Search Results (48)

Analysing power system oscillations is essential for maintaining electrical grid stability and reliability. To assess power system oscillations and demonstrate the actual application in a real grid system, this research compares two popular signal processing methods: Prony’s approach and the Fast Fourier Transform from Phasor Measurement Unit data in the Java Bali (Indonesia) power system interconnection. FFT gives information about the prominent frequency components by representing system oscillations in the frequency domain. Nevertheless, windowing effects and resolution limitations limit it. By fitting exponential functions to time-domain signals, Prony’s approach, on the other hand, excels at precisely estimating the frequency and damping characteristics of oscillatory modes. The accuracy, computational effectiveness, and applicability for the real-time monitoring of both approaches are assessed in this study. Simulation results on both simulated and actual power system data illustrate the benefits and drawbacks of each strategy. The results show that although FFT is helpful for rapid spectral analysis, Prony’s approach offers more thorough mode identification, which makes it especially advantageous for damping evaluations. This study ends with suggestions for choosing the best method for power system stability analysis based on application requirements. Full article

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources and distributed generation has led to new challenges in maintaining power system stability. This work presents a novel approach to wide-area damping control (WADC) for clustered microgrids, addressing inter-area oscillations and enhancing system stability. The proposed methodology leverages wide-area measurements and clustering algorithms to coordinate microgrid participation in damping control. A specific WADC concept is first formulated, detailing the mathematical background and the emergence of damping couplings. A bio-inspired flocking algorithm is introduced to determine how the microgrids are clustered, coordinated, and controlled. For that, three particular principles of the flocking algorithm are discussed. The developed control strategy is applied to the IEEE 68-bus benchmark system, where microgrids serve as actuators of the WADC to stabilize the oscillations in the system. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements in damping performance, achieving stable system dynamics with minimal impact on microgrid resources. The findings highlight the feasibility of integrating microgrids into wide-area control schemes, offering a scalable solution for modern power grids with high renewable penetration. Full article

Aimed at increasingly challenging operation conditions in modern power systems, online pre-fault transient stability assessment (TSA) acts as a significant tool to detect latent stability risks and provide abundant generator-level information for preventive controls. Distinguished from “system-level” to describe terms concerning the whole system, here “generator-level” describes those concerning a generator. Due to poor topology-related expressive power, existing deep learning-based TSA methods can hardly predict generator-level stability indexes, unless they adopt the generator dynamics during and after faults by time-domain simulation (TDS) as the model input. This makes it difficult to fully leverage the speed advantages of deep learning. In this paper, we propose a generator-level TSA (GTSA) scheme based on topology-oriented graph deep learning which no longer requires time-domain simulation to provide the dynamic features. It integrates two modules to extract the network-dominated interaction trends from only the steady-state information. A sparse Edge Contraction-based Attention Pooling (ECAP) scheme is designed to dynamically simplify the network structure by feature aggregation, where the generator-specific information and key area features are kept. A Global Attention Pooling (GAP) module works to generate the interaction features among generators across the system. Hence, the constructed ECAP&GAP-GTSA scheme can not only output the system stability category but also provide the dominant generators and inter-generator oscillation severity. The performance as well as interpretability and generalization of our scheme are validated on the IEEE 39-bus system and the IEEE 300-bus system under various operation topologies and generator scales. The averaging inference time of a sample on the IEEE 39-bus system and IEEE 300-bus system is merely 1/671 and 1/149 of that of TDS, while the accuracy reaches about 99%. Full article

The growing integration of renewable energy sources, particularly photovoltaic (PV) and wind power, presents challenges such as reduced system inertia and increased susceptibility to inter-area oscillations. These issues, coupled with stricter regulatory demands for grid stability, highlight the urgent need for effective damping solutions. This study proposes a novel method for detecting and mitigating inter-area oscillations using a power oscillation damping (POD) controller enhanced by applying a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The controller’s parameters are optimized through the Nobel Bat Algorithm (NBA) and fully implemented in DIgSILENT PowerFactory (DSPF). Simulations conducted on the New England IEEE-39 power system model under varying levels of renewable energy penetration demonstrate the model’s capability to dynamically detect, mitigate, and deactivate oscillations once stability is achieved. This work addresses emerging regulations requiring oscillation damping systems and offers a framework for certifying POD controllers for real-world implementation, ensuring their adaptability to diverse energy systems and regulatory contexts. Full article

