Search Results (1,489)

Transparent polymeric materials such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are widely used as glass alternatives in algal bioreactors, where optical clarity and mechanical stability are crucial. However, their long-term use is limited by surface degradation processes. Photodegradation, hydrolysis, and biofilm accumulation can reduce light transmission in the 400–700 nm range essential for photosynthesis. This study examined the aging of PMMA, PC, and PET under bioreactor conditions. Samples were exposed for 70 days to illumination, culture medium, and aquatic environments. Changes in their optical transmittance, surface roughness, and wettability were analyzed. All polymers exhibited measurable surface degradation, characterized by an average 15% loss in transparency, significant increases in surface roughness, and reduced contact angles. PMMA demonstrated the highest optical stability, maintaining strong transmission in key blue and red spectral regions, while PET performed the worst, showing low initial clarity and the steepest decline. The most severe surface degradation occurred in areas exposed to the receding liquid interface, highlighting the need for targeted cleaning and/or a reduction in the size of the liquid–vapor transition zone. Overall, the results identify PMMA and recycled PMMA (PMMA_R) as durable, cost-effective materials for transparent bioreactor walls. Full article

Organic optoelectronic devices receive appreciable attention due to their low cost, ecology, mechanical flexibility, band-gap engineering, brightness, and solution process ability over a broad area. In this study, we designed and studied organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) consisting of an assembly of natural dyes, extracted from noble fir leaves (evergreen) and blue hydrangea flowers mixed with poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) as light emitters. We experimentally demonstrate the effective conversion of blue light emitted by an inorganic laser/photodiode into longer-wavelength red and green tunable photoluminescence due to the excitation of natural dye–PMMA nanostructures. UV-visible absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and Fourier transform infrared methods, together with optical microscopy, were performed for confirming and characterizing the properties of light-emitting diodes based on natural dyes. We highlighted the optical and physical properties of two different natural dyes and demonstrated how such characteristics can be exploited to make efficient LED devices. A strong pure red emission with a narrow full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of 23 nm in the noble fir dye–PMMA layer and a green emission with a FWHM of 45 nm in blue hydrangea dye–PMMA layer were observed. It was revealed that adding monolayer MoS₂ to the nanostructures can significantly enhance the photoluminescence of the natural dye due to a strong correlation between the emission bands of the inorganic–organic emitters and back mirror reflection of the excitation blue light from the monolayer. Based on the investigation of two natural dyes, we demonstrated viable pathways for scalable manufacturing of efficient hybrid OLEDs consisting of assembly of natural-dye polymers through low-cost, purely ecological, and convenient processes. Full article

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer mediated polymerization-induced self-assembly (RAFT-PISA) offers an efficient approach for the preparation of polymeric nanomaterials, giving access not only to common structures such as spheres, worm-like micelles and vesicles, but also to much more complex meso-objects. However, when the core forming block polymer possesses a high glass transition temperature (Tg), like poly(methyl methacrylate) or polystyrene (PS), high-order morphologies are particularly difficult to achieve since the glassy core can prevent polymer chain reorganization during PISA. To overcome this issue, we chose to perform visible light-initiated RAFT-PISA of poly(tert-butyl acrylate)-block-polystyrene (PtBA-b-PS) in solvent systems with varying degrees of polarity. More specifically, we prepared different mixtures of diisopropyl ether and ethanol and chose PtBA as macro-CTA due to its broad range of solubility. By varying the ratio between ethanol and diisopropyl ether, we could observe a transition from spherical micelles to vesicles via intermediate structures (e.g., necklace-like micelles, network-like micellar aggregates and wedding rings). This result was particularly remarkable since the experiments were performed near room temperature. We believe that these multiple morphologies were induced by the interactions between the solvent and the corona and the change in swelling of the polystyrene core with styrene monomer that facilitated its rearrangement. We anticipate that this approach could be applied to other polymeric systems with high Tgs. Full article

