Search Results (39,572)

All-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) couple the high theoretical energy density of sulfur (2600 Wh kg⁻¹) with the safety and polysulfide-shuttle suppression advantages of solid electrolytes (SEs). In practice, however, sluggish solid-state conversion kinetics, chemo-mechanical degradation in composite cathodes, and large solid–solid interfacial resistance remain the principal barriers to practical implementation. This review systematically examines recent progress across the three key components of ASSLSBs: cathodes, solid electrolytes, and interfaces. For cathodes, S/C composite design strategies and alternative active materials—including Li₂S, metal sulfides, and organosulfur compounds—are discussed. For solid electrolytes, inorganic (sulfide, oxide, halide, and hydride), polymer, and hybrid composite systems are compared. For interfaces, physical strategies (stack pressure, compliant interlayers, three-dimensional cathode architectures) and chemical strategies (cathode–SE and Li metal–SE interphase engineering, in situ stabilization) are evaluated. Outstanding challenges and design guidelines for next-generation ASSLSBs are discussed. Full article

Quinoline derivatives constitute a privileged class of nitrogen-containing heterocycles with extensive applications in medicinal chemistry, agrochemicals, materials science, and functional organic materials. Owing to their broad biological and industrial relevance, the development of efficient, selective, and sustainable synthetic methodologies for quinoline construction remains an active area of research. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in quinoline synthesis, with particular emphasis on catalytic strategies aligned with the principles of green and sustainable chemistry. Classical transformations, including the Friedländer, Skraup, and Povarov reactions, are revisited in the context of modern catalytic developments that improve reaction efficiency, substrate scope, selectivity, and environmental compatibility. Special attention is devoted to homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems based on both platinum-group and earth-abundant transition metals, highlighting the growing importance of borrowing-hydrogen and acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling methodologies. Recent progress in nanocatalysis, photocatalysis, multicomponent reactions, ionic-liquid-mediated transformations, and metal-free protocols is also critically discussed. Furthermore, solvent-free processes, microwave-assisted synthesis, and recyclable catalytic systems are examined as practical approaches toward minimizing waste generation and energy consumption. Mechanistic aspects, catalytic design principles, substrate limitations, and sustainability metrics are evaluated throughout the review to provide a critical perspective on current methodologies. Collectively, the advances summarized herein demonstrate the rapid evolution of quinoline synthesis toward more atom-economical, environmentally benign, and operationally efficient processes, while also identifying future opportunities for the development of next-generation catalytic platforms for quinoline-based heterocycle construction. Full article

This study presents a gate-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) of an industrial sweet cherry sorting and packing facility in Greece, directly addressing environmental sustainability in agri-food supply chains through data-driven impact quantification and improvement pathways in post-harvest operations. The assessment focuses on a gate-to-gate system boundary encompassing all processes inside the cherry sorting and packing facility, while upstream cherry production and downstream waste management are modeled and reported separately to provide system-level context. Core-stage hotspots are then analyzed in detail in the Results section, highlighting the dominant role of electricity use compared with packaging materials. The functional unit is defined as 1 kg of packed, market-ready cherries at the factory gate. Primary data are obtained from high-resolution, batch-level measurements of mass flows, energy use, water consumption, packaging materials and waste streams over a full processing season, structured as virtual sensor outputs. These sensor-informed operational data are combined with secondary life cycle inventory information from established databases to quantify climate change impacts and identify environmental hotspots across materials, energy, water, and waste, thereby delivering a quantified picture of environmental performance in the post-harvest stage. The results show that corrugated cardboard and associated packaging components are among the main contributors within the facility-level, gate-to-gate system, while the Core stage accounts for 28.43% of total GWP100. Upstream cherry production dominates the overall Upstream–Core–Downstream climate footprint with 70.61% of total impacts. Moreover, practical mitigation scenarios are modeled, including packaging optimization, partial substitution of grid electricity with photovoltaic generation, and increased water recirculation. Ιn the combined mitigation scenario, where packaging optimization, low-carbon electricity and improved water management are implemented simultaneously, total GWP100 decreases from 114,207.32 to 92,500.27 kg CO₂-eq (−19.0%) relative to the baseline, providing actionable sustainability improvements for industry stakeholders and supporting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to climate action and resource efficiency. In addition, the proposed virtual sensor architecture and data workflow support continuous monitoring, eco-efficiency management and near-real-time LCA implementation in post-harvest agri-food systems, enabling operational sustainability. Full article

