Search Results (19)

Background and Objectives: Micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TSCPC) selectively targets the ciliary body epithelium to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP). This study evaluated 6-month efficacy and safety of MP-TSCPC in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEX) refractory to maximally tolerated topical therapy, and formally tested clinical equivalence between subtypes. Materials and Methods: In this single-arm prospective interventional cohort study with planned subgroup comparison, 58 eyes from 41 patients (POAG, 34; PEX, 24) underwent MP-TSCPC using the Cyclo G6 system with MicroPulse P3 probe at 2.0–2.2 W, 31.3% duty cycle, 90 s per hemisphere. IOP, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), antiglaucoma medications, and complications were recorded at baseline and at 30, 90, and 180 days. Six prespecified success criteria were evaluated, including the original ≥20% reduction threshold and the stricter Tekeli composite criteria. Outcomes are reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and Cohen’s d. Intra-subject correlation from bilateral inclusion was addressed through a linear mixed-effects model, generalized estimating equations, and a 1000-iteration sensitivity analysis with random one-eye-per-patient subsampling. Equivalence was assessed by two one-sided tests (TOST). Results: Baseline IOP was 26.50 ± 2.93 mmHg (POAG) and 25.92 ± 2.47 mmHg (PEX). At 180 days, mean IOP reduction was 32.1% (95% CI 30.1–34.1) in POAG and 28.8% (95% CI 26.9–30.7) in PEX, both p < 0.001 versus baseline, with very large within-group effect sizes (Cohen’s d 4.24 and 4.81). All eyes achieved ≥20% reduction; under Tekeli criterion A (IOP ≤ 18 mmHg AND ≥20% reduction), success was 67.6% (POAG) and 54.2% (PEX). A 3.2 percentage-point between-group difference at 180 days was statistically detectable unadjusted (p = 0.024) but lost significance after clustering adjustment (mixed-model p = 0.101); equivalence was formally established at the ±7 percentage-point margin (TOST p = 0.004). Medication burden decreased in 41.2% (POAG) and 50.0% (PEX) of eyes. BCVA was preserved in all eyes; no serious adverse events were recorded. Conclusions: MP-TSCPC produces clinically meaningful, progressive IOP reduction over 6 months in both POAG and PEX, with no serious complications and clinically equivalent efficacy between subtypes. Longer-term studies with formal recording of baseline severity descriptors are warranted to confirm durability. Trial registration: ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN62227730. Full article

Objectives: Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (ATRTs) are rare, malignant central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms that predominantly affect infants and young children. While ATRT arises throughout the CNS, its extracranial counterpart, malignant rhabdoid tumor, occurs in other organs. A single-institutional cohort is reviewed to map anatomic distribution of pediatric ATRTs and to integrate a literature review to contextualize ATRT histogenesis from anatomical and embryological perspectives. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on a cohort of 50 pediatric patients with ATRT treated over 20 years. Demographic, surgical, and neuroimaging data were correlated to define tumor location, extent, and compartmental involvement. A focused literature review synthesized molecular subclassifications and proposed cells of origin/cytogenesis. Results: Of the 50 ATRTs, 18 (36%) were infratentorial, 15 (30%) supratentorial, 11 (22%) in the pineal region, and 6 (12%) in the spinal compartment. Among infratentorial tumors, 10 were centered in the fourth ventricle, with or without extension into the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) cistern; the remainder arose in the CPA. Among ATRTs of the cerebral hemispheres, 3 showed bi-hemispheric involvement crossing the falx cerebri. ATRTs of the pineal region predominantly originated from the superior medullary velum. These topographic data were corelated with embryological and molecular information available in the literature. Conclusions: ATRTs arise across diverse neuroanatomical compartments—including intraparenchymal, intraventricular, extra-axial, and extradural sites—underscoring biological heterogeneity. Inactivation of SMARCB1 is the defining molecular event and principal oncogenic driver, although the upstream mechanisms precipitating these alterations remain incompletely resolved. Molecular subgroups—ATRT-TYR, ATRT-SHH, and ATRT-MYC—display distinct age distributions and anatomic predilections, implicating developmental context in tumor initiation. The characteristic cellular admixture of rhabdoid cells with mesenchymal and/or epithelial differentiation, together with intra- and extra-axial and occasional extradural presentations, supports a model in which at least a subset of ATRTs may originate from neural crest-derived lineages, despite little or no neural crest contribution to brain parenchyma development. Neural plate border progenitors with bipotent features represent a plausible intraparenchymal cell of origin. Definitive resolution of these origins and the mechanisms of SMARCB1 disruption will require integrated approaches. Further investigations are warranted to clarify these mechanisms. Full article

