Search Results (1,646)

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a major global health challenge, yet conventional diagnostic methods are often limited by suboptimal accuracy and efficiency. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a rapidly developing technology capable of integrating multi-source data to enhance clinical decision-making. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence regarding AI applications across key diagnostic domains, including medical imaging, digital pathology, liquid biopsy, and multi-omics integration. Findings indicate that AI models for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can improve risk stratification and may reduce unnecessary biopsies in some cohorts, particularly when evaluated alongside structured radiology assessment and clinical variables. In digital pathology, deep learning algorithms have shown high agreement with expert genitourinary pathologists for automated Gleason grading in controlled and externally validated settings, with potential to reduce reporting time for high-volume workflows. Additionally, AI-powered liquid biopsy models may support non-invasive risk stratification, particularly for patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in the diagnostic gray zone, while multi-omics integration is being investigated to enhance personalized assessment. Despite advances, challenges regarding data heterogeneity, algorithm interpretability, and workflow integration persist. Future research should prioritize multimodal data fusion, explainable AI development, robust calibration and decision-analytic evaluation, and large-scale prospective validation to standardize protocols and fully realize the potential of AI in precision prostate cancer care. Full article

The COVID-19 pandemic constitutes one of the most significant exogenous shocks to global financial markets in recent history, raising questions about the robustness of market efficiency under extreme uncertainty. This study examines whether the pandemic affected the weak-form efficiency of the Bitcoin market or merely heightened volatility without introducing return predictability. Using daily Bitcoin log returns from January 2013 to February 2026, the analysis first evaluates weak-form market efficiency through the Variance Ratio (VR) test. The VR statistics remain close to unity across multiple holding horizons, and the null hypothesis of a random walk cannot be rejected, indicating that daily Bitcoin returns are consistent with weak-form efficiency. Building on this baseline, an Interrupted Time Series (ITS) framework is employed to assess whether the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 led to structural changes in Bitcoin return dynamics. The ITS results reveal no statistically significant changes in level or slope following the outbreak. To further account for autoregressive and moving-average dynamics while explicitly modelling the intervention, an ARIMAX (0, 0, 7) model with COVID-19 intervention variables is estimated. Both the pandemic dummy and its interaction term are statistically insignificant, indicating no material change in the return-generating process after controlling for serial dependence. The moving-average structure indicates that shocks dissipate over approximately one trading week, consistent with weekly trading cycles and liquidity patterns in cryptocurrency markets rather than persistent return predictability. Diagnostic checks, including the Ljung–Box and Shapiro–Wilk tests, confirm the absence of residual autocorrelation and support the model’s white-noise properties. Although volatility increased during the pandemic period, daily Bitcoin returns continued to align with weak-form market efficiency. The evidence, therefore, suggests that COVID-19 served as a stressor without generating persistent inefficiencies. These findings reinforce the distinction between volatility and predictability, demonstrating that heightened uncertainty does not necessarily undermine informational efficiency. Full article

Background: In this study, we aimed to compare metabolomic profiles, biodistribution, and detoxification patterns of the novel SN-38 derivative NMe with irinotecan (IR), and to identify NMe-specific metabolites to evaluate its preclinical pharmacokinetic advantages. Methods: In vivo ADME studies were conducted for NMe, a 9-aminomethyl SN-38 derivative, and IR following a single intraperitoneal dose of 40 mg/kg in mice. Additionally, ADMET properties were predicted using ADMETlab and SwissADME tools for comparison. Levels of NMe and irinotecan absorbed into plasma, distributed to tissues, and metabolized were monitored in liver, lung, spleen, kidney, and stool samples at 15, 30, and 60 min post-administration. Tissue extracts were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques after lyophilization and reconstitution. We compared the metabolomic profiles of irinotecan and NMe. Results: We identified and confirmed NMe-specific metabolites, including 9-CH₂-S-cysteine conjugate, 9-CH₂OH, and NMe-formyl. Notably, novel irinotecan metabolites (IR-OH and IR-ΔE) were detected in small amounts in kidney samples. In some cases, two literature-known photodegradation products of irinotecan were present. NMe was found to quickly metabolize with different distribution to tissues, significantly greater to kidney and liver. Two SN-38 glucuronides, SN-38G(α) and SN-38G(β), were detected corresponding to α- and β-anomers. Where it was possible, NMe, IR and SN-38 were quantified using external calibration curves. In IR group, controlled and prolonged release of SN-38 was confirmed in all samples, yet SN-38G was observed in minority only in plasma, kidney, or lungs. In NMe groups, great relative amounts of SN-38 and SN-38G were detected. Greater content of SN-38G in NMe group than in irinotecan is expected to contribute to modulation and alleviation of some side effects in irinotecan-involved therapies, such as gastrointestinal toxicities (GIT). Conclusions: NMe shows a distinct metabolic profile characterized by rapid biotransformation, higher systemic glucuronidation of SN-38, and formation of unique metabolites, suggesting a potentially wider therapeutic window and reduced toxicity compared with IR. Full article