Rapid urbanization in tropical Asia has led to a critical loss of green cover, exacerbating urban environmental challenges. While green roofs offer a promising Nature-based solution, their implementation in Asian countries is hindered by the prevalence of sloped roofs and high structural conversion costs. This research addresses this gap by developing a novel, lightweight vegetative roof tile designed as a direct structural replacement for conventional roofing materials in Sri Lanka. Existing roofing systems were studied, followed by a laboriousness study to determine the optimum tile dimensions. To meet these requirements, a modular tile measuring 900 mm × 1200 mm with a wave-shaped corrugated profile (a 10 mm rise and a 200 mm pitch) was engineered using SolidWorks 2024 and ABAQUS 2024 to meet Eurocode standards. Field investigations into plant health helped to finalize the depth of the roof tile as 2.5 cm. Following root penetration testing, fiber-reinforced plastic was selected for the tile structure to ensure durability while maintaining a total saturated weight of 52.5 kg/m². Biological testing demonstrated robust greening performance, with Axonopus compressus and Zoysia matrella achieving 100% survival rates and over 80% canopy coverage. This design methodology can be adapted across tropical Asia, contributing significantly to regional green infrastructure development and sustainable building practices. Full article

This study examined Kefiran, an exopolysaccharide derived from milk kefir grains, as a novel biopolymer for encapsulating phenolic extracts from sunflower cake and its antimicrobial properties in the development of natural and functional food ingredients. Kefiran was obtained from kefir grains using three extraction protocols: hot water (M1), hot water with 30% trichloroacetic acid (M2), and mild heat combined with ultrasound at 60 °C (M3). The ultrasound-assisted method produced the highest carbohydrate concentration. Spectrophotometric assays (phenol–sulfuric and Bradford), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and water-holding capacity were employed to characterize the composition, structure, and morphology of the extracts, revealing well-preserved polysaccharide fingerprints and a highly porous microstructure, consistent with their potential application in food systems. Kefiran was then evaluated as an encapsulating agent in complex coacervation at pH 3.75, using three Kefiran-based wall formulations (M1, M2, and M3) with gum arabic and whey protein isolate (WPI) as co-wall materials, and their performance was compared with gum arabic and WPI controls. Across formulations, coacervate microcapsules achieved high encapsulation efficiencies (83–93%), tunable particle sizes, and predominantly negative zeta potentials, indicative of good colloidal stability. The Kefiran extract and coacervate microcapsules demonstrated significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 250 to 1000 µg/mL. The findings support ultrasound-extracted Kefiran as a multifunctional biopolymer suitable for bioactive delivery and as a natural antimicrobial component in advanced functional food formulations. Full article

The transition towards sustainable manufacturing necessitates complex optimization that integrates economic goals with environmental factors, such as energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This research addresses the critical challenge of optimizing the Incoming Quality Control (IQC) policy for raw material batches. The primary objective is formulated as a multi-criteria control problem that jointly minimizes the weekly final product cost, carbon footprint, and energy consumption. To handle sequential decision making under uncertainty, we adopt a scalarized reinforcement learning (RL) reward that combines these objectives into a single value function and explores different trade-offs through alternative weight configurations. To effectively handle the uncertainty in incoming quality and the sequential decision making required for dynamic control, the optimization problem is modeled as a Bayesian Adaptive Markov Decision Process (BAMDP). To maintain computational tractability despite the continuous belief space inherent in the BAMDP formulation, we employ a Deep Q-Network (DQN) architecture acting as an approximate dynamic programming solver. The Bayesian framework represents model uncertainty explicitly, updates beliefs as new inspection evidence becomes available, and allows prior domain knowledge on supplier quality to be incorporated into the learning process. The BAMDP formulation is used to learn a set of adaptive inspection policies that adjust the IQC strategy over time to achieve conflicting goals: reducing inspection costs while maintaining standard quality, minimizing energy consumption, and lowering CO₂-equivalent emissions. The goal is to find robust policies that balance these trade-offs under different quality and demand conditions. This methodology aligns with the principles of Industry 5.0 by leveraging advanced artificial intelligence (AI) methods, such as reinforcement learning (RL), coupled with a stochastic simulation of the production system, based on a geometric/physical model of the component’s tolerance chains, to support decision-makers in designing and assessing sustainable IQC strategies. Comparative simulations on the case study, including a benchmark against ISO 2859-1 sampling plans, confirm that this dynamic and risk-aware optimization paradigm can reduce overall cost, energy use, and environmental impact across various quality conditions, while preserving outgoing quality. Full article