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) represents the dominant atmospheric mode governing climate variability across the Northern Hemisphere, particularly influencing precipitation regimes in regions such as northern Algeria. This study investigates the nonlinear linkage between monthly NAO indices and rainfall over northern Algeria for the period 1970–2009 using a cross-multiresolution analysis framework based on seven wavelet families—Daubechies, Biorthogonal, Reverse Biorthogonal, Discrete Meyer, Symlets, Coiflets, and Fejer–Korovkin—comprising a total of 106 individual mother wavelets. More than 700 cross-correlations were computed per NAO–rainfall pair to identify wavelet families that yield stable and physically coherent teleconnection structures across seven decomposition scales (D1–A7). The maximum decomposition level (2⁷ = 128 months, ≈10.6 years) captures intra-annual to decadal variability without extending into multidecadal regimes, ensuring temporal representativeness relative to the 40-year record length. The results reveal that short-term scales (D1–D3) are dominated by noise, masking weak correlations (≤±0.20), while stronger and more coherent relationships emerge at longer scales, reaching ±0.4 at the annual and ±0.75 at the decadal bands. These findings confirm the pronounced influence of low-frequency NAO variability on regional precipitation. Unlike previous studies limited to a few Daubechies wavelets, this work systematically compares 106 wavelet forms and evaluates robustness through reproducibility across scales, consistency among wavelet families, and physical coherence with known NAO periodicities (2–4 and 8–12 years). By emphasizing stability and physical plausibility over statistical significance alone, this approach minimizes the risk of spurious correlations due to multiple testing and highlights genuine scale-dependent teleconnection patterns. The application of discrete wavelet transforms thus enhances signal clarity, isolates meaningful oscillations, and provides a robust diagnostic framework for understanding NAO–rainfall dynamics in northern Algeria. Full article

This study involved 72 volunteers divided into two groups according to the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI): $\mathrm{AHI}>15$ episodes per hour ($\mathrm{e}\mathrm{p}/\mathrm{h}$) (main group, $n=39$, including 28 men, median AHI 44.15, median age 47), $0\le \mathrm{AHI}\le 15\mathrm{e}\mathrm{p}/\mathrm{h}$ (control group, $n=33$, including 12 men, median AHI 2, median age 28). Each participant underwent polysomnography with a recording of 19 EEG channels. Based on wavelet bicoherence (WB), the magnitude of connectivity between all pairs of EEG channels in six bands was estimated: $D{f}_1$ $\left[0.25;1\right]$, $D{f}_2$ $\left[1;4\right]$, $D{f}_3$ $\left[4;8\right]$, $D{f}_4$ $\left[8;12\right]$, $D{f}_5$ $\left[12;20\right]$, $D{f}_6$ $\left[20;30\right]$ Hz. In all six bands considered, we noted a significant decrease in symmetrical interhemispheric connections in OSA patients. Also, in the main group for slow oscillatory activity $D{f}_1$ and $D{f}_2$, we observe a decrease in connection values in the EEG channels associated with the central interhemispheric sulcus. In addition, patients with $\mathrm{AHI}>15$ show an increase in intrahemispheric connectivity, in particular, forming a left hemisphere high-degree synchronization node (connections PzT3, PzF3, PzFp1) in the $D{f}_2$ band. When considering high-frequency EEG oscillations, connectivity in OSA patients again shows a significant increase within the cerebral hemispheres. The revealed differences in functional connectivity in patients with different levels of AHI are quite stable, remaining when averaging the full nocturnal EEG recording, including both the entire sleep duration and night awakenings. The increase in the number of hypoxia episodes correlates with the violation of the symmetry of interhemispheric functional connections. Maximum absolute values of correlation between the apnea–hypopnea index, AHI, and the WB synchronization strength are observed for the $D{f}_2$ band in symmetrical EEG channels C3C4 ($-0.81$) and P3P4 ($-0.77$). The conducted studies demonstrate the possibility of developing diagnostic systems for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome without using signals from the cardiovascular system and respiratory activity. Full article