Vaccinium myrtillus L. (bilberry) leaves have traditionally been used to manage hyperglycaemia in folk medicine. The combination of plant polyphenols with dietary fibres such as inulin may offer enhanced metabolic benefits; however, their combined effects remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycaemic effects of bilberry leaf extract (VME) and its inulin-enriched formulation (VMEI), and to investigate their potential as functional food components for managing type 2 diabetes. VME and VMEI were assessed using in vitro enzyme inhibition and an in vivo Caenorhabditis elegans model to evaluate toxicity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to profile major compounds. A three-month dietary intervention was conducted in mice fed a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet to examine the glucose-lowering effects of the extracts. HPLC analysis identified chlorogenic acid as the major constituent, followed by quercetin derivatives. VMEI exhibited stronger α-glucosidase inhibition than VME, indicating synergistic activity. Rutin and hyperoside showed the highest inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. In C. elegans, VME displayed moderate toxicity at higher doses, and both extracts reduced locomotion. In the mouse model, both VME and VMEI significantly reduced blood glucose levels in HFHS-fed mice, with effects comparable to healthy control. VMEI showed more pronounced improvements, still not statistically significant. Overall, the combination of bilberry leaf polyphenols with inulin demonstrated enhanced in vitro enzyme inhibition, while in vivo findings indicate potential antihyperglycaemic effects that warrant further investigation. These results support the continued exploration of VMEI as a functional food candidate for metabolic health management. Full article

This study examines the False Reality Bias in treasury management, a cognitive distortion through which small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) infer financial stability from salient bank balances while overlooking pending obligations and cash-flow timing. Using a firm-level dataset of 50 Spanish meat-processing SMEs, the analysis develops two behavioral-finance indicators: the Liquidity Misperception Index (PEL), capturing the divergence between salient liquidity cues and effective short-term obligations, and the Liquidity Misconfidence Index (ICEL), measuring managerial overconfidence in liquidity assessments. Results show that 41% of firms overestimate liquidity (average PEL = 1.21), while 40% exhibit excessive confidence (ICEL > 1.3), both significantly associated with liquidity distress. Econometric estimates indicate that firms with PEL values above 1.2 are 4.48 times more likely to experience liquidity crises, even after controlling for bank balance levels. Predictive models are used in an exploratory capacity, achieving classification accuracies above 80% and supporting the robustness of the behavioral signals identified. In addition, AI-assisted cash-flow simulations reduce liquidity misperception by 34.7% (p < 0.01). Overall, the findings provide micro-level evidence that cognitive biases systematically distort SME treasury decisions but can be partially corrected through targeted decision-support tools, offering practical insights for managers, advisors, and policymakers. Full article

