core genera were primarily unclassified_o__Helotiales, Mortierella, and unclassified_k__Fungi. Alpha diversity analysis showed that DB had the highest Shannon and Pielou-e indices at stage t₁, while CB exhibited higher OTUs and Chao1 indices at stage t₂. Beta diversity showed that SF communities were significantly separated between the two stages. Co-occurrence networks showed the highest connectivity in CF with pronounced modularity. Notably, LEfSe analysis revealed that DB had the fewest biomarkers, suggesting matrix heterogeneity suppresses single-taxon dominance. Functionally, saprotrophs dominated initially but transitioned toward complex soil saprotroph and endophyte assemblages over time. Redundancy analysis (RDA) identified litter moisture content (LMC) and carbon (C) content as primary drivers, orchestrating a systematic shift in community assembly from “moisture-driven colonization” at t₁ to “carbon quality screening” at t₂. These findings provide a microecological basis for understanding plant-litter-microorganism coupling mechanisms and guiding ecological restoration in lava plateau ecosystems. Full article

In this study, AA7068 aluminum matrix composites reinforced with TiB₂/TiC were fabricated via mechanical alloying and microwave sintering to investigate the influence of reinforcement content and sintering temperature on microstructure, mechanical properties, and dry sliding wear. Mechanical alloying refined powders, reducing D₅₀ from 51.5 µm (AA) to 22.5 µm (AC9) and enhancing dispersion and retention of TiB₂/TiC particles. XRD confirmed α-Al as the dominant matrix phase, preserved TiB₂ and TiC phases, and limited MgAl₂O₄/ZnAl₂O₄ spinel formation. Crystallite refinement and increased lattice microstrain were observed with the addition of reinforcement. Microhardness increased with reinforcement content and sintering temperature, reaching 122.2 HV_0.05 in AC9-2. At the same time, the highest compressive strength was observed in AC6-2 (431.05 MPa), indicating that optimal load-bearing depends on densification and interfacial integrity rather than hardness alone. AC9-2 exhibited the best wear resistance, with a cumulative specific wear rate of 2.723 × 10⁻⁴ mm³/Nm over 1000 m. SEM-EDS analysis revealed oxide-rich tribolayers, mechanically mixed layers, TiB₂/TiC fragments, and Fe-rich third-body debris, indicating wear is predominantly hardness-controlled but strongly influenced by microstructural factors. Overall, TiB₂/TiC hybrid reinforcement improves AA7068 wear resistance through combined hard-particle load-bearing, reduced penetration, tribolayer stability, and third-body effects, offering insight for high-performance hybrid aluminum composites. Full article

One of the possible ways to increase the functional properties of titanium-based composites is the use of additional components in the form of solid inclusions of oxides, carbides, etc. The key task in this case is to achieve a uniform distribution of such inclusions in the structure of the material. This study demonstrates that this problem can be more effectively solved at the stage of preparing the powder mixture from which a titanium matrix composite is subsequently obtained. The paper presents the results of a study of the structure and mechanical properties of sintered powder materials of the Ti-Al-Fe-O-C system using two procedures for mixing the initial components. In the first case, traditional mixing of titanium, aluminum, soot and iron oxide Fe₂O₃ powders was used, and in the second case, a two-stage procedure was used with preliminary mechanical activation of the powder composition Al + Fe₂O₃ and the subsequent addition of titanium and soot powders to the product of this treatment. Analysis of the structure formation and mechanical properties of sintered compacts from the studied powder mixtures showed the advantage of the two-stage option in terms of the formation of a denser structure in the samples with minimal residual porosity and higher values of compressive strength. Full article

With the growing depth of underground mining, issues surrounding solid waste storage and the effective use of mine water have become pivotal to achieving sustainable mining practices. The complex ionic composition of mine water impacts the performance of traditional cemented tailings backfill (CTB) materials. Gold mine tailings, combined with cement, were repurposed as the cornerstone raw materials in this investigation. Solutions with identical target concentration gradients for Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, and HCO₃⁻ were prepared separately using NaCl, Na₂SO₄, and NaHCO₃, respectively, with each salt dosed to achieve the desired anion concentration. These solutions served as mixing water for preparing samples with tailings and cement. Strength, energy dissipation characteristics, and microstructure of CTB were investigated by single-axis compression test, XRD, and SEM-EDS analysis. Experimental results demonstrate that adding three reagents—NaCl, Na₂SO₄, and NaHCO₃ (covering Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, and HCO₃⁻ ions, respectively)—at appropriate concentrations enhances mechanical properties. At their optimum concentrations, these salts increased the compressive strength of CTB by approximately 30%, reaching ~4 MPa. However, further increases in salt concentration produced inconsistent strength responses, with bicarbonate-containing mixtures exhibiting the most pronounced strength reduction. These effects are primarily attributed to competition between the introduced anions and cement hydration reactions, which alters the pore structure and consequently the density and strength of the hardened matrix. Incorporating different ion-covering backfill at appropriate concentrations enhances mechanical strength. These findings provide new opportunities for CTB mix design and mine water utilization. However, as this study considered only single-ion systems, further investigation is needed to elucidate the combined effects of multiple ions present in actual mine water. Full article

