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Keywords = miniaturized satellite

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22 pages, 2422 KiB  
Article
OSIRIS4CubeSat—The World’s Smallest Commercially Available Laser Communication Terminal
by Benjamin Rödiger, Christian Roubal, Fabian Rein, René Rüddenklau, Anil Morab Vishwanath and Christopher Schmidt
Aerospace 2025, 12(8), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12080655 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 205
Abstract
The New Space movement led to an exponential increase in the number of the smallest satellites in orbit in the last two decades. The number of required communication channels increased with that as well and revealed the limitations of classical radio frequency channels. [...] Read more.
The New Space movement led to an exponential increase in the number of the smallest satellites in orbit in the last two decades. The number of required communication channels increased with that as well and revealed the limitations of classical radio frequency channels. Free-space optical communication overcomes these challenges and has been successfully demonstrated, with operational systems in orbit on large and small satellites. The next step is to miniaturize the technology of laser communication to make it usable on CubeSats. Thus, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) developed, together with Tesat-Spacecom GmbH & Co. KG in Backnang, Germany, a highly miniaturized and power-efficient laser terminal, which is based on a potential customer’s use case. OSIRIS4CubeSat uses a new patented design that combines electronics and optomechanics into a single system architecture to achieve a high compactness following the CubeSat standard. Interfaces and software protocols that follow established standards allowed for an easy transition to the industry for a commercial mass market. The successful demonstration of OSIRIS4CubeSat during the PIXL-1 mission proved its capabilities and the advantages of free-space optical communication in the final environment. This paper gives an overview of the system architecture and the development of the single subsystems. The system’s capabilities are verified by the already published in-orbit demonstration results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue On-Board Systems Design for Aerospace Vehicles (2nd Edition))
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18 pages, 4936 KiB  
Review
The Small Frontier: Trends Toward Miniaturization and the Future of Planetary Surface Rovers
by Carrington Chun, Faysal Chowdoury, Muhammad Hassan Tanveer, Sumit Chakravarty and David A. Guerra-Zubiaga
Actuators 2025, 14(7), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/act14070356 - 20 Jul 2025
Viewed by 453
Abstract
The robotic exploration of space began only five decades ago, and yet in the intervening years, a wide and diverse ecosystem of robotic explorers has been developed for this purpose. Such devices have greatly benefited from miniaturization trends and the increased availability of [...] Read more.
The robotic exploration of space began only five decades ago, and yet in the intervening years, a wide and diverse ecosystem of robotic explorers has been developed for this purpose. Such devices have greatly benefited from miniaturization trends and the increased availability of high-quality commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components. This review outlines the specific taxonomic distinction between planetary surface rovers and other robotic space exploration vehicles, such as orbiters and landers. Additionally, arguments are made to standardize the classification of planetary rovers by mass into categories similar to those used for orbital satellites. Discussions about recent noteworthy trends toward the miniaturization of planetary rovers are also included, as well as a compilation of previous planetary rovers. This analysis compiles relevant metrics such as the mass, the distance traveled, and the locomotion or actuation technique for previous planetary rovers. Additional details are also examined about archetypal rovers that were chosen as representatives of specific small-scale rover classes. Finally, potential future trends for miniature planetary surface rovers are examined by way of comparison to similar miniaturized orbital robotic explorers known as CubeSats. Based on the existing relationship between CubeSats and their Earth-based simulation equivalents, CanSats, the importance of a potential Earth-based analog for miniature rovers is identified. This research establishes such a device, coining the new term ‘CanBot’ to refer to pathfinding systems that are deployed terrestrially to help develop future planetary surface exploration robots. Establishing this explicit genre of robotic vehicle is intended to provide a unified means for categorizing and encouraging the development of future small-scale rovers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Actuators for Surface Vehicles)
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20 pages, 7588 KiB  
Article
Dual-Purpose Star Tracker and Space Debris Detector: Miniature Instrument for Small Satellites
by Beltran N. Arribas, João G. Maia, João P. Castanheira, Joel Filho, Rui Melicio, Hugo Onderwater, Paulo Gordo, R. Policarpo Duarte and André R. R. Silva
J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2025, 14(4), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan14040075 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 459
Abstract
This paper presents the conception, design and real miniature instrument implementation of a dual-purpose sensor for small satellites that can act as a star tracker and space debris detector. In the previous research work, the authors conceived, designed and implemented a breadboard consisting [...] Read more.