This paper introduces a novel real-time ANFIS controller, specifically designed for thermal synchronous generators, to mitigate the risks associated with cyber-physical attacks on power systems. The controller integrates the dynamic model of the turbine’s thermomechanical components, such as the boiler and heat transfer processes, within the synchronous generator. In contrast to previous studies, this model is designed for practical implementation and addresses often-overlooked areas, including the interaction between electrical and thermomechanical components, real-time control responses to cyber-physical attacks, and the incorporation of economic considerations alongside technical performance. This study takes a comprehensive approach to filling these gaps. Under normal conditions, the proposed controller significantly improves the management of industrial turbines and governors, optimizing existing control systems with a particular focus on minimizing generation costs. However, its primary innovation is its ability to respond dynamically to local and inter-area power oscillations triggered by cyber-physical attacks. In such events, the controller efficiently manages the turbines and governors of synchronous generators, ensuring the stability and reliability of power systems. This approach introduces a cutting-edge thermo-electrical control strategy that integrates both electrical and thermomechanical dynamics of thermal synchronous generators. The novelty lies in its real-time control capability to counteract the effects of cyber-physical attacks, as well as its simultaneous consideration of economic optimization and technical performance for power system stability. Unlike traditional methods, this work offers an adaptive control system using ANFIS (Adaptive NeuroFuzzy Inference System), ensuring robust performance under dynamic conditions, including interarea oscillations and voltage deviations. To validate its effectiveness, the controller undergoes extensive simulation testing in MATLAB/Simulink, with performance comparisons against previous state-of-the-art methods. Benchmarking is also conducted using IEEE standard test systems, including the IEEE 9-bus and IEEE 39-bus networks, to highlight its superiority in protecting power systems. Full article

In recent years, the frequency of forced oscillation events due to control system malfunctions or improper parameter settings has increased. Tuning the parameters of exciters and governor models is crucial for maintaining power system stability. Traditional simulation studies typically involve small transient disturbances or step changes to find optimal parameter sets, but existing optimization algorithms often fall short in fine-tuning for forced oscillations. Identifying the sensitive parameters within these control models is essential for ensuring stability during large, sustained disturbances. This study focuses on identifying these critical exciter and governor model parameters by analyzing their influence on sustained forced oscillations. Using Kundur’s two-area system, we analyze common exciter models such as SCRX, ESST1A, and AC7B, along with governor models like GAST, HYGOV, and GGOV1, utilizing PSS^®E software version 34. Sustained forced oscillations are injected at generator-1 of area-1, with individual parameter changes dynamically simulated. By considering a local oscillation frequency of 1.4 Hz and an inter-area oscillation mode of 0.25 Hz, we analyze the impact of each parameter change on the magnitude and frequency of forced oscillations as well as on active and reactive power outputs. This novel approach highlights the most influential parameters of each tested model—such as exciter, governor, and turbine gains, as well as time constant parameters—on the impact of forced oscillations. Based on our findings, the sensitive parameters of each tested model are ranked. These would provide valuable insights for industry operators to fine-tune control settings during oscillation events, ultimately enhancing system stability. Full article

Electrical load dynamics result in system instability if not met with adequate power generation. Therefore, monitoring and control plans are necessary to avoid potential consequences. Tie-line-bias control has facilitated power exchange between interconnected areas to cope with load dynamics. However, this approach presents a challenge, as load variation in either area leads to frequency deviations and power irregularities in each of the interconnected areas, which is undesirable. The load frequency control loop method is used to address this issue, which utilizes area control errors. This study focuses on the control of inter-area oscillations in a six-area power system under the effect of renewable energy sources. It evaluates the area control errors in response to changes in load and the penetration of renewable energy into the system. To mitigate these errors efficiently, an adaptive-PID controller is proposed, and its results are compared with PI and PID controllers optimized with heuristic and meta-heuristic algorithms. The findings demonstrate the superiority of the proposed controller over traditional controllers in mitigating tie-line power errors and frequency deviations in each area of the interconnected power system, thus helping to mitigate inter-area oscillations and restore system stability. Full article