We previously described the circadian variation and bilateral distribution of pyroglutamate aminopeptidase I (pGluPI) activity levels in photoneuroendocrine locations of adult male rats during a standard 12:12 h light–dark cycle. However, the correlational analysis between such locations has not yet been studied. This may provide new data about the unilateral and bilateral functional interaction between photoneuroendocrine locations under light and dark conditions. We analyzed the correlations between locations of a photoneuroendocrine circuit consisting of retina, anterior hypothalamus, superior cervical ganglion, and pineal gland, as well as other related photoneuroendocrine locations: posterior hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, occipital cortex, and serum. In particular, we analyzed the correlations between the left retina or the right retina versus the rest of the locations, as well as the correlations between the left and right sides of paired structures at the different time points selected from 12 h light and 12 h dark periods. Also, the profiles of correlational results were compared with the corresponding mean levels. The results demonstrate the complexity of asymmetrical brain behavior. The correlation profile did not always parallel the profile observed with the mean activity values. The diurnal behavior of correlations with the left or right retina differed from one location to another. Likewise, the diurnal variation of correlations between the left and right sides of the paired structures differed between them. Particularly, while most correlations between the left versus right sides of paired structures showed positive values, that of the posterior hypothalamus showed a negative value at 13 h of light period. In addition, except the posterior hypothalamus, most paired locations only correlated significantly with right retina at 07 h of the light period. The results demonstrate the dynamic complexity of brain asymmetry, which represents a challenge for understanding its functional meaning. Full article

Sexual arousal (SA) is a multidimensional experience that includes cognitive, emotional, motivational and physiological components. Texts with erotic content have been used to generate a state of SA. Erotic texts often include aggressive content that has not been evaluated in relation to SA. The aim of this work was to compare cortical functionality in women when reading a sexually explicit text (SET) and a sexually explicit text with aggression (SETA). Twenty-seven women participated. The EEG activity of the frontal, temporal and parietal locations was recorded during the reading of both texts. The participants found the SET to be more pleasant than the SETA. Both texts were identified as triggers of general and SA. While reading the SETA, there was an increase in absolute power in the frontal and parietal locations, a higher intrahemispheric correlation between the left frontal and temporal locations in fast frequency bands and a greater interhemispheric correlation between the frontal locations in the delta and alpha1 bands. These findings indicate that cortical functionality during SA in women differs based on the content and context of the erotic material being read, possibly associated with mechanisms that underlie the processing and incentive value assignment of stimuli with sexual and aggressive connotations. Full article

Brain tumour surgery in visual eloquent areas poses significant challenges to neurosurgeons and has reported inconsistent results. This is a single-centre prospective cohort study of patients admitted for asleep surgery of intra-axial lesions in visual eloquent areas. Demographic and clinical information, data from tractography and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) monitoring were recorded and correlated with visual outcomes. Thirty-nine patients were included (20 females, 19 males; mean age 52.51 ± 14.08 years). Diffuse intrinsic glioma was noted in 61.54% of patients. There was even distribution between the temporal, occipital and parietal lobes, while 55.26% were right hemispheric lesions. Postoperatively, 74.4% remained stable in terms of visual function, 23.1% deteriorated and 2.6% improved. The tumour infiltration of the optic radiation on tractography was significantly related to the visual field deficit after surgery (p = 0.016). Higher N75 (p = 0.036) and P100 (p = 0.023) amplitudes at closure on direct cortical VEP recordings were associated with no new postoperative visual deficit. A threshold of 40% deterioration of the N75 (p = 0.035) and P100 (p = 0.020) amplitudes correlated with a risk of visual field deterioration. To conclude, direct cortical VEP recordings demonstrated a strong correlation with visual outcomes, contrary to transcranial recordings. Invasion of the optic radiation is related to worse visual field outcomes. Full article