This paper presents the conception, design and real miniature instrument implementation of a dual-purpose sensor for small satellites that can act as a star tracker and space debris detector. In the previous research work, the authors conceived, designed and implemented a breadboard consisting of a computer laptop, a camera interface and camera controller, an image sensor, an optics system, a temperature sensor and a temperature controller. It showed that the instrument was feasible. In this paper, a new real star tracker miniature instrument is designed, physically realized and tested. The implementation follows a New Space approach; it is made with Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) components with space heritage. The instrument’s development, implementation and testing are presented. Full article
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78 pages, 31324 KiB  
Review
An Overview of CubeSat Missions and Applications
by Konstantinos-Panagiotis Bouzoukis, Georgios Moraitis, Vassilis Kostopoulos and Vaios Lappas
Aerospace 2025, 12(6), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12060550 - 16 Jun 2025
Viewed by 3138
Abstract
The proliferation of CubeSats in Earth orbit has accelerated dramatically in recent years, with projections indicating continued growth in the coming decades. This review examines the evolution of CubeSat applications, from basic technology demonstrations to complex mission capabilities, including Earth observation, telecommunications, astronomical [...] Read more.
The proliferation of CubeSats in Earth orbit has accelerated dramatically in recent years, with projections indicating continued growth in the coming decades. This review examines the evolution of CubeSat applications, from basic technology demonstrations to complex mission capabilities, including Earth observation, telecommunications, astronomical research, biological experimentation, and deep-space exploration. A notable shift has occurred over the past fifteen years, with CubeSats transitioning from standalone platforms to integrated nodes within larger constellations, particularly for Earth observation and telecommunications applications. We analyze the key enabling factors behind the CubeSat revolution, including decreased launch costs, miniaturized electronics, standardized components, and institutional support frameworks. Through the examination of significant past, current, and planned missions, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of CubeSat capabilities across diverse application domains. The review highlights how these miniaturized satellite platforms are democratizing access to space while enabling innovative scientific and commercial applications previously restricted to larger spacecraft. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Astronautics & Space Science)
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29 pages, 10932 KiB  
Article
On-Orbit Performance and Hyperspectral Data Processing of the TIRSAT CubeSat Mission
by Yoshihide Aoyanagi, Tomofumi Doi, Hajime Arai, Yoshihisa Shimada, Masakazu Yasuda, Takahiro Yamazaki and Hiroshi Sawazaki
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(11), 1903; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17111903 - 30 May 2025
Viewed by 497
Abstract
A miniaturized hyperspectral camera, developed by integrating a linear variable band-pass filter (LVBPF) with an image sensor, was installed on the TIRSAT 3U CubeSat, launched on 17 February 2024 by Japan’s H3 launch vehicle. The satellite and its onboard hyperspectral camera conducted on-orbit [...] Read more.
A miniaturized hyperspectral camera, developed by integrating a linear variable band-pass filter (LVBPF) with an image sensor, was installed on the TIRSAT 3U CubeSat, launched on 17 February 2024 by Japan’s H3 launch vehicle. The satellite and its onboard hyperspectral camera conducted on-orbit experiments and successfully acquired hyperspectral data from multiple locations. The required attitude control for the hyperspectral mission was also achieved. CubeSat-based hyperspectral missions often face challenges in image alignment due to factors such as parallax, distortion, and limited attitude stability. This study presents solutions to these issues, supported by actual observational hyperspectral data. To verify the consistency of the hyperspectral data acquired by TIRSAT and processed using the proposed method, a validation analysis was conducted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in CubeSats for Earth Observation)
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48 pages, 6422 KiB  
Review
Modern Trends and Recent Applications of Hyperspectral Imaging: A Review
by Ming-Fang Cheng, Arvind Mukundan, Riya Karmakar, Muhamed Adil Edavana Valappil, Jumana Jouhar and Hsiang-Chen Wang
Technologies 2025, 13(5), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13050170 - 23 Apr 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4383
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is an advanced imaging technique that captures detailed spectral information across multiple fields. This review explores its applications in counterfeit detection, remote sensing, agriculture, medical imaging, cancer detection, environmental monitoring, mining, mineralogy, and food processing, specifically highlighting significant achievements from [...] Read more.
Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is an advanced imaging technique that captures detailed spectral information across multiple fields. This review explores its applications in counterfeit detection, remote sensing, agriculture, medical imaging, cancer detection, environmental monitoring, mining, mineralogy, and food processing, specifically highlighting significant achievements from the past five years, providing a timely update across several fields. It also presents a cross-disciplinary classification framework to systematically categorize applications in medical, agriculture, environment, and industry. In counterfeit detection, HSI identified fake currency with high accuracy in the 400–500 nm range and achieved a 99.03% F1-score for counterfeit alcohol detection. Remote sensing applications include hyperspectral satellites, which improve forest classification accuracy by 50%, and soil organic matter, with the prediction reaching R2 = 0.6. In agriculture, the HSI-TransUNet model achieved 86.05% accuracy for crop classification, and disease detection reached 98.09% accuracy. Medical imaging benefits from HSI’s non-invasive diagnostics, distinguishing skin cancer with 87% sensitivity and 88% specificity. In cancer detection, colorectal cancer identification reached 86% sensitivity and 95% specificity. Environmental applications include PM2.5 pollution detection with 85.93% accuracy and marine plastic waste detection with 70–80% accuracy. In food processing, egg freshness prediction achieved R2 = 91%, and pine nut classification reached 100% accuracy. Despite its advantages, HSI faces challenges like high costs and complex data processing. Advances in artificial intelligence and miniaturization are expected to improve accessibility and real-time applications. Future advancements are anticipated to concentrate on the integration of deep learning models for automated feature extraction and decision-making in hyperspectral imaging analysis. The development of lightweight, portable HSI devices will enable more on-site applications in agriculture, healthcare, and environmental monitoring. Moreover, real-time processing methods will enhance efficiency for field deployment. These improvements seek to enhance the accessibility, practicality, and efficacy of HSI in both industrial and clinical environments. Full article
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10 pages, 2078 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Development and Evaluation of a LiFi-Transceiver Module for TMTC Intra-Satellite Communication
by Marek Jahnke, Benjamin Palmer and Ulf Kulau
Eng. Proc. 2025, 90(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025090016 - 10 Mar 2025
Viewed by 384
Abstract
The use of Light Fidelity (LiFi) can enable the reduction of satellite mass by reducing the wiring harness while avoiding electromagnetic interference. In this paper, a LiFi-transceiver suitable for Telemetry and Telecommand (TMTC) intra-satellite communication is developed and evaluated. The focus of the [...] Read more.
The use of Light Fidelity (LiFi) can enable the reduction of satellite mass by reducing the wiring harness while avoiding electromagnetic interference. In this paper, a LiFi-transceiver suitable for Telemetry and Telecommand (TMTC) intra-satellite communication is developed and evaluated. The focus of the implementation is on miniaturization and energy-efficiency. First test results with a simple Transimpedance-Amplifier and an investigation of the achievable eff. data rate depending on different distances and Error-Correcting-Codes and the energy-consumption of the developed transceiver are presented. The results show that the LiFi-transceiver achieves a payload data rate of 77.6 kbit/s with Error-Correcting-Code protection and thus can be used for a reliable TMTC communication within the satellite bus. Full article
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17 pages, 4016 KiB  
Article
Instrument Performance Analysis for Methane Point Source Retrieval and Estimation Using Remote Sensing Technique
by Yuhan Jiang, Lu Zhang, Xingying Zhang, Xifeng Cao, Haiyang Dou, Lingfeng Zhang, Huanhuan Yan, Yapeng Wang, Yidan Si and Binglong Chen
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(4), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17040634 - 13 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1319
Abstract
The effective monitoring of methane (CH4) point sources is important for climate change research. Satellite-based observations have demonstrated significant potential for emission estimation. In this study, the methane plumes with different emission rates are modelled and pseudo-observations with diverse spatial resolution, [...] Read more.