The present study investigates the potential of olive mill wastewater (OMW), supplemented with expired commercial glucose syrup, as a sustainable substrate for the submerged cultivation of Tuber spp. wild mushrooms. OMW contains considerable quantities of phenolic compounds, making it both a challenging pollutant and a promising nutrient source. To assess fungal performance under increasing phenolic stress, culture media were prepared with varying OMW concentrations (0–75% v/v on agar; 0–50% v/v in liquid media), while glucose was adjusted to ~30 g/L using expired glucose syrup. A sequential experimental approach was followed, beginning with Petri dish screenings on substrate/strain selection (measuring the mycelial growth rate; Kr, mm/day), progressing to 25-day shake flask fermentations and subsequently scaling up the most promising strain (Tuber mesentericum) in a controlled stirred-tank bioreactor. Throughout cultivation, substrate consumption (glucose, phenolics), pH evolution and decolorization were evaluated, while the resulting biomass was analyzed for polysaccharides, β-glucans, proteins, lipids, fatty acids, antioxidants, phenolic acids and triterpenoids content. Results showed that increasing OMW concentration enhanced tolerance and metabolic activity in selected Tuber species, with T. mesentericum exhibiting the highest resilience and achieving comparable or higher biomass yields in OMW-based media than in glucose (control). Phenolic removal exceeded 60% in flasks and 50% in the bioreactor, confirming simultaneous bioremediation capacity. Bioreactor cultivation demonstrated efficient substrate utilization and biomass production, while OMW-grown biomass presented high lipid content, enriched with unsaturated fatty acids, high β-glucan levels and increased antioxidant and phenolic profiles. Overall, this study demonstrates that OMW (supplemented with expired glucose syrup) can serve as a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial substrate for Tuber biomass production with dietary and antioxidant properties, offering an alternative source to mushroom carposomes, as well as supporting the circular bioeconomy strategies within olive oil processing industries. Full article

Background: Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a phenolic compound found in extra virgin olive oil that modulates oxidative and inflammatory status. However, clinical trials evaluating HT as a stand-alone supplement remain scarce, and its underlying mechanisms and pathway modulation are not yet fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the metabolic effects of HT supplementation in individuals with overweight and prediabetes using an untargeted metabolomics approach. Methods: An untargeted liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS)-based metabolomics analysis was performed on serum samples from 49 participants with overweight and prediabetes enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. Participants received either HT (15 mg/day for 16 weeks; n = 24) or placebo (n = 25). Global metabolomic profiling was used to compare metabolic changes between the two groups. Results: HT supplementation induced a distinct metabolic profile compared with placebo. Participants in the HT group showed reduced levels of nitrogenous base derivatives and arachidonic acid, together with increased concentrations of phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins. These alterations suggest modulation of two key metabolic pathways including purine degradation and arachidonic acid metabolism. Conclusions: These findings provide mechanistic insights into the biological effects of HT and support the integration of metabolomics and multi-omics approaches in future clinical studies to validate these pathways in larger populations. Full article

Background: Red/blue- light-emitting diode (LED)-assisted withering provides a controllable spectral input to steer tea quality, yet metabolite-level evidence linking spectrum composition to quantitative taste phenotypes in white tea remains insufficient. Methods: Fresh leaves were withered under supplemental red/blue LEDs—S0, S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5—and the resulting white teas were evaluated by quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA), untargeted metabolomics, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantification of caffeine, gallic acid, and eight catechin monomers. Results: Red/blue-mixed spectrum enhanced the overall sensory quality relative to the incandescent lamp; S3 maximized sweetness and freshness, whereas S4 minimized bitterness and astringency and achieved the highest overall score. Untargeted metabolomics showed the largest deviation for S0 vs. S4. A total of 18 common metabolites were identified between the S0 and light-supplemented withering treatments, dominated by saccharides and related derivatives. WGCNA linked a saccharide-centered module to higher sweetness/freshness/smoothness and a lipid-oxylipin-centered module to stronger bitterness/astringency. HPLC independently confirmed that S4 contained the lowest catechins and caffeine, supporting its reduced bitter/astringent attributes. Conclusions: Overall, the application of mixed red-blue spectra offered a promising approach to enhancing the palatability of white tea by coordinately intensifying saccharide metabolism while simultaneously suppressing key bitter and astringent components. Our study provided a scientific basis for standardizing white tea processing to enhance sensory quality. Full article