The poor moisture resistance of gypsum remains one of the main factors limiting its wider application in construction. This study investigates a novel approach to improving the moisture resistance of gypsum through the addition of soluble salts capable of reacting with dissolved calcium sulfate to form insoluble products within the gypsum matrix. The formation of insoluble reaction products was considered as one of the possible mechanisms contributing to this effect. Three salts were examined—trisodium phosphate dodecahydrate (TSP), potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate (PS), and sodium oxalate (SO)—each added at 2 wt.% of gypsum mass. The influence of the salts on phase composition, microstructure, setting behavior, density, porosity, mechanical properties, and water-vapor transport was evaluated. The reference gypsum exhibited compressive strengths of 5.18 MPa and 0.79 MPa and flexural strengths of 3.01 MPa and 0.57 MPa after storage in laboratory conditions and water, respectively. The results showed that salt chemistry strongly affected gypsum performance. TSP significantly altered crystal morphology, accelerated the initial setting time from 16.0 min to approximately 4.0 min, and delayed the final setting to the third day after mixing. Consequently, TSP exhibited the poorest mechanical performance, with compressive strengths of 2.77 MPa and 0.09 MPa and flexural strengths of 2.03 MPa and 0.27 MPa in dry and wet conditions, respectively. In contrast, the organic salts PS and SO preserved a gypsum crystal network similar to that of the reference material. PS achieved compressive strengths of 4.89 MPa and 0.79 MPa and flexural strengths of 2.84 MPa and 0.67 MPa, while SO reached 4.43 MPa and 0.34 MPa in compression and 2.59 MPa and 0.55 MPa in flexure. Moreover, PS and SO improved the flexural softening coefficient by 24% and 11%, respectively, whereas TSP reduced it by approximately 30%. Total porosity ranged from 53 to 61% for specimens stored in laboratory conditions and decreased to 35–39% after water storage. Water-vapor diffusion resistance was affected only marginally, and the vapor-open character typical of gypsum materials was preserved. Among the investigated admixtures, potassium sodium tartrate exhibited the most promising overall performance, maintaining compressive strength after water exposure at the same level as the reference gypsum while improving moisture resistance. The results indicate that the selected organic salts represent a promising route for improving the moisture resistance of gypsum-based materials. However, the present results suggest that the observed improvement cannot be attributed solely to the formation of insoluble reaction products, and further research is required to clarify the relative contribution of the underlying mechanisms. Full article

The bioconversion of agro-industrial waste represents a promising strategy for the valorisation of residual biomass. However, the chemical complexity of these matrices and the presence of potentially inhibitory compounds limit their direct use in several bioprocesses. In this study, a quantitative, time-resolved method was used to select bacteria for bioconverting agro-industrial by-products. The growth dynamics of bacterial strains were screened using olive and grape pomace at different compositions (up to 15%) and formulations. An integrated scoring approach (0–1) was used to compare strain behaviour across experimental conditions. The results revealed strain-dependent variability, with a matrix concentration of 10% defined as the growth-limiting concentration, with approximately 50% positive results. Among the tested strains, Bacillus subtilis BL showed a consistent and reproducible response across different by-products and formulations, maintaining stable spore viability over time, particularly in formulations supplemented with calcium carbonate (on average 10⁹ UFC/mL after 144 h). Mixed agro-industrial matrices promoted a more homogeneous and stable microbial response than individual components (reaching 10⁹ CFU/mL after approximately 100 h), supporting their direct use in a real operating environment. Overall, this work proposes a transferable quantitative approach to selecting microorganisms suitable for bioconversion of agro-industrial by-products, providing a methodological basis for developing more reliable and reproducible formulations. Full article