The effective monitoring of methane (CH4) point sources is important for climate change research. Satellite-based observations have demonstrated significant potential for emission estimation. In this study, the methane plumes with different emission rates are modelled and pseudo-observations with diverse spatial resolution, spectral resolution, and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) are simulated by the radiative transfer model. The iterative maximum a posteriori–differential optical absorption spectroscopy (IMAP-DOAS) algorithm is applied to retrieve the column-averaged methane dry air mole fraction (XCH4), a three-dimensional matrix of estimated plume emission rates is then constructed. The results indicate that an optimal plume estimation requires high spatial and spectral resolution alongside an adequate SNR. While a spatial resolution degradation within 120 m has little impact on quantification, a high spatial resolution is important for detecting low-emission plumes. Additionally, a fine spectral resolution (<5 nm) is more beneficial than a higher SNR for precise plume retrieval. Scientific SNR settings can also help to accurately quantify methane plumes, but there is no need to pursue an overly extreme SNR. Finally, miniaturized spectroscopic systems, such as dispersive spectrometers or Fabry–Pérot interferometers, meet current detection needs, offering a faster and resource-efficient deployment pathway. The results can provide a reference for the development of current detection instruments for methane plumes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Atmospheric Remote Sensing)
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13 pages, 10090 KiB  
Article
Dual-Band Dual-Circularly Polarized Shared-Aperture Phased Array for S-/C-Band Satellite Communications
by Yuanming Xiao, Lianxing He and Xiaoli Wei
Electronics 2025, 14(2), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14020387 - 20 Jan 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1507
Abstract
In this article, a novel method of achieving a single-layer, dual-band, dual-circularly polarized (CP) shared-aperture phased array antenna with wide beam scanning coverage is presented. The space antenna was designed to provide direct-to-cellular communications services at S-/C-bands with a frequency ratio of 1:1.8. [...] Read more.
In this article, a novel method of achieving a single-layer, dual-band, dual-circularly polarized (CP) shared-aperture phased array antenna with wide beam scanning coverage is presented. The space antenna was designed to provide direct-to-cellular communications services at S-/C-bands with a frequency ratio of 1:1.8. Using novel ceramic substrates with high dielectric constants for antenna miniaturization, the optimum interelement spacing can be ensured in one single layer to meet the large-angle scanning demand. The CP characteristic of the phased array is improved by the sequential rotation technique. A prototype of phased array, which is composed of an 8 × 8 S-band Rx array and a 16 × 16 C-band Tx array, is fabricated to verify this design. The measured results show that the shared-aperture phased array can provide ±50° beam scanning coverage at both the S- and C-bands simultaneously to meet the direct-to-cellular communication demand in low earth orbit (LEO) satellites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Designs for 5G/IoT and Space Applications, 2nd Edition)
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24 pages, 7901 KiB  
Article
Design of CubeSat-Based Multi-Regional Positioning Navigation and Timing System in Low Earth Orbit
by Georgios Tzanoulinos, Nori Ait-Mohammed and Vaios Lappas
Aerospace 2025, 12(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12010019 - 31 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1975
Abstract
The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) provides critical positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services worldwide, enabling a wide range of applications from everyday use to advanced scientific and military operations. The importance of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) PNT systems lies in their ability [...] Read more.
The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) provides critical positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services worldwide, enabling a wide range of applications from everyday use to advanced scientific and military operations. The importance of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) PNT systems lies in their ability to enhance the GNSS by implementing signals in additional frequency bands, offering increased signal strength, reduced latency, and improved accuracy and coverage, particularly in challenging environments such as urban canyons or polar regions, thereby addressing the limitations of the traditional Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) GNSS. This paper details the system engineering of a novel CubeSat-based multi-regional PNT system tailored for deployment in LEO. The proposed system leverages on a miniaturized CubeSat-compatible PNT payload that includes a chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC) and relies on MEO GNSS technologies to deliver positioning and timing information across multiple regions. The findings indicate that the proposed CubeSat-based PNT system offers a viable solution for enhancing global navigation and timing services, with potential commercial and scientific applications. This work contributes to the growing body of knowledge on LEO-based PNT systems and lays the groundwork for future research and development in this rapidly evolving field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small Satellite Missions)
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13 pages, 6123 KiB  
Article
Energy-Efficient Wireless Multimedia Sensor Nodes for Plant Proximal Monitoring
by Daniele Trinchero, Giovanni Paolo Colucci, Elena Filipescu, Ussama Syed Muhammad Zafar and Paola Battilani
Sensors 2024, 24(24), 8088; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24248088 - 18 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1372
Abstract
The paper presents a double-radio wireless multimedia sensor node (WMSN) with a camera on board, designed for plant proximal monitoring. Camera sensor nodes represent an effective solution to monitor the crop at the leaf or fruit scale, with details that cannot be retrieved [...] Read more.