Novel initiation systems for the production of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cements based on low-toxicity tertiary amine initiators and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were investigated. Bicomponent systems formed by a solid component containing PMMA and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and a liquid component containing methylmethacrylate and low-toxicity aliphatic (dimethylamino-ethoxy-ethane) (DMEE) and aromatic (dimethylamino-benzaldehyde) (DMAB) tertiary amines were tested at two amine concentrations (0.75 and 3.75 wt%) and compared with the standard tertiary amine dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMT). The components were mixed in a 2:1 ratio (solid/liquid) for 60 s. Nanocomposites were prepared using nano-hydroxyapatite inserted into the PMMA-based polymer matrix at various concentrations between 1.0 and 3.75 wt%, aiming to increase the biocompatibility of bone cements applied in cranioplasty. The concentration of tertiary amines directly affects the reaction rate, and increasing the concentration accelerates the curing reaction. Thermal analyses (DSC and TGA) revealed that the produced polymers did not show significant changes in glass transition temperature (113 °C and 115 °C), nor in onset (150–158 °C) or peak degradation temperatures (353 °C and 355 °C). The reaction with the aliphatic amine proved to be slow, as no polymerization occurred within the time period stipulated in the study. However, drastic changes did take place when the cure occurred in the presence of nano-hydroxyapatite. The cure with DMAB (3.75 wt%) that presented an exothermic peak at 37 min (53 °C) showed a peak at 16 min (70 °C), and the cure with DMEE (3.75 wt%) a peak at 11 min (62.5 °C) after the addition of nano-hydroxyapatite. In conclusion, addition of nano-hydroxyapatite significantly influenced both the time and the temperature of cure reaction in all amines studied, expanding the possibility of using new initiators in polymerization systems for cranioplasty flaps. Full article

Studying surface energy and permeability offers insights into the relationship between temporary polymers and the oral environment. Variations in contact angle and surface free energy may signify modifications in surface polarity and tendency for plaque buildup, staining, or microcrack formation. Objectives: The present study aims to evaluate the influence of simulated salivary and chemical aging conditions on the surface and mechanical properties of 3D-printed PMMA provisional materials. Methods: Two 3D-printed polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resins were investigated, namely Anycubic White (Anycubic, Shenzhen, China) and NextDent Creo (NextDent, 3D Systems, Soesterberg, The Netherlands), using two aging protocols. Protocol A consisted of chemical aging in an alcohol-based mouthwash, while Protocol B involved thermal aging in artificial saliva. After aging, surface properties (wettability and SFE) and compressive behaviour were analyzed. Statistical analysis was conducted to assess the influence of temperature, immersion duration, and aging medium, with significance established at p < 0.05. Results: In Protocol A, mechanical properties showed a time-dependent decrease, with material-specific stabilization trends. In Protocol B, thermal aging resulted in elastic modulus reductions ranging from 35% to 46% relative to the reference. The yield strength exhibited similar tendencies. In Protocol A, X samples exhibited a consistent decline, while C samples stabilized after 14 days. For Protocol B, the fitted model produced residuals under 2%, confirming temperature as the primary variable. Conclusions: Chemical and thermal aging influence the physical and mechanical properties of the analyzed 3D-printed PMMA. Among the two protocols, thermal aging in artificial saliva resulted in more pronounced material degradation. After chemical aging in mouthwash, the surface free energy remained almost constant. After thermal aging, all samples demonstrated a gradual rise in SFE with prolonged immersion duration. The current study offers valuable insights into the environmental stability of printed PMMA; however, it is an in vitro evaluation. The findings indicate that temperature exposure and prolonged contact with oral hygiene products may affect the mechanical reliability of 3D-printed provisional restorations, which must be considered during material selection for longer temporary usage. Additionally, spectroscopic and microscopic analyses might better clarify the molecular-level chemical alterations linked to aging. Full article

