Search Results (95)

Cultivated land quality is a key factor in ensuring sustainable agricultural development. Exploring differences in cultivated land quality under distinct cropping systems is essential for developing targeted improvement strategies. This study takes place in Shenyang City—located in the typical black soil region of Northeast China—as a case area to construct a cultivated land quality evaluation system comprising 13 indicators, including organic matter, effective soil layer thickness, and texture configuration. A minimum data set (MDS) was separately extracted for paddy and upland fields using principal component analysis (PCA) to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of cultivated land quality. Additionally, an obstacle degree model was employed to identify the limiting factors and quantify their impact. The results indicated the following. (1) Both MDSs consisted of seven indicators, among which five were common: ≥10 °C accumulated temperature, available phosphorus, arable layer thickness, irrigation capacity, and organic matter. Parent material and effective soil layer thickness were unique to paddy fields, while landform type and soil texture were unique to upland fields. (2) The cultivated land quality index (CQI) values at the sampling point level showed no significant difference between paddy (0.603) and upland (0.608) fields. However, their spatial distributions diverged significantly; paddy fields were dominated by high-grade land (Grades I and II) clustered in southern areas, whereas uplands were primarily of medium quality (Grades III and IV), with broader spatial coverage. (3) Major constraint factors for paddy fields were effective soil layer thickness (21.07%) and arable layer thickness (22.29%). For upland fields, the dominant constraints were arable layer thickness (27.57%), organic matter (25.40%), and ≥10 °C accumulated temperature (23.28%). Available phosphorus and ≥10 °C accumulated temperature were identified as shared constraint factors affecting quality classification in both systems. In summary, cultivated land quality under different cropping systems is influenced by distinct limiting factors. The construction of cropping-system-specific MDSs effectively improves the efficiency and accuracy of cultivated land quality assessment, offering theoretical and methodological support for land resource management in the black soil regions of China. Full article

Sustainable cropland management is essential in maintaining national food security. In the black soil regions of China, which are key areas for commercial grain production, sustainable land use must be achieved urgently. To address the absence of integrated, large-scale, remote sensing-based sustainability frameworks in China’s black soil zones, we developed a comprehensive evaluation system with 13 indicators from four dimensions: the soil capacity, the natural capacity, the management level, and crop productivity. With this system and the entropy weight method, we systematically analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of cropland sustainability in the selected black soil regions from 2010 to 2020. Additionally, a diagnostic model was applied to identify the key limiting factors constraining improvements in cropland sustainability. The results revealed that cropland sustainability in Heilongjiang Province has increased by 7% over the past decade, largely in the central and northeastern regions of the study area, with notable gains in soil capacity (+15.6%), crop productivity (+22.4%), and the management level (+4.8%). While the natural geographical characteristics show no obvious improvement in the overall score, they display significant spatial heterogeneity (with better conditions in the central/eastern regions than in the west). Sustainability increased the most in sloping dry farmland and paddy fields, followed by plain dry farmland and arid windy farmland areas. The soil organic carbon content and effective irrigation amount were the main obstacles affecting improvements in cropland sustainability in black soil regions. Promoting the implementation of technical models, strengthening investment in cropland infrastructure, and enhancing farmer engagement in black soil conservation are essential in ensuring long-term cropland sustainability. These findings provide a solid foundation for sustainable agricultural development, contributing to global food security and aligning with SDG 2 (zero hunger). Full article

Non-point source (NPS) pollution from agriculture accounts for more than 20% of the total pollution load in the Republic of Korea, with the highest nutrient balance among OECD countries. Rice paddy fields are among the most important NPSs because of their large area, intensive fertilizer use, intensive use of irrigation water, and subsequent drainage. Therefore, the use of controlled drainage in paddy fields (Test) was evaluated for reduction in the discharged volumes and pollutant loads in drainage and stormwater runoff in comparison to plots using traditional drainages (Control). The results show that the loads were highly variable and that the reductions in the annual load of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solid (SS), total nitrogen (T-N), total phosphorus (T-P), and total organic carbon (TOC) in the Test compared to that of the Control were 31.0 ± 28.9%, 83.5 ± 11.8%, 65.4 ± 12.2%, 69.1 ± 21.7%, and 64.9 ± 12.9%, respectively. It was shown that discharge in the post-harrowing and transplanting drainage (HD) was predominantly responsible for the total loads; therefore, the load reduction in HD was evaluated further at additional sites. The reduction at all studied sites was highly variable and as follows: 30.0 ± 33.6%, 70.9 ± 24.6%, 32.2 ± 45.5%, 45.7 ± 37.0%, and 27.0 ± 71.5%, for BOD, SS, T-N, T-P, and TOC, respectively. It was also demonstrated that controlled drainage contributed significantly to reducing the loads and volume of stormwater runoff from paddy fields. Correlations between paddy field conditions and multiple regression showed that the loads were significantly related to paddy water quality. The results of this study strongly suggest that controlled drainage is an excellent alternative for reducing the discharge of NPS pollutants from paddy fields. It is also suggested that the best discharge control would be achieved by combinations of various discharge mitigation alternatives, such as the management of irrigation, drainage, and fertilization, as well as drainage treatment, supported by more field tests, identification of the fates of pollutants, effects of rainfall, and climate changes. Full article