An iterative tuning method for multi-band power system stabilizers is proposed, which utilizes the contoured controller Bode (CCBode) plot. The typical multi-band power system stabilizer, PSS4B, is conceptualized as a series connection of two filters: a band-pass filter and a phase compensator. The tuning process involves a space searching approach for the phase compensator to ensure its phase–frequency response remains within acceptable bounds. Subsequently, the CCBode plot is employed to adjust the magnitude–frequency response of the band-pass filter, thereby enhancing stability performance across a broad frequency range. The method proposed can be applied to the parameter design of the multi-band power system stabilizer PSS4B in the power system to suppress the low-frequency oscillations of the local mode and inter-regional mode in the system. The effectiveness of this proposed method is demonstrated through case studies of the four -machine/two-area system and the North China Power Grid. Full article

In the field of electrical engineering, there is an increasing concern among managers and operators about the secure and cost-efficient operation of smart power systems in response to disturbances caused by physical cyber attacks and natural disasters. This paper introduces an innovative framework for the hybrid, coordinated control of Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFCs) and Power System Stabilizers (PSSs) within a power system. The primary objective of this framework is to enhance the system’s security metrics, including stability and resilience, while also considering the operational costs associated with defending against cyber-physical attacks. The main novelty of this paper lies in the introduction of a real-time online framework that optimally coordinates a power system stabilizer, power oscillation damper, and unified power flow controller to enhance the power system’s resilience against transient disturbances caused by cyber-physical attacks. The proposed approach considers technical performance indicators of power systems, such as voltage fluctuations and losses, in addition to economic objectives, when determining the optimal dynamic coordination of UPFCs and PSSs—aspects that have been neglected in previous modern research. To address the optimization problem, a novel multi-objective search algorithm inspired by Harris hawks, known as the Multi-Objective Harris Hawks (MOHH) algorithm, was developed. This algorithm is crucial in identifying the optimal controller coefficient settings. The proposed methodology was tested using standard IEEE9-bus and IEEE39-bus test systems. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of this approach in achieving optimal system recovery, both technically and economically, in the face of cyber-physical attacks. Full article

Power system stability is of paramount importance in the context of energy sustainability. The reliable and efficient operation of power systems is crucial for supporting modern societies, economies, and the growing demand for electricity while minimizing environmental impact and increasing sustainability. Due to the insufficient effect of power system stabilizers (PSSs) on damping the inter-area mode oscillations, Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices are utilized for damping this mode and stabilizing power systems. In the present study, a novel optimization framework considering different and variable weight coefficients based on eigenvalue locations is presented, and the parameters of PSS and variable impedance devices, including static Volt-Ampere Reactive (VAR) compensator (SVC) and Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) (comprising amplifying gain factor and time constants of phase-compensating blocks), are optimized in a coordinated manner using the proposed optimization framework built based on genetic algorithm (GA). Moreover, in the suggested optimization framework, the locations of FACTS devices and control signals are considered optimization parameters. Numerical results for the IEEE 69-bus power system demonstrated an effective improvement in the damping of inter-area modes utilizing the offered approach. Full article

Integration of renewable energy sources is important in limiting the continuous environmental degradation and emissions caused by energy generation from fossil fuels and thus becoming a better alternative for a large-scale power mix. However, an adequate analysis of the interaction with the alternating current (AC) network during network disturbance, especially during inter-area power (IAP) oscillations is needed. Insufficient damping of oscillations can significantly impact the reliability and effective operation of a whole power system. Therefore, this paper focuses on the stability of the modified Kundur two-area four-machine (MKTAFM) system. A robust secondary controller is proposed and implemented on a line commutated converter (LCC)-based multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MTDC) system. The solution consists of a local generator controller and the LCC MTDC (LMTDC) system, voltage-dependent current order limiter, and extinction angle controller. The proposed robust controller is designed for the LMTDC systems to further dampen the inter-area power oscillations. Three operational scenarios were implemented in this study, which are the local generator controller and double circuits AC line, local generator controller with LMTDC controllers, and local generator controller with LMTDC controllers and secondary controller. The simulation result carried out on PSCAD/EMTDC recorded better damping of the inter-area power oscillation with LMTDC. A considerable improvement of 100% damping of the IAP oscillations was observed when a secondary controller was implemented on the LMTDC. Full article