Global mapping of essential vegetation traits (EVTs) through data acquired by Earth-observing satellites provides a spatially explicit way to analyze the current vegetation states and dynamics of our planet. Although significant efforts have been made, there is still a lack of global and consistently derived multi-temporal trait maps that are cloud-free. Here we present the processing chain for the spatiotemporally continuous production of four EVTs at a global scale: (1) fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR), (2) leaf area index (LAI), (3) fractional vegetation cover (FVC), and (4) leaf chlorophyll content (LCC). The proposed workflow presents a scalable processing approach to the global cloud-free mapping of the EVTs. Hybrid retrieval models, named S3-TOA-GPR-1.0-WS, were implemented into Google Earth Engine (GEE) using Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI) Level-1B for the mapping of the four EVTs along with associated uncertainty estimates. We used the Whittaker smoother (WS) for the temporal reconstruction of the four EVTs, which led to continuous data streams, here applied to the year 2019. Cloud-free maps were produced at 5 km spatial resolution at 10-day time intervals. The consistency and plausibility of the EVT estimates for the resulting annual profiles were evaluated by per-pixel intra-annually correlating against corresponding vegetation products of both MODIS and Copernicus Global Land Service (CGLS). The most consistent results were obtained for LAI, which showed intra-annual correlations with an average Pearson correlation coefficient (R) of 0.57 against the CGLS LAI product. Globally, the EVT products showed consistent results, specifically obtaining higher correlation than $R>$ 0.5 with reference products between 30 and 60° latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. Additionally, intra-annual goodness-of-fit statistics were also calculated locally against reference products over four distinct vegetated land covers. As a general trend, vegetated land covers with pronounced phenological dynamics led to high correlations between the different products. However, sparsely vegetated fields as well as areas near the equator linked to smaller seasonality led to lower correlations. We conclude that the global gap-free mapping of the four EVTs was overall consistent. Thanks to GEE, the entire OLCI L1B catalogue can be processed efficiently into the EVT products on a global scale and made cloud-free with the WS temporal reconstruction method. Additionally, GEE facilitates the workflow to be operationally applicable and easily accessible to the broader community. Full article

Previous studies demonstrated an asymmetry of left predominance for mean values of soluble leucine aminopeptidase (LeuAP) activity in the frontal cortex (FC) and hypothalamus of adult male rats, fluorimetrically analyzed by the hydrolysis of Leu-β-naphthylamide as a substrate. No asymmetries were observed in nine other left (L) and right (R) regions obtained from rostro-caudally sectioned coronal slices. Neither had inter-hemispheric differences observed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), analyzed simultaneously in the same brain regions (L and R) of the same animals. However, the level of intra-hemispheric or inter-hemispheric correlation of LeuAP or LDH between such brain regions has not been analyzed. In order to obtain additional suggestions on the functional heterogeneity between regions of LeuAP and LDH, in the present investigation, the level of intra-hemispheric and inter-hemispheric correlations of the frontal cortex with the rest of the regions studied is described: (A) between the left frontal cortex (LFC) and the rest of the left regions; (B) between the right frontal cortex (RFC) and the rest of the right regions; (C) between the left frontal cortex and all of the right regions; and (D) between the right frontal cortex and all of the left regions. All of the correlations obtained were positive. The intra-hemispheric analysis showed a greater heterogeneity of values in the correlations observed between RFC and the rest of the right regions than between LFC and the rest of the left regions. Greater heterogeneity is observed when comparing RFC correlations with left regions than when comparing LFC correlations with right regions. In conclusion, the greatest heterogeneity (suggesting a greater functional variability) was observed in the right intra-hemispheric analysis and in the inter-hemispheric analysis between the RFC and the left hemisphere. The results for LDH showed a great homogeneity between regions both in the intra- and inter-hemispheric studies. Full article

Background and Objectives: Attentional dysfunction has long been viewed as one of the fundamental underlying cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. There is an urgent need to understand its neural underpinning and develop effective treatments. In the process of attention, neural oscillation has a central role in filtering information and allocating resources to either stimulus-driven or goal-relevant objects. Here, we asked if resting-state EEG connectivity correlated with attentional performance in schizophrenia patients. Materials and Methods: Resting-state EEG recordings were obtained from 72 stabilized patients with schizophrenia. Lagged phase synchronization (LPS) was used to measure whole-brain source-based functional connectivity between 84 intra-cortical current sources determined by eLORETA (exact low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography) for five frequencies. The Conners’ Continuous Performance Test-II (CPT-II) was administered for evaluating attentional performance. Linear regression with a non-parametric permutation randomization procedure was used to examine the correlations between the whole-brain functional connectivity and the CPT-II measures. Results: Greater beta-band right hemispheric fusiform gyrus (FG)-lingual gyrus (LG) functional connectivity predicted higher CPT-II variability scores (r = 0.44, p < 0.05, corrected), accounting for 19.5% of variance in the CPT-II VAR score. Greater gamma-band right hemispheric functional connectivity between the cuneus (Cu) and transverse temporal gyrus (TTG) and between Cu and the superior temporal gyrus (STG) predicted higher CPT-II hit reaction time (HRT) scores (both r = 0.50, p < 0.05, corrected), accounting for 24.6% and 25.1% of variance in the CPT-II HRT score, respectively. Greater gamma-band right hemispheric Cu-TTG functional connectivity predicted higher CPT-II HRT standard error (HRTSE) scores (r = 0.54, p < 0.05, corrected), accounting for 28.7% of variance in the CPT-II HRTSE score. Conclusions: Our study indicated that increased right hemispheric resting-state EEG functional connectivity at high frequencies was correlated with poorer focused attention in schizophrenia patients. If replicated, novel approaches to modulate these networks may yield selective, potent interventions for improving attention deficits in schizophrenia. Full article