The behavior of phosphorus (P) fertilizers in soil is governed not only by fertilizer solubility, but also by P mobility and vertical redistribution within the soil profile under contrasting water regime. This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of water regime, fertilizer type, and soil properties on the vertical redistribution of ammonium acetate–lactate extractable phosphorus (P-AL) in the surface soil layer under controlled pot conditions. Experiments were conducted using three soils with contrasting chemical properties: AC-LO (acidic loam, pH 5.9), NE-CL (neutral clay loam, pH 6.8), and AL-SL (alkaline sandy loam, pH 8.0). Four simulated rainfall regimes were applied at a constant rate of 25 mm day⁻¹, corresponding to cumulative water inputs of 0 mm (W0), 50 mm (W50), 100 mm (W100), and 150 mm (W150). Fertilizer treatments included an unfertilized control (NF), a liquid NP 4–18 fertilizer applied at a low dose (L1), a liquid NP 4–18 fertilizer applied at a high dose (L2), and a solid NPK 15–15–15 fertilizer (S). Water regime exerted the strongest control on P mobility, with P-AL increasing by approximately 40–60% from W0 to W150, depending on soil type. In AC-LO, strong P fixation under low moisture minimized differences among fertilizer treatments, whereas under higher moisture (W100–W150), liquid fertilizers—particularly L2—resulted in P-AL levels approximately 10–30% higher than those of the solid fertilizer. In NE-CL, P mobility was moderate and, under W100–W150, L2 produced P-AL values approximately 10–15% higher than the solid fertilizer, promoting a more uniform P redistribution within the 2–8 cm layer. In AL-SL, the response under wet conditions depended on the water regime: at W100, L2 generated P-AL values comparable to the solid fertilizer, whereas at W150, L2 increased P-AL by approximately 11% relative to the solid form. Overall, the results indicate that soil chemical properties primarily regulate the extent of phosphorus redistribution, while water regime controls its intensity and fertilizer form influences the initial spatial configuration of P within the surface soil layer. The findings provide mechanistic insight into short-range phosphorus transport in soil, without allowing direct inferences regarding agronomic efficiency or crop response. Full article

Background/Objectives: Clonazepam (CLZ), a BCS Class II drug, presents significant oral delivery challenges due to its low aqueous solubility. This study explores the systematic development of solid self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (S-SEDDS) using Quality by Design (QbD). The primary objective was to evaluate and compare advanced mathematical optimization frameworks, specifically Derringer’s Desirability Function (D) and Weighted Goal Programming (WGP), to identify a robust formulation that enhances drug solubilization while ensuring superior processability and flowability. Methods: Liquid SEDDS were solidified by adsorption onto a porous matrix (Aerosil^® 200/Lactose). A multi-objective optimization was conducted to define a robust Design Space (DS), comparing D against WGP. The trade-offs between competing Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs), specifically powder flowability (angle of repose, AR), blending efficiency (BE), and CLZ recovery (CR), were evaluated. Characterization included morphology from Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM), droplet size analysis, and pH-dependent dissolution studies. Results: D provided a highly robust baseline, yielding constant optimal coordinates (F2, F3 = +1; F4 = 0) across all sensitivity levels, with a predicted AR of 40.46°, BE of 0.12 and CR of 90.0%. However, WGP successfully refined this solution by allowing a more flexible weighting of goals, achieving a more favorable compromise with an AR of 38.96°, a BE of 0.11, and a CR of 90.23%. The optimized system maintained nanometric droplet sizes (<200 nm) and showed a controlled, pH-independent release profile, reaching 80% drug solubilization at 6 h. Conclusions: Integrating WGP into the QbD framework offers a more versatile and precise optimization than the traditional D for complex pharmaceutical systems. This approach ensures the production of high-quality S-SEDDS, bridging the gap between mathematical modeling and the stringent requirements of industrial solid dosage manufacturing. Full article