In recent years, synergistic effects between inorganic clay minerals (e.g., montmorillonite, sepiolite, kaolinite) and bio-based flame retardants (e.g., chitosan-based, lignin-based, phytate-based) have achieved certain progress in the area of polymer flame retardancy. The effects of bio-based flame retardants are exerted through mechanisms such as catalytic char generation and vapour-phase hindrance. However, they have limitations when used alone, including insufficient thermal stability and the need for a high dosage. Inorganic clays form physical barriers through their layered or tubular structures. The high thermal stability of these structures suppresses heat and mass transfer, thereby offsetting the shortcomings of bio-based flame retardants. This synergistic combination greatly improves the flame retardancy of polymer composites, often strengthening their mechanical performance in the process. It therefore offers great potential for the design of multifunctional, eco-friendly flame-retardant polymer composites. Nevertheless, a systematic review of the synergistic mechanisms, fabrication approaches and application progress of different inorganic clay minerals when combined with various bio-based flame retardants is still lacking. Therefore, this article offers a comprehensive review of the current developments of synergistic systems that incorporate various primary clays, such as sepiolite and montmorillonite, with bio-based flame retardants for usage in polymers. Before this, the synergistic flame-retardant mechanism and the key preparation techniques of the composite system were explained in detail. Finally, this article puts forward solutions to the current challenges and sets out prospects for innovation in the designing of flame-retardant materials and the optimisation of processes. The aim is to promote the sustainable growth of efficient, eco-friendly flame-retardant materials. Full article

Soybean is a critical economic, oil and industrial raw material crop, yet its production is often hindered by pathogen infection and pesticide residues. This study explored the synergistic effects of Rhizophagus intraradices and mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHB) on AMF colonization, AMF spore density, total number of bacterial colonies, soybean growth, root rot disease index, and carbendazim residues. Hydroponic and pot experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with five biological replicates per treatment; after 30 days of growth, three replicates were randomly selected for all measurements. Results showed that inoculation with microbial agents, particularly co-inoculation, increased soybean biomass, reduced disease index, and decreased carbendazim residues. In the hydroponic experiment, co-inoculation increased plant height, aboveground fresh weight, and underground dry weight by 64.28%, 78.13%, and 109.09%, respectively, and decreased carbendazim residues by 71.84% relative to the carbendazim-alone group. In the pot experiment, co-inoculation reduced carbendazim residues by 81.25% and root rot disease index by 45.56% compared with the carbendazim-alone group. Correlation analysis showed a strong positive correlation (p < 0.001) between carbendazim degradation in hydroponic and pot systems, indicating stable degradation function across environments. Co-inoculation of R. intraradices and MHB synergistically promotes soybean growth, suppresses root rot, and reduces carbendazim residues, providing a theoretical basis for developing functional microbial inoculants for safe and green soybean production. Full article

Green synthesis of KGM-capped CeO₂ nanoparticles was successfully achieved through a simple coprecipitation method using Konjac Glucomannan (KGM) as a biopolymeric capping and stabilizing agent. The reaction conditions were optimized by varying pH (9–11) and temperature (30–70 °C) to evaluate their influence on nanoparticle formation and photocatalytic performance. The synthesized KGM–CeO₂ nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized using FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM–EDS, TEM, DLS, and ZP analysis to investigate their structural, optical, morphological, and surface properties. The characterization results confirmed the successful formation of porous sponge-like branched CeO₂ nanostructures with irregular morphology. XRD analysis revealed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of approximately 7.7 nm, while DLS analysis showed an average hydrodynamic particle size of 29.7 nm with a biomodal particle size distribution. The positive zeta potential value (+16.75 mV) confirmed good colloidal stability and reduced agglomeration due to effective capping by KGM. The synthesized nanoparticles also exhibited favorable optical properties with band gap values suitable for photocatalytic applications. The adsorption and photocatalytic degradation performance of the KGM–CeO₂ nanoparticles was investigated against synthetic textile dyes, including Naphthol Blue Black (NBB), Methyl Orange (MO), and a mixed NBB–MO dye system under acidic conditions. Using an adsorbent dosage of 50 mg and dye concentrations of 100 mg/L, the material achieved degradation efficiencies of approximately 99% for NBB, 91% for MO, and 52% for the mixed dye system under UV irradiation for 120 min. Adsorption kinetic studies indicated that the pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit, suggesting that chemisorption is the dominant adsorption mechanism involving multifunctional surface interactions. These findings are particularly relevant for industrial wastewater treatment, since actual textile effluents typically contain complex mixtures of dyes and organic contaminants rather than single dye pollutants. The mixed dye experiments, therefore, provide a more realistic simulation of industrial wastewater conditions. Overall, the synthesized KGM–CeO₂ nanoparticles demonstrate excellent potential as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable multifunctional material for adsorption-assisted photocatalytic treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater. Further optimization of operational conditions and catalyst surface properties may enhance its efficiency in multicomponent wastewater systems. Full article