Water management is a long-standing source of dispute between the riparian states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Recently, these disputes have intensified due to impacts from climate change and Bangalore’s rapid growth to megacity status. Despite well-defined national water governance instruments, competition between state actors and limited access to reliable hydrometric data have led to a fragmented regulatory regime, allowing unchecked exploitation of surface and groundwater resources. Meanwhile, subsidised energy for groundwater pumping incentivises the unsustainable irrigation of high-value, water-intensive crops, resulting in overextraction and harm to aquatic ecosystems. Here, we employ a water–energy–food–environment (WEFE) nexus approach to examine the socio-political, economic, and environmental factors driving unsustainable irrigation practices in the Cauvery River Basin (CRB) of Southern India. Our methodology integrates spatially explicit analysis using digitised irrigation census data, theoretical energy modelling, and crop water demand simulations to assess groundwater use patterns and energy consumption for irrigation and their links with governance and economic growth. We analyse spatio-temporal irrigation patterns across the whole basin (about 85,000 km²) and reveal the correlation between energy access and groundwater extraction. Our study highlights four key findings. First, groundwater pumping during the Rabi (short-rain) season consumes 24 times more energy than during the Kharif (long-rain) season, despite irrigating 40% less land. Second, the increasing depth of borewells, driven by falling water table levels, is a major factor in rising energy consumption. Third, energy input is highest in regions dominated by paddy cultivation. Fourth, water pumping in the Cauvery region accounts for about 16% of India’s agricultural energy use, despite covering only 4% of the country’s net irrigated area. Our study reinforces the existing literature advocating for holistic, catchment-wide planning, aligned with all UN Sustainable Development Goals. Full article

Biochar application and controlled irrigation (CI) enhance water conservation, lower emissions, and increase crop yields. However, the synergistic effects on the relationship between paddy soil microstructure and microbiome remain poorly understood. This study investigates the impact of different irrigation regimes and biochar applications on soil physicochemical properties, soil microstructure, and the composition and functions of soil microorganisms in paddy soil. The CA treatment (CI with 60 t/hm² biochar) showed higher abundances of Mycobacteriaceae, Streptomycetaceae, Comamonadaceae, and Nocardioidaceae than the CK treatment (CI without biochar), which was attributed to two main factors. First, CA increased the pore throat equivalent radius (EqR), throat surface area (SAR), total throat number (TTN), volume fraction (VF), and connected porosity (CP) by 1.47–9.61%, 7.50–25.21%, 41.55–45.99%, 61.12–73.04%, and 46.36–93.75%, respectively, thereby expanding microbial habitats and providing refuges for microorganisms. Second, CA increased the cation exchange capacity (CEC), mean weight diameter (MWD), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total nitrogen (TN) by 22.14–25.06%, 42.24–56.61%, 22.98–56.5%, and 9.41–87.83%, respectively, reinforcing soil structural stability and carbon storage, which promoted microbial community diversity. FK (flood irrigation without biochar) showed no significant correlations with these environmental factors. Compared to CK soil metabolites at Level 2 and Level 3, FK exhibited higher levels of the citrate cycle, indicating that changes in water and oxygen environments due to CI reduced soil organic matter decomposition and carbon cycle. CA and CK strongly correlated with the soil microstructure (VF, CP, TTN, SAR, EqR), and CA notably enhanced soil metabolites related to the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, suggesting that biochar can mitigate the adverse metabolomic effects of CI. These results indicate that biochar application in CI paddy fields highlights the critical role of soil microstructure in microbial composition and function and better supports soil sustainability. Full article