The operation of modern power systems must meet stability requirements to guarantee the supply of electrical energy. One of these requirements is to ensure that the low-frequency oscillation modes have high damping ratios to avoid angular instability and future power system blackouts. Advances in phasor measurement units (PMUs) have contributed to the development and improvement of wide-area damping controllers (WADCs) capable of increasing the damping rates of the oscillation modes of the system, especially the inter-area modes. Nevertheless, the operation of WADCs is vulnerable to communication failures and cyber-attacks, and if not properly designed the WADC can affect the stability of the entire system. This research proposes a procedure for designing a WADC robust to permanent communication failures using a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and genetic algorithms. Case studies conducted on an IEEE 68-bus test power system show the effectiveness of the WADC designed by the proposed procedure even when communication failures are occurring in the system. The use of genetic algorithms improves the convergence and results of the LQR-based method. Full article

Wide-Area Power System Stabilizers (WAPSSs) are damping controllers used in power systems that employ data from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). WAPSSs are capable of providing high damping rates for the low-frequency oscillation modes, especially the inter-area modes. Oscillation modes can destabilize power systems if they are not correctly identified and adequately damped. However, WAPSS communication channels may be subject to failures or cyber-attacks that affect their proper operation and may even cause system instability. This research proposes a method based on an optimization model for the design of a WAPSS robust to multiple permanent communication failures. The results of applications of the proposed method in the IEEE 68-bus system show the ability of the WAPSS design to be robust to a possible number of permanent communication failures. Above this value, the combinations of failures and processing time are high and they make it difficult to obtain high damping rates for the closed-loop control system. The application and comparison of different optimization techniques are valid and showed a superior performance of the Grey Wolf Optimizer in solving the optimization problem. Full article

This paper takes advantage of the high control flexibility and fast response time of the interfacing power electronic converter for doubly fed wind turbine grid-connected systems to address inter-area oscillations caused by inadequate system damping in power systems. A reactive-power-coordinated damping controller for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is proposed, and it makes use of second-order sliding-mode technology. The suggested controller improves damping performance by controlling the reactive power. It provides benefits such as a quicker damping rate and resilience to modeling errors and parameter changes. The simulation results indicate the system’s improved performance in inter-area oscillation damping and the robustness of the suggested control technique over a broad range of functional areas. Full article

Power system stability is a task that every system operator (SO) is required to achieve daily to ensure an uninterruptible power supply. Especially at the transmission level, for each SO it is of utmost importance to ensure proper exchange of information with other SOs, mainly in case of contingencies. However, in the last years, two major events led to the splitting of Continental Europe into two synchronous areas. These events were caused by anomalous conditions which involved in one case the fault of a transmission line and in the other a fire outage in proximity to high-voltage lines. This work analyzes these two events from the measurement point of view. In particular, we discuss the possible impact of estimation uncertainty on control decisions based on measurements of instantaneous frequency. For this purpose, we simulate five different configurations of phasor measurement units (PMUs), as characterized by different signal models, processing routines, and estimation accuracy in the presence of off-nominal or dynamic conditions. The objective is to establish the accuracy of the frequency estimates in transient conditions, more specifically during the resynchronization of the Continental Europe area. Based on this knowledge, it is possible to set more suitable conditions for resynchronization operations: the idea is to consider not only the frequency deviation between the two areas but also to take into account the respective measurement uncertainty. As confirmed by the analysis of the two real-world scenarios, such an approach would allow for minimizing the probability of adverse or even dangerous conditions such as dampened oscillations and inter-modulations. Full article