Tourism destinations consume vast quantities of energy, water, food, and materials, yet these resource flows remain largely invisible in destination planning practice. The aim of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework that reconceptualises tourism destinations as industrial ecosystems and makes their material and energy flows visible, quantifiable, and amenable to destination-scale planning. Existing frameworks prioritise governance and demand management, leaving the material dimension of sustainability unaddressed. To this end, the paper proposes a multi-scale resource-flow framework grounded in industrial ecology. This is a conceptual framework paper: it develops analytical architecture for destination-scale resource accounting rather than reporting empirical measurements. The framework organises four analytical components—actors, flows, structural configurations, and feedback mechanisms—across macro, meso, and micro scales. Three planning capabilities are advanced: supply-chain-complete environmental accounting, resource hotspot detection, and policy design along the full causal chain from structural arrangement to environmental outcome. Material flow analysis, life cycle assessment, and industrial symbiosis mapping are presented as operational tools, illustrated through reference to high-intensity coastal tourism systems. Industrial symbiosis is positioned as a structural mechanism through which by-product valorisation reduces destination-level resource throughput. The study contributes a bridging framework between governance-oriented tourism planning and the material accounting rigour of industrial ecology, distinguishing it from circular economy models that supply a design principle but no material accounting, from urban metabolism approaches that assume temporally stable flows, and from regenerative development that is values-based rather than quantitative. The framework offers a foundation for more integrated and resource-efficient destination sustainability planning. Full article

In the Arabian Gulf region, saltwater desalination is considered to be a significant process in producing clean water. This paper presents a sustainable, combined process for upgrading a Doha reverse osmosis (RO) plant in Kuwait. A pilot-scale microbial desalination cell (MDC) stack is proposed as a pre-treatment unit prior to the RO process in order to improve plant performance. A cost–benefit analysis is conducted for the combined system to emphasize the significance of the MDC–RO process. In RO, the expected energy consumption is 2.6–13 kWh per m³ of desalinated water, whereas using MDC can reduce this to about 0.52–5.3 kWh/m³. Moreover, this new technology using catalytic MDCs can help in improving electric current production and reducing the amount of rejected brine and membrane fouling in the RO process. The electric current is improved by reducing MDCs’ internal resistance using a reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline composite-coated stainless steel mesh cathode electrode. Layer-by-layer electro-deposition can be applied to achieve these coatings. An intermediate zeolite filter is proposed to mitigate RO membrane fouling. The combined system’s natural zeolite-membrane filter improves water purification. In this study, we assessed the combined MDC–RO process for upgrading the Doha plant’s performance in terms of quality, cost, and time. The suggested catalytic MDC, using efficient, low-cost materials as cathode electrodes with an equivalent daily cost of 0.01 USD/m³ and a desalination efficiency of about 40%, acts as an alternative to high-cost platinum metal electrodes. The results also indicate that the equivalent daily cost of energy consumption using the MDC process is about 0.03 USD/m³, whereas the investment cost is about 0.4 USD/m³ daily for one year of cell operation. Full article