Polyelectrolyte microspheres based on a polymer containing sulfonate groups are considered promising drug delivery systems for encapsulating drugs and ensuring their prolonged release. In this study, gel microparticles based on various sulfonate-containing polymers were formed, and their potential as drug delivery systems was evaluated, particularly for the controlled administration of the cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin and the antifungal drug fuchsine. An undeniable advantage of such gel microspheres is the presence in their structure of sulfonate groups localized both in the surface layer and in the volume. The main monomers used were styrene-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt and 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt; spherical, porous microparticles were obtained via free-radical reverse suspension polymerization. Microsphere properties (size, porosity, pore structure, electrical surface properties, and swelling) were tailored by changing the nature of the sulfonate, using a comonomer (vinyl acetate or ethyl acrylate), adding a co-solvent, or modulating the crosslinker composition, which influenced drug loading efficiency (doxorubicin, fuchsine). The gel-like structure of the microspheres was confirmed, and the sulfonate groups were found to be distributed throughout both the surface layer and the internal volume of the microspheres. A comparison was also made with non-porous polymer particles containing sulfonate groups. The sorption capacity of the gel microspheres for doxorubicin was 2.2 mmol/g, significantly higher than the 0.4 mmol/g observed for the non-porous reference particles. The obtained values of doxorubicin sorption on gel microspheres are over 60 times higher than the values reported in the literature. Full article

Hybrid fluorinated copolymers containing POSS moieties along with fluorinated homopolymers were synthesized via organocatalyzed atom transfer radical (co)polymerization (O-ATRP) of fluoroalkyl methacrylate (FMA) and a POSS-based monomer (IBSS) using perylene as a photocatalyst. Linear and four- and eight-armed star-shaped (co)polymers in a wide range of molecular weights with M_n(SEC) up to 53,100 g/mol for poly(FMA), 22,700 g/mol for poly(IBSS) and 87,300 g/mol for poly(FMA-co-IBSS) were successfully prepared. During polymerization, C–F activation was found to induce chain transfer and branching reactions, contributing to structural diversity. A mechanism for chain transfer to the polymer resulting in branching was proposed, applying density functional theory (DFT). Films based on the obtained (co)polymers showed tunable morphology, high thermal stability (up to 306 °C) and hydrophobicity, with water contact angles reaching 98°. Full article

This narrative review examines contemporary applications of polymeric materials in dentistry from 2020 to 2025, spanning prosthodontics, restorative dentistry, orthodontics, endodontics, implantology, diagnostics, and emerging technologies. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase for peer reviewed English language articles and synthesized evidence on polymer classes, processing routes, mechanical and chemical behavior, and clinical performance. Approximately 116 articles were included. Polymers remain central to clinical practice: poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) is still widely used for dentures, high performance systems such as polyether ether ketone (PEEK) are expanding framework and implant-related indications, and resin composites and adhesives continue to evolve through nanofillers and bioactive formulations aimed at improved durability and reduced secondary caries. Thermoplastic polyurethane and copolyester systems drive clear aligner therapy, while polymer-based obturation materials and fiber-reinforced posts support endodontic rehabilitation. Additive manufacturing and computer aided design computer aided manufacturing (CAD CAM) enable customized prostheses and surgical guides, and sustainability trends are accelerating interest in biodegradable or recyclable dental polymers. Across domains, evidence remains heterogeneous and clinical translation depends on balancing strength, esthetics, biocompatibility, aging behavior, and workflow constraints. Full article