Cyanobacteria of the genus Phormidesmis are recognized as a promising source of biologically active secondary metabolites with anticancer and immunomodulatory properties. In the present study, we investigated both the cytotoxic and immunological effects of an extract obtained from Phormidesmis molle PACC (Plovdiv Algal Culture Collection) 8140 as well as its chemical composition. The extract was profiled by LC-ESI-MS/MS (Liquid chromatography—electrospray ionization—tandem mass spectrometry), and selected compounds were evaluated with in silico ADMET (Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) modeling. The cytotoxic potential of the extract was evaluated in vitro using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines (Caco-2, HT-29, and LS-180). The immunological impact of the extract was assessed on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from healthy donors. PBMCs were treated with 100 µg/mL extract for 48 h, followed by flow cytometric immunophenotyping and ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)-based cytokine quantification. The extract induced a concentration- and time-dependent decrease in cancer cell viability after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure. At 72 h, treatment with the highest concentration (200 µg/mL) reduced cell viability to 74% in Caco-2 cells, 69–70% in HT-29 cells, and 59–61% in LS-180 cells. Morphological changes observed after treatment with Phormidesmis extract showed pronounced cytotoxic and apoptosis-related effects in the colorectal cancer cell lines tested. Immunophenotyping revealed a pronounced expansion of natural killer (NK) cells (CD56⁺ and/or CD16⁺). CD3⁻CD56⁻CD16⁺ NK population was markedly increased (from 67.7 ± 0.95% in non-treated PBMCs to 94.66 ± 0.90% in extract-treated PBMCs, p < 0.001). In contrast, the proportions of CD8⁺ T cells, CD19⁺ B cells, and CD11b⁺ monocytes were significantly reduced (from 21.5 ± 4.50% to 7.22 ± 0.41%, from 11.9 ± 1.70% to 6.06 ± 0.42%, and from 66.4 ± 0.60% to 34.4 ± 0.87%, respectively). Cytokine analysis demonstrated strong suppression of Th1-associated cytokines, with significantly reduced interferon gamma (IFN-γ, 461 ng/mL in controls vs. 84 ng/mL in extract-treated cultures) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels (169 ng/mL in controls vs. 32 ng/mL in extract-treated cultures), whereas nterleukin-6 (IL-6) was moderately elevated (from 158 ng/mL in controls to 234 ng/mL in extract-treated cultures) and IL-10 remained low. These findings demonstrate that P. molle extract combines cytotoxic activity against cancer cells with potent immunomodulatory effects, highlighting its potential as a source of bioactive compounds for immune-based therapeutic strategies. Full article

Background/Objectives: Liquid profiling of molecular and epigenetic markers in bodily fluids is an expanding field of cancer biomarker research. Recent research activity also reveals the human satellite 2 (HSAT2) repetitive element cell-free DNA (cfDNA) as a potential cancer biomarker. Based on our recent results from targeted sequencing of HSAT2 cfDNA, we tested whether a specific HSAT2 sequence (e.g., 95 bp-HSAT2) shows greater cancer enrichment than 114 bp-SAT2, from which it derives, in patients with colon cancer. Methods: By comparing the ratio of 114 bp-HSAT2 to 95 bp-HSAT2, we investigated the increased cancer enrichment of 95 bp-HSAT2 in cfDNA samples obtained from plasma DNA extraction and a hybridization capture assay, in which HSAT2 sequences were captured from plasma using a biotin-labeled probe, in samples from colon cancer patients (n = 60) and polyp-controls (n = 60), and polyp-free controls (n = 60). Results: A correlation analysis between Ct values from DNA extraction and the hybridization capture assay for both 95 bp- and 114 bp-HSAT2 showed a positive correlation in patients with colon cancer and control subjects, indicating that the hybridization capture assay provides HSAT2 levels comparable to those obtained by DNA extraction. With both approaches, we found a lower 114 bp-HSAT2 to 95 bp-HSAT2 ratio in patients with colon cancer than in the control groups. The median ratio of extracted DNA was 62, 78, and 79 in patients with colon cancer, polyp-controls (p = 0.23), and polyp-free controls (p = 0.067), respectively. Capture assay values were 49, 87, and 64 in patients with colon cancer, polyp controls (p = 0.016), and polyp-free controls (p = 0.19), respectively. Even though statistical significance was not achieved in some comparisons, these results suggest that 95 bp-HSAT2 is more abundant in the blood of patients with colon cancer than 114 bp-HSAT2 in non-malignant patients. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study to conduct a hybridization capture assay using a biotinylated probe as a feasible approach for targeted enrichment of cfDNA from plasma. Our results confirm the outcomes of our recent article based on targeted sequencing and reveal that some specific HSAT2 sequences may exhibit increased cancer abundance. Full article