This study aimed to improve water use efficiency at side deep fertilization paddy fields and reduce the direct discharge of tailwater from upstream dry-farming into Erhai Lake. Field experiments were conducted at Erhai Lake Basin in 2023 and 2024. In this study, paddies were used as storage basins. Two water managements were set with three replicates: flooding irrigation with deep storage and controlled drainage (CKCD), and water-saving irrigation with deep storage and controlled drainage (CCD). The rice growth indicators were observed. The results show that, in 2023, compared with CKCD, the root volume, root-to-shoot ratio, stem node spacing, stem diameter, plant height, tiller number, leaf area index and yield of CCD increased by 13.6, 19.6, 12.1, 4.1, 9.4, 3.0, 21.9, and 6.5%, respectively. For CCD, the total irrigation amount decreased by 27.3%, while irrigation productivity increased by 46.7%. In 2024, there were similar trends as in 2023. However, the tiller number and leaf area index of CCD decreased by 11 and 1.5%, respectively. Additionally, in CCD, the total irrigation amount decreased 52.5%, and the irrigation productivity increased by 1.4 kg/m³. There were similar regulars in soil temperature and its relationship with other growth indicates in 2023 and 2024. Soil temperature in CCD was generally higher than in CKCD. It positively correlated with stem diameter, but negatively with root volume. Additionally, root volume positively correlated with plant height and dry matter accumulation. Overall, the CCD approach could promote the indices of rice growth, increase the paddy capacity of tailwater storage, and reduce water consumption to further achieve water savings and increased yields. Full article

The dynamics of shallow water areas of inland lakes is closely related to the regional ecology and economy. However, it is still a challenge to extract the natural shallow water area for inland lakes using satellite images due to their rapid changes and various human demands. Therefore, we developed a new remote sensing-based method applied in Hongze Lake (one of the largest freshwater lakes in China) to first delineate the lake from the SWIR1 band of Landsat OLI imagery using cold spots in the LISA method, and then distinguish deep and shallow water areas from the G band of Landsat OLI images using hot spots with LISA after masking the lake out, and finally extracting the natural shallow water area by masking aquatic farms out from shallow water areas using farm ridge classification from NDWI images and aggregating points of farm ridges. The results show that (1) the method of this study is efficient in extracting the natural shallow water area with limited effects from aquatic vegetation; (2) water inflow (upstream water supply and precipitation) and the area of aquatic farms, the two dominant factors for the temporal changes in natural shallow water area, contributed 38.3% (positively) and 42.2% (negatively) to the decrease in the natural shallow water area during 2013–2022 in Hongze Lake; (3) the natural shallow water area of Hongze Lake decreased significantly every April as paddy rice farms withdrew a large amount of irrigation water from Hongze Lake. Our research provides a new approach to extract the natural shallow water areas of inland lakes from satellite images and demonstrates that the upstream water supply, precipitation, and agriculture demands are the three main reasons for seasonal and temporal variations in natural shallow water areas for inland lakes. Full article

The yield and quality of rice are influenced by soil conditions, and the soil issues in saline–alkaline land limit agricultural productivity. The saline–alkaline fields in the northern irrigation area of Yinchuan, Ningxia, China, face challenges such as low rice yield, poor quality, low fertilizer utilization efficiency, and soil salinity and alkalinity obstacles. To improve this situation, this study conducted experiments in 2022–2023 in the saline–alkaline rice–crab integrated fields of Tongbei Village, Tonggui Township, Yinchuan. This study employed a single-factor comparative design, applying 150 mL·hm⁻² of brassinolide (A1), 15 kg·hm⁻² of diatomaceous (A2), 30 kg·hm⁻² of Bacillus subtilis agent (A3), and an untreated control (CK) to analyze the effects of different biological amendments on rice growth, photosynthesis, yield, quality, and microbial communities. The results indicated that, compared with CK, the A3 increased the SPAD value and net photosynthetic rate by 2.26% and 28.59%, respectively. Rice yield increased by 12.34%, water use efficiency (WUE) by 10.67%, and the palatability score by 2.82%, while amylose content decreased by 8.00%. The bacterial OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units) and fungal OTUs increased by 2.18% and 22.39%, respectively. Under the condition of applying 30 kg·hm⁻² of Bacillus subtilis agent (A3), rice showed superior growth, the highest yield (8804.4 kg·hm⁻²), and the highest microbial OTUs. These findings provide theoretical and technical support for utilizing biological remediation agents to achieve desalinization, yield enhancement, quality improvement, and efficiency in saline–alkali rice–crab co–culture paddies. Full article