Background and Objectives: Maintenance of condylar position during bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) is important for preserving temporomandibular joint biomechanics and skeletal stability. During surgery, loss of muscle tone under general anesthesia may alter the condyle–fossa relationship, making accurate repositioning of the proximal segment challenging. Although manual positioning remains the most commonly used intraoperative approach, evidence regarding its ability to preserve the preoperative condyle–fossa relationship remains limited. This study evaluated changes in the condyle–fossa relationship following BSSRO performed with manual proximal segment positioning. Materials and Methods: This single-center retrospective study included lateral cephalometric radiographs of 14 patients (8 females, 6 males; aged 19–29 years) with skeletal Class III malocclusion treated with combined orthodontic treatment and BSSRO. Radiographs were obtained preoperatively (T0), immediately postoperatively (T1), and at the final follow-up examination (T2). Condylar position was assessed using a Cartesian coordinate system, joint space measurements, and the Condyle Position Index (CPI). Statistical analyses were performed using the Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (p < 0.05). Results: Significant differences were observed in CPI and anterior joint space measurements across the observation periods. Interval analysis demonstrated increased CPI values and decreased anterior joint space measurements between T1 and T2, whereas no significant immediate postoperative changes were observed. Intra-observer reliability was excellent, with intraclass correlation coefficients exceeding 0.90 for all variables. Conclusions: Manual positioning of the proximal segment during BSSRO may provide acceptable immediate postoperative condyle–fossa stability but may not completely maintain the preoperative condyle–fossa relationship over time. Although no significant immediate postoperative changes were observed, significant changes in the condyle–fossa relationship were identified at the final follow-up examination. These findings support the need for further prospective studies incorporating clinical temporomandibular joint assessment and three-dimensional imaging. Full article

Background and Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) causes retinal microvascular changes that precede clinically apparent diabetic retinopathy (DR). We aimed to identify which optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) biomarkers best distinguish eyes with T2DM without clinical DR from healthy controls and to evaluate machine learning classifiers trained on a comprehensive 68-parameter OCTA panel. Materials and Methods: In this prospective case–control study, 80 patients with T2DM without clinical DR and 33 controls underwent 3 × 3 mm macular OCTA using an Optovue RTVue Avanti System. After outlier screening, 221 eyes (155 T2DM, 66 controls) were analyzed. Sixty-eight OCTA parameters were extracted, covering FAZ morphometry (including foveal density FD-300), SCP and DCP vessel density and layer thickness, outer-retina and choriocapillaris flow, and a full retinal-thickness map. Between-group comparisons used the Mann–Whitney U test with Benjamini–Hochberg FDR correction. Logistic regression, random forest, and XGBoost classifiers were evaluated with patient-grouped 10-fold cross-validation; feature importance was quantified via SHAP. Results: Forty-two of 68 parameters reached FDR significance (q < 0.05). Deep capillary plexus vessel density was the most discriminative family (whole image rb = −0.66, q = 2.5 × 10⁻¹³; parafovea rb = −0.64). FD-300 was reduced in T2DM (median 47.55% vs. 51.86%; rb = −0.57; q = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁰) and emerged as the top SHAP feature (mean |SHAP| = 0.81). FAZ circularity decreased without FAZ-area enlargement, and outer-retina flow was paradoxically elevated (rb = +0.39), consistent with a projection artifact. XGBoost using all 68 features achieved a patient-grouped cross-validated AUC of approximately 0.91, compared with 0.85 for conventional SCP + DCP whole-image density. No parameter correlated with current HbA1c in T2DM (all q > 0.98), and the well-controlled (<7%) and poorly controlled (≥7%) subgroups were indistinguishable across five of six principal biomarkers, consistent with metabolic memory. FD-300 remained independent after adjustment for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and age (OR = 0.76; 95% CI 0.69–0.84; p < 0.001). Conclusions: A multi-compartment OCTA panel outperforms conventional two-layer vessel-density metrics in detecting preclinical diabetic microvasculopathy, although external validation is required before clinical use. FD-300 is the single most informative biomarker, while choriocapillaris and retinal thickness measures provide complementary, compartment-specific signals. Because the OCTA signature is decoupled from the current HbA1c, screening should not be deferred in well-controlled T2DM. Full article