In this work, a quasi-D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor is proposed and numerically investigated using the finite element method (FEM) implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics version 6.2 for the detection of cancer cells with different refractive indices. The biosensor has a coating of plasmonic material gold (Au) and a polymer coat of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The effects of plasmonic material thickness and air hole dimensions on key sensing parameters, including confinement loss (CL), wavelength sensitivity (WS), and amplitude sensitivity (AS), are systematically analyzed. The results revealed that increasing plasmonic thickness beyond its optimum value significantly raises CL while reducing sensitivity due to reduced penetration depth of the evanescent field. Similarly, variations in the geometrical dimensions of the air holes (±10%) also affect the sensor response, emphasizing the importance of precise structural optimization. For the optimized design the proposed biosensor exhibits high performance with a maximum WS of 31,000 nm/RIU for MDA-MB-231 cells under x-polarization and 29,500 nm/RIU under y-polarization. The corresponding resolutions achieved are as low as 3.22 × 10⁻⁶ RIU and 3.38 × 10⁻⁶ RIU, respectively, with AS exceeding 9000 RIU⁻¹. The WS, AS, and other sensing parameters obtained from our sensor are relatively higher than some of the PCF–SPR sensors reported recently. These numerical results demonstrate that the optimized quasi-D-shaped PCF–SPR biosensor exhibits enhanced sensitivity to refractive index (RI) variations associated with cancerous cells, suggesting its suitability for early detection. Full article

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) are polymers used for many biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and antibiofouling properties. In this work, a new comb-like hydrogel based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) grafted onto a polyethylene glycol network (net-PEG) was synthesized by gamma radiation from Co⁶⁰ in two steps. First, PEG (Mw = 20,000) was crosslinked at 30 kGy, and then HEMA was grafted, varying the concentration (5–20% v/v) and irradiation dose (2.5–15 kGy). Results of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the incorporation of HEMA onto net-PEG. Moreover, the properties of comb-like hydrogel (net-PEG)-g-HEMA were studied through swelling kinetics, drug loading and release, antimicrobial activity, and biocompatibility assays. The findings showed a different behavior in swelling kinetics and drug delivery depending on HEMA grafting. Comb-like hydrogel with 30 and 66% grafting could load more ciprofloxacin (2 mg g⁻¹) than net-PEG (1.5 mg g⁻¹) but only release 38 and 48% at 24 h, respectively. In addition, all drug-loaded hydrogels displayed inhibition for Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) and a cell viability superior of 95% using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (BALT/T3). Comb-like hydrogel has potential application in the biomedical field such as in wound dressings or controlled drug delivery systems. Full article

This study presents the development and evaluation of multifunctional, thermoresponsive nanogels based on poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) (P(NVCL-co-NVP)) with a poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) shell and galactose (GAL) targeting ligand for colon cancer therapy. The nanogels were engineered to encapsulate two chemotherapeutic agents, curcumin (CUR) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), along with gold nanorods (GNRDs) to enable a synergistic chemo-photothermal treatment approach. These nanogels exhibit excellent biocompatibility and stability and a temperature-responsive drug release profile, leveraging the volume-phase transition temperature (VPTT) of the polymer network for controlled delivery. The inclusion of GNRDs permits efficient photothermal conversion upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, resulting in localized hyperthermia and, theoretically, improved cytotoxicity when combined with chemotherapeutics. In vitro studies on colon cancer cells demonstrated enhanced drug accumulation, photothermal ablation when the GNRD concentration was above a threshold, and superior antitumor efficacy of the CUR/5-FU-loaded systems. The effectiveness of the chemo/photothermal combination could not be demonstrated, possibly due to the low concentration of GNRD and/or the use of a single irradiation step only. This work highlights the potential of P(NVCL-co-NVP):PEGMA:GAL nanogels as versatile nanocarriers for combined chemo-photothermal therapy. A more effective chemo/photothermal combination for colon cancer treatment can be achieved through the optimization of the GNRD loading/irradiation dosage. Full article