The unreasonable application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer leads to high nutrient losses and severe potential of agricultural non-point source contamination, which threatens water quality in the upper Yellow River Basin. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the effects of N application rates and various control measures on rice yield and N leaching in paddy fields in the Yellow River irrigation area. Four treatments were employed in this study, CK (no N fertilizer application, 0 kg N∙ha⁻¹), CRU (controlled-release urea application, 180 kg N∙ha⁻¹), OPT (optimal N fertilizer application, 210 kg N∙ha⁻¹), and FP (N fertilizer application based on farmer experience, 240 kg N∙ha⁻¹), to examine paddy yield, N use efficiency (NUE), N concentrations in leaching water at various soil depths, and N contents along the 0–100 cm depth of the soil profile. The results indicated that the amount of TN leached was 25.14–48.04 kg∙ha⁻¹ after different N applications, and the TN leaching coefficients of FP, OPT, and CRU were 10.88%, 11.27%, and 7.07%. Compared to FP and OPT, the CRU significantly reduced the concentrations of TN, ammonium N (NH₄⁺-N), and nitrate N (NO₃⁻-N) in the surface and soil water, with average TN leaching decreasing by 31.55% and 27.35% in the years 2022 and 2023, respectively. NO₃⁻-N was identified as the primary form of N leached from the paddy fields. Compared to FP and OPT treatments, the CRU treatment increased the average paddy yield by 19.99–20.66% and improved the average NUE by 19.04–16.38%. This study revealed that the application of high amounts of N positively affected soil N leaching, and controlled-release urea demonstrates superior efficacy compared to conventional fertilization. The application of controlled-release urea at a rate of 180 kg N∙ha⁻¹ not only ensures a good paddy yield but also reduce N losses, which should be recommended to local farmers. Full article

Comprehensive land improvement causes strong disturbances of land use patterns in the short term, resulting in changes in landscape structure and function. This study adopts the moving window method and semi-variation function to explore the spatial scale effect of landscape pattern metrics in the comprehensive land consolidation project area of Baimahu Farm, and the spatial variability and homologous ecological processes. The results showed that: (1) patch density, largest patch index, area-weighted average shape index, contagion, and division index all showed obvious scale effects, and the suitable first and second scale domains in the study area are 5–7 m and 35–40 m, respectively, and 5 m is the most suitable grain size for the study of landscape pattern change. (2) The block basis ratio of the semi-variogram of the six landscape level indices begins to stabilize at the window radius of 210 m. This scale can reflect the spatial variability of the landscape pattern in the study area and is the most suitable analysis range. (3) The fragmentation degree of paddy fields as landscape matrix decreased and the landscape dominance degree increased in the comprehensive land improvement; the degree of fragmentation of irrigated land and agricultural land for facilities increased, the aggregation of land for construction increased, the dominance degree of the pond surface decreased, and the overall landscape diversity of each mosaic decreased; the landscape heterogeneity of ditches, rural roads, forest and grassland corridors was weakened, and the ecosystem service function was weakened. (4) The trend of increased fragmentation, simplification of landscape types, and decreased diversity presented by the landscape pattern clearly indicates that the landscape pattern of the study area has been seriously damaged to some extent under the influence of human activities. This damage not only has a direct negative impact on the local ecological environment, but also poses a potential threat to the sustainable development of the region. Full article

In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was first initialized for the Qinglongshan Irrigation Area (QLS). We aimed to assess the impacts of climate and land use (LULC) changes between 1980 and 2020 on several hydrological parameters in the QLS, including actual evapotranspiration (ET), soil water (SW), soil recharge to groundwater (PERC), surface runoff (SURQ), groundwater runoff (GWQ), and lateral runoff (LATQ). We predicted the trends in hydrological factors from 2021 to 2050. Based on the S1 scenario, the precipitation and the paddy field area decreased by 42.28 mm and 1717.65 km², respectively; hydrological factors increased by 91.53, 104.28, 50.66, 21.86, 55.93, and 0.79 mm, respectively, in the QLS. Climate changes contributed 6.10%, −7.58%, −54.11%, 26.90%, −121.17%, and −31.66% to changes in hydrological factors, respectively; LULC changes contributed −2.19%, 3.63%, 11.61%, −2.93%, 25.89%, and 16.86%, respectively; and irrigation water volume changes contributed 96.09%, 103.95%, 142.50%, 76.03%, 195.28%, and 114.80%, respectively. Irrigation and water intake were the main factors affecting the changes in hydrological elements. This was followed by climatic changes and LULC. In natural development scenarios, the QLS is anticipated to face challenges, including increased actual ET, reduced seepage and groundwater contribution, and declining groundwater levels. Full article