In rocky mountainous regions characterized by shallow, barren soils and water scarcity, non-rainfall water, such as condensation, plays a crucial ecological role in mitigating seasonal drought in forest trees. To enhance the water-use capacity of vegetation, this study utilized a previously developed eco-friendly PVA–CS/SA–Ca²⁺ hydrogel. The primary objective was to elucidate the synergistic mechanisms by which the hydrogel optimizes condensed water utilization and drives the ecophysiological recovery of Pinus tabuliformis and Platycladus orientalis, two keystone afforestation species in northern China. Utilizing a controlled environmental chamber to simulate the condensation and humidification process, the experiment established three treatments: a control group (CK), a pot-sealed group (PS, to isolate soil water absorption), and a hydrogel-amended group (Hydrogel-Root Wrapping, HRW). To comprehensively evaluate the water utilization mechanisms, the amount of condensed water captured by the system was quantified, and hydrogen isotope tracing techniques were employed to precisely track water transport pathways and contribution rates. Concurrently, key physiological parameters were systematically determined, including leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, leaf water content, net photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate. The results demonstrated the following: (1) the hydrogel significantly enhanced the condensation water capture capacity of the system. The net mass gains of the Pinus tabuliformis and Platycladus orientalis systems under the HRW treatment reached 26.3 g and 32.9 g, respectively, which represented 1.17 and 1.30 times those of the CK treatment, and 1.52 and 1.54 times those of the PS treatment. (2) Isotope tracing confirmed that both tree species possess significant Foliar Water Uptake (FWU) capacity. Following condensation, the δ²H values in the leaves of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabuliformis surged to 113.5‰ and 85.3‰, respectively, with stem δ²H values increasing by 31‰ and 22‰ compared to their initial baseline. (3) The introduction of the hydrogel in the HRW treatment provided 11.2% and 10.9% of the stem water supply for Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabuliformis, respectively, thereby reducing their dependence on soil water by 8.3% and 13.1%. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the fractional contribution of condensation water to stem water between the PS and CK treatments. (4) Regarding physiological responses, the application of the hydrogel material effectively improved the physiological status of the plants. The leaf water potentials of Pinus tabuliformis and Platycladus orientalis increased to −0.15 MPa and −1.32 MPa, respectively. Concurrently, stomatal conductance (3.25 and 3.64 mm·s⁻¹) and leaf water content (58.4% and 67.4%) were significantly higher than those in the other treatments. In summary, the hydrogel can significantly enhance the capture, conversion, and utilization efficiency of condensation water by vegetation, effectively optimizing the water supply dynamics of the system. This provides key theoretical and technical support for ecological afforestation in difficult sites within rocky mountainous areas. Full article

Background/Objectives: The toxic side effects and resistance-associated limitations of conventional chemotherapeutic agents necessitate the development of more effective and selective combination strategies incorporating naturally derived compounds. In this study, the cytotoxic, apoptotic, oxidative stress-associated, and immunomodulatory effects of thymoquinone (TQ), a bioactive compound derived from Nigella sativa, and docetaxel (Dos), a taxane-based chemotherapeutic agent, were investigated alone and in combination in OVCAR3 ovarian cancer cells using integrated two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) experimental models. Materials and Methods: Cell viability was evaluated following treatment with TQ (10–500 µM), Dos (1–500 nM), and the TQ + Dos combination, and synergistic interactions were assessed by IC₅₀⁻ and combination index-based analyses. Apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cytokine levels were determined using ELISA, whereas apoptosis- and cell cycle-associated gene expression profiles were evaluated by RT-qPCR. Active caspase-3 expression was assessed by immunocytochemistry. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation was examined using DCFH-DA-based fluorescence imaging and antioxidant rescue experiments using N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). In addition, the antitumor activity of the combination was further evaluated in OVCAR3-derived 3D tumor spheroid models using spheroid morphology, ATP-based viability, and live/dead fluorescence imaging analyses. Results: The TQ + Dos combination demonstrated enhanced cytotoxic and apoptotic activity in OVCAR3 cells compared with single-agent treatments and induced marked G2/M cell cycle arrest. Combination treatment increased pro-apoptotic gene expression and was associated with reduced expression of anti-apoptotic markers and modulated inflammatory cytokine profiles. Fluorescence-based analyses demonstrated marked intracellular ROS accumulation following TQ + Dos treatment, whereas NAC pretreatment partially attenuated oxidative stress and restored viability, suggesting partial involvement of ROS-associated mechanisms in treatment-induced cytotoxicity. Importantly, the combination maintained stronger cytotoxic and growth-inhibitory effects than either monotherapy in 3D ovarian cancer spheroids, where combination treatment induced pronounced spheroid shrinkage, viability loss, and structural disruption. Relatively lower toxicity observed in HaCaT cells suggested partial selectivity toward cancer cells. Conclusions: Collectively, these in vitro findings suggest that the TQ + Dos combination produces greater cytotoxic, apoptotic, and growth-inhibitory effects than either agent alone in ovarian cancer models and is associated with alterations in apoptosis-, cell cycle-, and oxidative stress-related responses. The observation of these effects in 3D spheroid models supports further investigation of this combination in more advanced preclinical systems. Full article