The paper presents a double-radio wireless multimedia sensor node (WMSN) with a camera on board, designed for plant proximal monitoring. Camera sensor nodes represent an effective solution to monitor the crop at the leaf or fruit scale, with details that cannot be retrieved with the same precision through satellites or unnamed aerial vehicles (UAVs). From the technological point of view, WMSNs are characterized by very different requirements, compared to standard wireless sensor nodes; in particular, the network data rate results in higher energy consumption and incompatibility with the usage of battery-powered devices. Avoiding energy harvesters allows for device miniaturization and, consequently, application flexibility, even for small plants. To do this, the proposed node has been implemented with two radios, with different roles. A GPRS modem has been exclusively implemented for image transmission, while all other tasks, including node monitoring and camera control, are performed by a LoRaWAN class A end-node that connects every 10 min. Via the LoRaWAN downlink, it is possible to efficiently control the camera settings; the shooting times and periodicity, according to weather conditions; the eventual farming operations; the crop growth stages and the season. The node energy consumption has been verified in the laboratory and in the field, showing that it is possible to acquire one picture per day for more than eight months without any energy harvester, opening up further possible implementations for disease detection and production optimization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensor Networks)
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19 pages, 6733 KiB  
Article
Real-Time Orbit Determination of Micro–Nano Satellite Using Robust Adaptive Filtering
by Jing Chen, Xiaojun Jin, Cong Hou, Likai Zhu, Zhaobin Xu and Zhonghe Jin
Sensors 2024, 24(24), 7988; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24247988 - 14 Dec 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 960
Abstract
Low-performing GPS receivers, often used in challenging scenarios such as attitude maneuver and attitude rotation, are frequently encountered for micro–nano satellites. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a modified robust adaptive hierarchical filtering algorithm (named IARKF). This algorithm leverages robust adaptive filtering [...] Read more.
Low-performing GPS receivers, often used in challenging scenarios such as attitude maneuver and attitude rotation, are frequently encountered for micro–nano satellites. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a modified robust adaptive hierarchical filtering algorithm (named IARKF). This algorithm leverages robust adaptive filtering to dynamically adjust the distribution of innovation vectors and employs a fading memory weighted method to estimate measurement noise in real time, thereby enhancing the filter’s adaptability to dynamic environments. A segmented adaptive filtering strategy is introduced, allowing for flexible parameter adjustment in different dynamic scenarios. A micro–nano satellite equipped with a miniaturized dual-frequency GPS receiver is employed to demonstrate precise orbit determination capabilities. On-orbit GPS data from the satellite, collected in two specific scenarios—slow rotation and Earth-pointing stabilization—are analyzed to evaluate the proposed algorithm’s ability to cope with weak GPS signals and satellite attitude instability as well as to assess the achievable orbit determination accuracy. The results show that, compared to traditional Extended Kalman Filters (EKF) and other improved filtering algorithms, the IARKF performs better in reducing post-fit residuals and improving orbit prediction accuracy, demonstrating its superior robustness. The three-axes orbit determination internal consistency precision can reach the millimeter level. This work explores a feasible approach for achieving high-performance orbit determination in micro–nano satellites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Navigation and Positioning)
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11 pages, 4261 KiB  
Article
Design of a Half-Mode Substrate-Integrated Waveguide (HMSIW) Multimode Resonator Bandpass Filter Using the Minkowski Fractal for C-Band Applications
by Nitin Muchhal, Abhay Kumar, Nidhi Tewari, Samriti Kalia and Shweta Srivastava
Micromachines 2024, 15(12), 1440; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15121440 - 28 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1146
Abstract
A substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) bandpass filter (BPF) with extraordinary selectivity and an adequate upper stopband for C-band Satellite Communication (SATCOM) applications is proposed in this paper. The design comprises comb-shaped slots engraved on a half-mode SIW (HMSIW) that constitute a multimode resonator (MMR). [...] Read more.
A substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) bandpass filter (BPF) with extraordinary selectivity and an adequate upper stopband for C-band Satellite Communication (SATCOM) applications is proposed in this paper. The design comprises comb-shaped slots engraved on a half-mode SIW (HMSIW) that constitute a multimode resonator (MMR). Its performance is further ameliorated by applying the first and second iterations of the Minkowski fractal curve in the ground plane as a defected ground structure (DGS). The Minkowski fractal has advantages in terms of better bandwidth and miniaturization. The filter is first simulated using the commercial full-wave electromagnetic simulator HFSS v19 and then fabricated on a 0.062′′ (1.6 mm) FR4 with dielectric constant εr = 4.4. The measured results are comparable with the simulated ones and demonstrate that the BPF has a resonant frequency (f0) of 4.75 GHz, a 3 dB bandwidth of 770 MHz (fractional bandwidth of 21.4%), an insertion loss of 1.05 dB, and an out-of-band rejection (in the stopband) of more than 28 dB up to 8 GHz, demonstrating a wide and deep stopband. Using the multimode resonator (MMR) technique, a wide bandwidth has been achieved, and by virtue of using half-mode SIW (HMSIW), the proposed BPF is compact in size. Also, the fractal DGS aids in better stopband performance. Full article
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8 pages, 2153 KiB  
Article
A Tunable Microstrip-to-Waveguide Transition for Emergency Satellite Communication Systems
by Ying Xiong, Dawei Gao and Xianfeng Tang
Electronics 2024, 13(22), 4370; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13224370 - 7 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1245
Abstract
A tunable microstrip-to-waveguide transition is proposed for the ground station of emergency satellite communication systems. The proposed transition, consisting of a microstrip, three matched patches, three waveguides, and three metal screws, can not only convert the microstrip’s TEM-dominated mode into the waveguide’s TE [...] Read more.
A tunable microstrip-to-waveguide transition is proposed for the ground station of emergency satellite communication systems. The proposed transition, consisting of a microstrip, three matched patches, three waveguides, and three metal screws, can not only convert the microstrip’s TEM-dominated mode into the waveguide’s TE mode within the transmitting frequency band, but also possesses the ability to filter out the amplified noise signals within the receiving frequency band around 12.5 GHz. Importantly, by adjusting the screws’ lengths, it is feasible to change the suppression frequency within the receiving frequency band and keep a good match within the transmitting frequency band. The measured results demonstrate that the proposed transition has a return loss of over 10 dB from 14 to 14.5 GHz and an out-of-band suppression of over 20 dB, from 12.25 to 12.7 GHz, with a typical value of −48 dB around 12.55 GHz. This unique feature eliminates the need for additional waveguide filters that prevent the amplified noise signal, thereby contributing to the miniaturization of the ground station. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Devices: Analysis, Design, and Application)
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14 pages, 3480 KiB  
Review
Towards the Future of Ubiquitous Hyperspectral Imaging: Innovations in Sensor Configurations and Cost Reduction for Widespread Applicability
by Ivan Podlesnykh, Michael Kovalev and Pavel Platonov
Technologies 2024, 12(11), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12110221 - 6 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3779
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging is currently under active development as a method for remote sensing, environmental monitoring and biomedical diagnostics. The development of hyperspectral sensors is aimed at their miniaturization and reducing the cost of components for the purpose of the widespread use of such [...] Read more.
Hyperspectral imaging is currently under active development as a method for remote sensing, environmental monitoring and biomedical diagnostics. The development of hyperspectral sensors is aimed at their miniaturization and reducing the cost of components for the purpose of the widespread use of such devices on unmanned aerial vehicles and satellites. In this review, we present a broad overview of recent work on the development of hyperspectral devices’ configurations, studies aimed at modifying sensors and the possibility of reducing the cost of components of such devices. In addition, we will present the main trends in the development of hyperspectral device configurations for ubiquitous applications. Full article
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