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Search Results (373)

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Keywords = inhalation risk assessment

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18 pages, 8702 KiB  
Article
Oxidation Process and Morphological Degradation of Drilling Chips from Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers
by Dora Kroisová, Stepanka Dvorackova, Martin Bilek, Josef Skrivanek, Anita Białkowska and Mohamed Bakar
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080410 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 135
Abstract
Carbon fiber (CF) and carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are widely used in the aerospace, automotive, and energy sectors due to their high strength, stiffness, and low density. However, significant waste is generated during manufacturing and after the use of CFRPs. Traditional disposal methods [...] Read more.
Carbon fiber (CF) and carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are widely used in the aerospace, automotive, and energy sectors due to their high strength, stiffness, and low density. However, significant waste is generated during manufacturing and after the use of CFRPs. Traditional disposal methods like landfilling and incineration are unsustainable. CFRP machining processes, such as drilling and milling, produce fine chips and dust that are difficult to recycle due to their heterogeneity and contamination. This study investigates the oxidation behavior of CFRP drilling waste from two types of materials (tube and plate) under oxidative (non-inert) conditions. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed from 200 °C to 800 °C to assess weight loss related to polymer degradation and carbon fiber integrity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze morphological changes and fiber damage. The optimal range for removing the polymer matrix without significant fiber degradation has been identified as 500–600 °C. At temperatures above 700 °C, notable surface and internal fiber damage occurred, along with nanostructure formation, which may pose health and environmental risks. The results show that partial fiber recovery is possible under ambient conditions, and this must be considered regarding the harmful risks to the human body if submicron particles are inhaled. This research supports sustainable CFRP recycling and fire hazard mitigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Composites, 4th Edition)
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12 pages, 1678 KiB  
Article
Molecular Surveillance of Plasmodium spp. Infection in Neotropical Primates from Bahia and Minas Gerais, Brazil
by Luana Karla N. S. S. Santos, Sandy M. Aquino-Teixeira, Sofía Bernal-Valle, Beatriz S. Daltro, Marina Noetzold, Aloma Roberta C. Silva, Denise Anete M. Alvarenga, Luisa B. Silva, Ramon S. Oliveira, Cirilo H. Oliveira, Iago A. Celestino, Maria E. Gonçalves-dos-Santos, Thaynara J. Teixeira, Anaiá P. Sevá, Fabrício S. Campos, Bergmann M. Ribeiro, Paulo M. Roehe, Danilo Simonini-Teixeira, Filipe V. S. Abreu, Cristiana F. A. Brito and George R. Albuquerqueadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Pathogens 2025, 14(8), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14080757 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 267
Abstract
In Brazil, Plasmodium infections in non-human primates (NHPs) have been associated with P. simium and P. brasilianum, which are morphologically and genetically similar to the human-infecting species P. vivax and P. malariae, respectively. Surveillance and monitoring of wild NHPs are crucial [...] Read more.
In Brazil, Plasmodium infections in non-human primates (NHPs) have been associated with P. simium and P. brasilianum, which are morphologically and genetically similar to the human-infecting species P. vivax and P. malariae, respectively. Surveillance and monitoring of wild NHPs are crucial for understanding the distribution of these parasites and assessing the risk of zoonotic transmission. This study aimed to detect the presence of Plasmodium spp. genetic material in Platyrrhini primates from 47 municipalities in the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais. The animals were captured using Tomahawk-type live traps baited with fruit or immobilized with tranquilizer darts. Free-ranging individuals were chemically restrained via inhalation anesthesia using VetBag® or intramuscular anesthesia injection. Blood samples were collected from the femoral vein. A total of 298 blood and tissue samples were collected from 10 primate species across five genera: Alouatta caraya (25), Alouatta guariba clamitans (1), Callicebus melanochir (1), Callithrix geoffroyi (28), Callithrix jacchus (4), Callithrix kuhlii (31), Callithrix penicillata (175), Callithrix spp. hybrids (15), Leontopithecus chrysomelas (16), Sapajus robustus (1), and Sapajus xanthosthernos (1). Molecular diagnosis was performed using a nested PCR targeting the 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S SSU rRNA) gene, followed by sequencing. Of the 298 samples analyzed, only one (0.3%) from Bahia tested positive for Plasmodium brasilianum/P. malariae. This represents the first detection of this parasite in a free-living C. geoffroyi in Brazil. These findings highlight the importance of continued surveillance of Plasmodium infections in NHPs to identify regions at risk for zoonotic transmission. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Parasitic Pathogens)
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19 pages, 2337 KiB  
Article
Gas–Particle Partitioning and Temporal Dynamics of Pesticides in Urban Atmosphere Adjacent to Agriculture
by Dani Khoury, Supansa Chimjarn, Olivier Delhomme and Maurice Millet
Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070873 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 215
Abstract
Air pollution caused by pesticide residues is an emerging concern in urban environments influenced by nearby agricultural activities. In this study, weekly air samples were collected between May 2018 and March 2020 in Strasbourg, France, to quantify 104 pesticides in both gas and [...] Read more.