Soil aggregate stability is an important factor that impacts ecological restoration and soil erosion. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is also an important factor affecting soil characteristics and quality. The triple-cropping system has the potential to enhance soil aggregate stability by promoting a more diverse and continuous plant cover, which could lead to improved soil structure and resistance to erosion. Over two consecutive years, this study was conducted to explore the impacts of the triple-cropping system on soil aggregate stability, soil carbon pool, and carbon sequestration characteristics in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. This study set up five planting modes, namely milkvetch–early rice–late rice (CRR, CK), milkvetch–early rice–sweet potato||soybean (CRI), rape–early rice–late rice (RRR), rape–early rice–sweet potato||soybean (RRI) and potato–early rice–late rice (PRR). The contribution of soil aggregates > 2 mm under CRI increased by 20.77%, 6.71%, and 2.19% to the control in winter cropping and early and late rice harvesting periods, respectively. During the winter harvest period, the geometric mean diameter (GMD) and mean weight diameter (MWD) of the CRI treatment were significantly higher than other treatments (p < 0.05), with increases of 7.53–16.28% and 4.67–10.28% respectively. After the late rice harvest, the GMD values of the CRI and PRR treatments were significantly higher than the control treatment by 13.56%, and the MWD values were higher than those of other treatments by 4.24–13.17%, 3.74–12.63% (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CRI also improved the GMD and MWD of soil aggregates, and the stability of soil aggregates was improved by winter milkvetch (treatment of CRI) and paddy-upland multi-crop models (treatment of PRR). RRR treatment was beneficial to the accumulation of soil organic carbon and slowed the loss of soil organic carbon. Irrigation and drought multiple cropping can effectively increase the content of soil active organic carbon, among which the treatment of CRI had the best performance and the most significant effect in increasing the content of soil active organic carbon. After the late rice harvest, the soil’s active organic carbon content in the CRI treatment was the highest, which was significantly different from the control treatment and increased by 35.62% compared with the control (p < 0.05). Compared with before planting, the soil microbial biomass carbon content in each treatment increased by 12.07–27.59% after the late rice harvest. The soil-dissolved organic carbon content in CRI treatment was the highest, which was significantly higher than CK treatment, RRR, and PRR, with an increase of 46.88%, 42.42%, and 30.56%, respectively (p < 0.05). In addition, the accumulation of soil microbial biomass carbon, soil dissolved organic carbon content, and soil easily oxidized organic carbon content was promoted by multi-cropping in rice fields, and the increase from CRI and RRI treatment was more significant. In conclusion, in the triple-cropping area of paddy fields in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the milkvetch–early rice–sweet potato||late soybean and rape–early rice–sweet potato||late soybean models are conducive to the optimal management of the soil carbon pool and carbon sequestration. These models can improve the multiple cropping index, reduce costs, and increase revenue. Full article

Biochar’s benign effects on agricultural production have been demonstrated. Still, no consistent conclusions have been drawn on the impact of biochar-amended paddy fields on carbon sequestration, gas emission reduction, and efficiency enhancement in typical cropping areas in the middle Yangtze River. A field experiment using five dosages of biochar (CK, BC1.5, BC3, BC4.5, and BC6) at 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 kg·m⁻² was conducted at the Hubei Irrigation Experiment Center Station, Jingmen City, Hubei Province, China, to investigate the effects of biochar on carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas emissions, and agricultural efficiency in paddy in the middle Yangtze River Region. This study showed that the optimal biochar dosage was 4.5 kg·m⁻² (BC4.5). Biochar significantly improved soil properties, increased rice yield by 26.4–61.4%, and enhanced water use efficiency (WUE) and economic profit (EP) by 32.0–83.7% and −8.0–48.6%, respectively. Biochar increased soil carbon sequestration (SCS) and carbon pool management index (CPMI) by 23.0–198.3% and 22.9–71.5%, respectively. Biochar also reduced greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI), global warming potential (GWP), and emissions of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O. Furthermore, structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC), in addition to the “biochar” influence factor, was a key positive influence factor for SCS, CPMI, and EP. Another major positive factor for GWP was silt, and for WUE it was saturated hydraulic conductivity, while TN and SOC were the major negative variables for GHGI. In summary, biochar demonstrated outstanding carbon sequestration and emission reduction impacts while ensuring crop production growth and efficiency improvement. The results provide a research basis for safeguarding food security and mitigating climate warming in the middle Yangtze River region. Full article