To support the achievement of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals and promote the resource utilization of industrial solid waste, a ternary solid waste composite cementitious material was prepared by blending ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), fly ash (FA), and carbide slag (CS) with cement. The optimal mix ratio was determined through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The synergistic hydration mechanism was elucidated using microstructural characterization techniques, including XRD, FTIR, TG-DTG, and SEM. The composite material was then applied to a semirigid base course, and its mechanical properties and durability were systematically evaluated. The results indicate that the optimal levels of FA, GGBFS, and CS investigated in the single-factor experiments are 20–40%, 30–50%, and 2–6%, respectively. The optimal mix ratio of the ternary solid waste composite is 21.0% FA, 36.3% GGBFS, and 5.7% CS. The underlying microstructural mechanism is that carbide slag creates a highly alkaline environment, which activates the pozzolanic activity of GGBFS and fly ash, leading to the formation of hydration products dominated by C-(A)-S-H gel. With increasing curing age, the gel structure evolves from a loose and disordered state to a dense and ordered state, ultimately forming a compact microstructure based on a highly polymerized C-(A)-S-H gel matrix. The 7-day unconfined compressive strength of the stabilized gravel using the solid waste-based composite cementitious material reached 5.93 MPa, and the 28-day drying shrinkage coefficient was reduced by 18.3% compared with that of cement-stabilized gravel. After 18 freeze–thaw cycles, the compressive strength increased by 2.4%, with the pore structure characterized by a “macropores decreasing, micropores increasing” refinement pattern. After 18 wetting–drying cycles, the cumulative strength loss was 11.26%, outperforming cement-stabilized gravel. Combined with SEM observations, these performance improvements are attributed to the densely intertwined hydration products, particularly C-S-H gel, which effectively fill the voids between aggregate particles and significantly enhance the volume stability, freeze–thaw resistance, and wetting–drying durability of the stabilized gravel. The application of this cementitious material in a semirigid base course demonstrates excellent mechanical and durability properties, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for the widespread application of industrial solid waste in road engineering. Full article

Sandstone–marble waste powder concrete composite structures serve as common load-bearing systems in tunnels, underground caverns, and similar engineering projects, where the interface roughness characteristics directly govern their overall stability and service safety. To investigate the influence of interface roughness on the failure behavior of the composite, four groups of sandstone–concrete composite specimens made with marble waste powder concrete were prefabricated with different joint roughness coefficients (JRC = 0, 7.84, 17.99, 20.79). The concrete matrix was prepared with marble waste powder incorporated at 25 wt% of the total binder, corresponding to 20.45 wt% of the total mixture, and the water-to-binder ratio was 0.20. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted with synchronous acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) monitoring to examine the roughness-dependent mechanical response, energy evolution, damage activity, and strain localization of the composites. The results show that the peak stress and elastic modulus of the composite increase continuously with increasing JRC. When JRC increases from 0 to 20.79, the peak stress increases by 170.3% and the elastic modulus increases by 201.1%. The energy evolution mechanism transitions from progressive damage with gradual energy dissipation at low roughness to a three-stage mode at high roughness, characterized by initial frictional energy dissipation, intermediate energy storage, and rapid elastic energy release and dissipated energy increase near failure. DIC results further reveal that increasing interface roughness suppresses interfacial shear slip and promotes tensile-dominated strain localization, whereas excessive roughness may induce local stress concentration around asperities and increase the tendency toward abrupt post-peak instability, the failure mode changes from mixed tensile–shear failure with obvious interfacial slip to tensile-dominated failure. Full article

The modification of cementitious binders using active mineral additives and nano-components represents a crucial pathway for developing high-performance, sustainable concrete composites. Nevertheless, unilateral modification of the matrix with highly reactive siliceous materials often leads to an undesirable increase in composite brittleness. This study investigates the synergistic effect of the concurrent application of nano-silica (NS), silica fume (SF), and Class F fly ash (FA) in ternary and quaternary binders, aimed at optimizing both load-bearing capacity and fracture toughness. The experimental program was conducted on seven concrete series, evaluating their mechanical parameters and non-linear fracture properties using the two-parameter fracture model (TPFM) on notched beams subjected to three-point bending. Additionally, a high-resolution energy partitioning framework was applied, decomposing the total fracture energy into four distinct components—fracture initiation energy in the elastic range (G_ini), pre-peak microcracking energy (G_pre), main material softening energy (G_soft), and residual tail energy dissipated at large crack openings (G_tail)—along with the determination of the characteristic length (l_ch). The results demonstrated that while purely siliceous systems (modified with NS and SF) generate high strength increments, they simultaneously trigger a “brittleness trap,” manifested by a 13.65% decrease in the l_ch parameter. The introduction of FA effectively mitigates this hazard, transforming the failure mode into a quasi-ductile behavior. The concrete series modified with the NS+FA hybrid (Mix-5) exhibited a spectacular 107% increase in G_f and an increase in l_ch of nearly 50%, while maintaining high fracture toughness. Energy decomposition analysis in quaternary concretes confirmed a desirable reduction in the initiation energy share in favor of the softening and tail phases (G_tail reaching a record 13.1% for Mix-7), suggesting the probable activation of macroscopic crack-bridging mechanisms driven by the delayed hydration of FA particles. The research indicates that precise design of multi-component binders allows for achieving an optimal technological equilibrium point—the “sweet spot”—combining high structural capacity with safe material ductility. Full article