EEG studies indicated that schizophrenia patients had increased resting-state theta-band functional connectivity, which was associated with negative symptoms. We recently published the first study showing that theta (6 Hz) transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) over left prefrontal and parietal cortices during a working memory task for accentuating frontoparietal theta-band synchronization (in-phase theta-tACS) reduced negative symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Here, we hypothesized that in-phase theta-tACS can modulate theta-band large-scale networks connectivity in schizophrenia patients. In this randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial, patients received twice-daily, 2 mA, 20-min sessions of in-phase theta-tACS for 5 consecutive weekdays (n = 18) or a sham stimulation (n = 18). Resting-state electroencephalography data were collected at baseline, end of stimulation, and at one-week follow-up. Exact low resolution electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA) was used to compute intra-cortical activity. Lagged phase synchronization (LPS) was used to measure whole-brain source-based functional connectivity across 84 cortical regions at theta frequency (5–7 Hz). EEG data from 35 patients were analyzed. We found that in-phase theta-tACS significantly reduced the LPS between the posterior cingulate (PC) and the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) in the right hemisphere only at the end of stimulation relative to sham (p = 0.0009, corrected). The reduction in right hemispheric PC-PHG LPS was significantly correlated with negative symptom improvement at the end of the stimulation (r = 0.503, p = 0.039). Our findings suggest that in-phase theta-tACS can modulate theta-band large-scale functional connectivity pertaining to negative symptoms. Considering the failure of right hemispheric PC-PHG functional connectivity to predict improvement in negative symptoms at one-week follow-up, future studies should investigate whether it can serve as a surrogate of treatment response to theta-tACS. Full article

Language reorganization may represent an adaptive phenomenon to compensate tumor invasion of the dominant hemisphere. However, the functional changes over time underlying language plasticity remain unknown. We evaluated language function in patients with low-grade glioma (LGG), using task-based functional MRI (tb-fMRI), graph-theory and standardized language assessment. We hypothesized that functional networks obtained from tb-fMRI would show connectivity changes over time, with increased right-hemispheric participation. We recruited five right-handed patients (4M, mean age 47.6Y) with left-hemispheric LGG. Tb-fMRI and language assessment were conducted pre-operatively (pre-op), and post-operatively: post-op1 (4–8 months), post-op2 (10–14 months) and post-op3 (16–23 months). We computed the individual functional networks applying optimal percolation thresholding. Language dominance and hemispheric connectivity were quantified by laterality indices (LI) on fMRI maps and connectivity matrices. A fixed linear mixed model was used to assess the intra-patient correlation trend of LI values over time and their correlation with language performance. Individual networks showed increased inter-hemispheric and right-sided connectivity involving language areas homologues. Two patterns of language reorganization emerged: Three/five patients demonstrated a left-to-codominant shift from pre-op to post-op3 (type 1). Two/five patients started as atypical dominant at pre-op, and remained unchanged at post-op3 (type 2). LI obtained from tb-fMRI showed a significant left-to-right trend in all patients across timepoints. There were no significant changes in language performance over time. Type 1 language reorganization may be related to the treatment, while type 2 may be tumor-induced, since it was already present at pre-op. Increased inter-hemispheric and right-side connectivity may represent the initial step to develop functional plasticity. Full article