Microplastic (MP) pollution in agriculture is garnering growing concern due to its potential detrimental impact on soil properties and crop growth, particularly affecting staple food crops such as rice. Irrigation plays a crucial role in the migration of MPs. However, limited research has focused on how different irrigation modes affect the migration of MPs in paddy fields. To simulate real-world conditions, in this experiment, two different irrigation modes were set: shallow–frequent irrigation (FWI, I₀) and controlled irrigation (CI, I₁). The experiment also included treatments with and without duckweed (D₀ and D₁, respectively), as well as treatments with and without MPs (M₀ and M₁). This resulted in a total of eight treatments: I₀M₀D₀, I₀M₀D₁, I₁M₀D₀, I₁M₀D₁, I₀M₁D₀, I₀M₁D₁, I₁M₁D₀, and I₁M₁D₁. Our findings indicated that compared to CI, FWI significantly increased the MP concentration in the leakage but reduced the numbers of MPs in the first soil layer and adhered by duckweed. Notably, dry–wet cycles under CI induced soil cracking, and the MP concentrations in cracked areas were significantly higher than those of crack-free soil. Moreover, compared with the MP-free treatment, MP treatments significantly influenced rice root growth, such as enhancing the average root diameter by 13.44%, root volume by 46.87%, root surface area by 30.81%, and biomass aboveground by 26.13%, respectively. The abundance of some microorganisms was also significantly influenced by the relative mobility (R_M) of MPs. Furthermore, the root length was positively correlated with Planctomycetota. Meanwhile, Actinobacteriota was negatively correlated with the root surface area, root volume, and branch number, and Bacteroidota was negatively correlated with the number of root tips. However, further research is needed to elucidate how MPs influence microorganisms and, in turn, affect rice root growth. Full article

In order to address the increasingly prominent issues of water resource protection and agricultural non-point source pollution in the Erhai Lake Basin, this study conducted a two-year field experiment in Gusheng Village, located in the Erhai Lake Basin. In 2022, two irrigation treatments were set up: conventional flooding irrigation (CK) and controlled irrigation (C), with three replicates for each treatment. In 2023, aiming to enhance the utilization rate of rainwater resources and reduce the direct discharge of dry-farming tailwater from upstream into Erhai Lake. The paddy field was used as an ecological storage basin, and the water storage depth of the paddy field was increased compared to the depth of 2022. Combined with the deep storage of rainwater, the dry-farming tailwater was recharged into the paddy field to reduce the drainage. In 2023, two water treatments, flooding irrigation with deep storage and controlled drainage (CKCD) and water-saving irrigation with deep storage and controlled drainage (CCD) were set up, and each treatment was set up with three replicates. The growth and physiological index of rice at various stages were observed. Nitrogen leaching of paddy field in surface water, soil water, and groundwater under different water treatments after tillering fertilizer were observed. The research results show that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers under organic planting can provide more reasonable nutrient supply for rice, promote dry matter accumulation and other indices, and also reduce the concentration of NH₄⁺-N in surface water. Compared with CK, the yield, 1000-grain weight, root-to-shoot ratio, and leaf area index of C are increased by 4.8%, 4.1%, 20.9%, and 9.7%, respectively. Compared with CKCD, the yield, 1000-grain weight, root-to-shoot ratio, and leaf area index of CCD are increased by 6.5%, 3.8%, 19.6%, and 21.9%, respectively. The yield in 2023 is 19% higher than that in 2022. Treatment C can increase the growth indicators and reduce the net photosynthetic rate to a certain extent, while CCD rain-flood storage can alleviate the inhibition of low irrigation lower limit on the net photosynthetic rate of rice. Both C and CCD can reduce nitrogen loss and irrigation amount in paddy fields. CCD can reduce the tailwater in the Gusheng area of the Erhai Lake Basin to Erhai Lake, and also can make full use of N, P, and other nutrients in the tailwater to promote the formation and development of rice. In conclusion, the paddy field rain-flood storage methodology in the Erhai Lake Basin can promote various growth and physiological indicators of rice, improve water resource utilization efficiency, reduce direct discharge of tailwater into Erhai Lake, and decrease the risk of agricultural non-point source pollution. Full article