Under the vision of carbon neutrality, the global energy system urgently requires storable, transportable, and tradable zero-carbon carriers. Iron, due to its high crustal abundance, low cost, environmentally friendly reaction products, and ease of closed-loop cycling, is being reconsidered as a potential “metallic energy” alternative to fossil fuels. This paper systematically reviews the conceptual evolution, scientific lineage, and paradigm shift logic of iron-based energy within the framework of dual pathways: combustion and electrochemistry. On the combustion front, a multi-level understanding has been established—ranging from microscopic reaction mechanisms to macroscopic flame propagation, and from unit combustors to diversified thermal power systems—laying a methodological foundation for an integrated “solid fuel–thermal–power” approach. In parallel, the electrochemical pathway has developed both liquid and solid routes, integrating energy storage, pollution control, and resource recovery within a single device through multi-valent redox reversibility, thereby expanding the concept of generalized energy storage under the “battery-as-factory” paradigm. Current research is shifting its focus from single performance metrics toward synergistic optimization of efficiency, lifespan, cost, safety, and environmental impact, marking a transition in technological paradigm from “material trial-and-error” to “mechanism design.” Looking forward, to advance iron energy beyond the experimental validation stage, it is imperative to establish a cross-scale, closed-loop scientific characterization system, develop recycling strategies with low entropy and low energy consumption, and deeply integrate with renewable electricity, hydrogen, and high-temperature heat sources to form spatiotemporally transferable zero-carbon energy systems. In this way, iron may integrate into global energy trade as a “metallic energy in specific scenarios like ports/islands,” offering a scalable, hydrocarbon-independent technological option for achieving carbon neutrality. Full article

Rhodiola species are traditionally used to mitigate hypoxia-related symptoms, but comparative evidence on their chemical bases and active constituents is limited. We implemented an integrated “qualitative analysis–pharmacological exploration–correlation analysis–molecular validation” workflow to compare Rhodiola crenulata, R. kirilowii, and R. rosea. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–Q Exactive mass spectrometry (UPLC-QE-MS) profiling identified 175 metabolites across the three species, of which 161 were shared; multivariate analyses (principal component analysis, PCA; partial least squares–discriminant analysis, PLS-DA) revealed 30 differential compounds. In a normobaric hypoxia mouse model using herbal powder solutions, all three species significantly increased survival time versus control (p < 0.05), with mean survival times of 48.16 min (RR), 47.07 min (RC), and 44.82 min (RK) compared with 44.34 min for the positive control. Chemometric correlation (partial least squares regression, PLSR) combined with grey relational analysis (GRA) prioritized 14 compounds consistently associated with anti-hypoxia efficacy; six representative metabolites—epicatechin, 3-O-galloylquinic acid, salidroside, p-coumaric acid-4-O-glucoside, citric acid, and geraniol—were selected for in silico assessment. Molecular docking against hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) yielded favorable binding poses (docking scores < −4.0), providing preliminary molecular-level plausibility without claiming mechanistic proof. This multi-level approach clarifies chemical–pharmacological relationships among Rhodiola species and provides prioritized candidate compounds for targeted isolation and mechanistic validation. Full article

The decarbonization of large cruise ships is challenged by their extreme and tightly coupled electrical, thermal, and cooling demands. This study investigates a liquid hydrogen (LH₂)-based tri-generation system for cruise ships that simultaneously supplies electricity, heat, and cooling. Key novelties include the use of LH₂ as the onboard energy carrier for large cruise ships, the recovery of cooling energy from LH₂, a dynamic control strategy that synergistically modulates PEM fuel cell utilization to regulate downstream catalytic burner heat generation and balance heat and electricity generation and demand, and the first full-scale cruise-ship model of such a system, including hydrogen consumption and onboard storage sizing. A dynamic system-level model is applied to a representative 7-day voyage of a large cruise ship. The results show that the proposed system can meet combined peak demands of approximately 61 MW while achieving overall system efficiencies approaching 75%. Compared to traditional marine diesel-based power plants, the LH₂-based tri-generation configuration improves system efficiency by more than 20 percentage points. Total hydrogen consumption is estimated at approximately 240 t, which can be reduced by about 20% through shore-to-ship power, yielding a system volume comparable to that of a conventional diesel-based power plant. These results demonstrate the technical feasibility and system-level advantages of LH₂-based tri-generation for zero-emission cruise ships. Full article