Contaminated water detoxification remains difficult due to the presence of persistent halo-organic contaminants, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and chlorophenols, which are chemically stable and resist conventional purification methods. Functionalized membrane-based separation and decontamination have garnered immense attention in recent years. Commercially available microfiltration membrane (PVDF) and polymeric non-woven fiber filters (glass and composite) are functionalized with poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) that shows outstanding pH-responsive performance and tunable water permeability under ambient conditions perfect for environmental applications. Polymer loading based on weight gain measurements on PMAA–microglass composite fibers (137%) and microglass fibers (116%) confirmed their extent of functionalization, which was significantly greater than that of PVDF (25%) due to its widely effective pore diameter. Presence of chemically active hydrogel within PVDF matrix was validated by FTIR (hydroxyl/carbonyl) stretch peak, substantial decrease in contact angle (68.8° ± 0.5° to 30.8° ± 1.9°), and decrease in pure water flux from 509 to 148 LMH/bar. Nanoparticles are generated both in solution and within PVDF using simple redox reactions. This strategy is extended to PVDF-PMAA membranes, which are loaded with Fe/Pd nanoparticles for catalytic conversion of 4-chlorophenol and PFOA, forming Fe/Pd-PVDF-PMAA systems. A total of 0.25 mg/L Fe/Pd nanoparticles synthesized in solution displayed alloy-type structures and demonstrated a strong catalytic performance, achieving complete hydrogenation of 4-chlorophenol to phenol and 67% hydrogenation of PFOA to its reduced form at 22–23 °C with ultrapure hydrogen gas supply at pH 5.7. These results underscore the potential of hybrid polymer–nanoparticle systems as a novel remediation strategy, integrating tunable separation with catalytic degradation to overcome the limitations of conventional water treatment methods. Full article

Flavonoids, natural organic compounds from the polyphenolic group with broad bioactive and pharmaceutical properties, are strong ligands for many metal ions. This work describes the formation of the complex between Zn(II) and morin. The synthesized compound is characterized using three analytical techniques, i.e., ¹H NMR, IR, and thermal gravimetric analysis. Importantly, the complex was successfully obtained in the form of a solid, which enables its further physicochemical and structural characterization. Physicochemical characterization of the Morin-Zn complex was performed by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy. The absorption spectrum of the complex contains two main bands at ca. 407–415 nm and ca. 265 nm, and the complex emits yellow-green light with higher intensity than the free ligand. In the next step, morin and zinc complex were dispersed in a PMMA (poly (methyl methacrylate)) polymer matrix, and respective thin layers were produced. The studied thin films were deposited on silicon substrates by using the spin-coating method and characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE), UV-VIS spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL). The absorption of thin layers showed, similarly to solutions, the presence of two transitions: π→π* and n→π*, and a bathochromic shift for the morin-zinc complex compared to morin. The photoluminescence of the complex thin film showed two bands, the first in the range of 380–440 nm corresponding to PMMA, and the second with a maximum at 490 nm, derived from the synthesized compound. Full article

Composite materials based on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and carbon nanoparticles are used in aviation, construction, medical and other fields of activity. Carbon nanotubes and carbon nano-dots are mainly used as carbon nanoparticles. Both carbon nanotube and carbon nano-dots are difficult to obtain materials with considerable cost. Amorphous carbon nanoparticles, on the contrary, are easy to obtain and have a low cost. The purpose of this work is to study the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of polymethylmethacrylate modified with amorphous carbon nanoparticles. Laser ablation was used to obtain the nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering, measurement of the electrokinetic potential, TEM, AFM, and Raman microscopy are used to characterize nanoparticles. FTIR, MIM, AFM, UV-visual diagnostics, ROS tests, and biopolymer regeneration tests were used to analyze the combined sensors. The bacteriostatic effect was evaluated using turbodimetry, and the antibacterial effect was evaluated using precision cytofluorometry. Mammalian cells were examined using fluorescence microscopy. Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have been obtained and characterized. A protocol has been developed for the introduction of CNPs into photolithographic resin. Printed samples of complex geometry. It is shown that the printed samples are amenable to polishing, have pro-oxidant properties, and are able to prevent damage to biopolymers. Printed samples inhibit the development of bacteria and cause loss of viability. At the same time, the printed samples do not affect the development of mammalian cells. The obtained resins based on PMMA with CNPs can potentially serve as the basis for the creation of non-toxic materials in biomedicine and pharmacology. Full article