The distribution of global warming has been varying both diurnally and seasonally. Little is known about the spatiotemporal variations in the relationships between vegetation greenness and day- and night-time warming during the last decades. We investigated the global inter- and intra-annual responses of vegetation greenness to the diurnal asymmetric warming during the period of 1982–2015, using the normalized different vegetation index (NDVI, a robust proxy for vegetation greenness) obtained from the NOAA/AVHRR NDVI GIMMS3g dataset and the monthly average daily maximum (T_max) and minimum temperature (T_min) obtained from the gridded Climate Research Unit, University of East Anglia. Several findings were obtained: (1) The strength of the relationship between vegetation greenness and the diurnal temperature varied on inter-annual and seasonal timescales, indicating generally weakening warming effects on the vegetation activity across the global. (2) The decline in vegetation response to T_max occurred mainly in the mid-latitudes of the world and in the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, whereas the decline in the vegetation response to T_min primarily concentrated in low latitudes. The percentage of areas with a significantly negative trend in the partial correlation coefficient between vegetation greenness and diurnal temperature was greater than that of the areas showing the significant positive trend. (3) The trends in the correlation between vegetation greenness and diurnal warming showed a complex spatial pattern: the majority of the study areas had undergone a significant declining strength in the vegetation greenness response to T_max in all seasons and to T_min in seasons except autumn. These findings are expected to have important implications for studying the diurnal asymmetry warming and its effect on the terrestrial ecosystem. Full article

Individuals with insomnia present unique patterns of electroencephalographic (EEG) asymmetry between homologous regions of each brain hemisphere, yet few studies have assessed asymmetry within the same hemisphere. Increase in intrahemispheric asymmetry during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in good sleepers (GS) and disruption of REM sleep in insomnia sufferers (INS) both point out that this activity may be involved in the pathology of insomnia. The objective of the present exploratory study was to evaluate and quantify patterns of fronto-central, fronto-parietal, fronto-occipital, centro-parietal, centro-occipital and parieto-occipital intrahemispheric asymmetry in GS and INS, and to assess their association with sleep-wake misperception, daytime anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as insomnia severity. This paper provides secondary analysis of standard EEG recorded in 43 INS and 19 GS for three nights in a sleep laboratory. Asymmetry measures were based on EEG power spectral analysis within 0.3–60 Hz computed between pairs of regions at frontal, central, parietal and occipital derivations. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were performed to assess group differences. Exploratory correlations were then performed on asymmetry and sleep-wake misperception, as well as self-reported daytime anxiety and depressive symptoms, and insomnia severity. INS presented increased delta and theta F3/P3 asymmetry during REM sleep compared with GS, positively associated with depressive and insomnia complaints. INS also exhibited decreased centro-occipital (C3/O1, C4/O2) and parieto-occipital (P3–O1, P4/O2) theta asymmetry during REM. These findings suggest that INS present specific patterns of intrahemispheric asymmetry, partially related to their clinical symptoms. Future studies may investigate the extent to which asymmetry is related to sleep-wake misperception or memory impairments. Full article

Intraoperative direct electrostimulation mapping (DEM) is currently the gold-standard for glioma surgery, since functional-based resection allows an optimization of the onco-functional balance (increased resection with preserved quality of life). Besides intrasurgical awake mapping of conation, cognition, and behavior, preoperative mapping by means of functional neuroimaging (FNI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has increasingly been utilized for surgical selection and planning. However, because these techniques suffer from several limitations, particularly for direct functional mapping of subcortical white matter pathways, DEM remains crucial to map neural connectivity. On the other hand, non-invasive FNI and TMS can be repeated before and after surgical resection(s), enabling longitudinal investigation of brain reorganization, especially in slow-growing tumors like low-grade gliomas. Indeed, these neoplasms generate neuroplastic phenomena in patients with usually no or only slight neurological deficits at diagnosis, despite gliomas involving the so-called “eloquent” structures. Here, data gained from perioperative FNI/TMS mapping methods are reviewed, in order to decipher mechanisms underpinning functional cerebral reshaping induced by the tumor and its possible relapse, (re)operation(s), and postoperative rehabilitation. Heterogeneous spatiotemporal patterns of rearrangement across patients and in a single patient over time have been evidenced, with structural changes as well as modifications of intra-hemispheric (in the ipsi-lesional and/or contra-lesional hemisphere) and inter-hemispheric functional connectivity. Such various fingerprints of neural reconfiguration were correlated to different levels of cognitive compensation. Serial multimodal studies exploring neuroplasticity might lead to new management strategies based upon multistage therapeutic approaches adapted to the individual profile of functional reallocation. Full article