Air pollution caused by pesticide residues is an emerging concern in urban environments influenced by nearby agricultural activities. In this study, weekly air samples were collected between May 2018 and March 2020 in Strasbourg, France, to quantify 104 pesticides in both gas and particle phases using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. Herbicides and fungicides were the most frequently detected classes, appearing in 98% of both phases followed by insecticides. Key compounds such as metalaxyl-M, diphenylamine, and bifenthrin were present in over 90% of samples. Concentrations ranged from 2.5 to 63 ng m−3 weekly, with cumulative annual loads exceeding 1200 ng m−3. Gas–particle partitioning revealed that highly volatile compounds like azinphos-ethyl favored the gas phase, while less volatile ones like bifenthrin and tebuconazole partitioned >95% into particles. A third-degree polynomial regression (R2 of 0.74) revealed a nonlinear relationship between Kₚ and particle-phase concentrations, highlighting a threshold above Kₚ of 0.025 beyond which compounds accumulate disproportionately in the particulate phase. Seasonal variability showed that 36% of the annual pesticide load occurred in autumn, with total airborne levels peaking near 400 ng m−3, while the lowest load occurred during summer. Principal component analysis identified rainfall and total suspended particles as major drivers of pesticide phase distribution. The inhalation health risk assessed yielded hazard index values < 1 × 10−7 for all population groups, suggesting negligible non-cancer risk. This study highlights the prevalence, seasonal dynamics, and partition behavior of airborne pesticides in urban air and underscores the need for regulatory attention to this overlooked exposure route. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality)
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24 pages, 2712 KiB  
Article
Impacts of Different Tillage and Straw Management Systems on Herbicide Degradation and Human Health Risks in Agricultural Soils
by Yanan Chen, Feng Zhang, Qiang Gao and Qing Ma
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 7840; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147840 - 13 Jul 2025
Viewed by 432
Abstract
Pesticide residues pose risks to the environment and human health. Little is known about how tillage and straw management affect herbicide behavior in soil. This study investigated the effects of different tillage practices under varying straw incorporation scenarios on the degradation of five [...] Read more.
Pesticide residues pose risks to the environment and human health. Little is known about how tillage and straw management affect herbicide behavior in soil. This study investigated the effects of different tillage practices under varying straw incorporation scenarios on the degradation of five commonly used herbicides in a long-term experimental field located in the maize belt of Siping, Jilin Province. Post-harvest soil samples were analyzed for residual herbicide concentrations and basic soil physicochemical properties. A human health risk assessment was conducted, and a controlled incubation experiment was carried out to evaluate herbicide degradation dynamics under three management systems: straw incorporation with traditional rotary tillage (ST), straw incorporation with strip tillage (SS), and no-till without straw (CK). Residual concentrations of atrazine ranged from not detected (ND) to 21.10 μg/kg (mean: 5.28 μg/kg), while acetochlor showed the highest variability (2.29–120.61 μg/kg, mean: 25.26 μg/kg). Alachlor levels were much lower (ND–5.71 μg/kg, mean: 0.34 μg/kg), and neither nicosulfuron nor mesotrione was detected. Soil organic matter (17.6–20.89 g/kg) positively correlated with available potassium and acetochlor residues. Health risk assessments indicated negligible non-cancer risks for both adults and children via ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation. The results demonstrate that tillage methods significantly influence herbicide degradation kinetics, thereby affecting environmental persistence and ecological risks. Integrating straw with ST or SS enhanced the dissipation of atrazine and mesotrione, suggesting their potential as effective residue mitigation strategies. This study highlights the importance of tailoring tillage and straw management practices to pesticide type for optimizing herbicide fate and promoting sustainable agroecosystem management. Full article
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19 pages, 3586 KiB  
Article
Safety Analysis of Partial Downward Fire Evacuation Mode in Underground Metro Stations Based on Integrated Assessment of Harmful Factors
by Heng Yu, Yijing Huang and Haiyan He
Systems 2025, 13(7), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070549 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 321
Abstract
Underground metro stations are integral to urban transit infrastructure, and ensuring their safety during fire emergencies is crucial. This study proposes a novel evacuation strategy for underground metro stations wherein a segment of evacuees descends to the platform level via train, while the [...] Read more.
Underground metro stations are integral to urban transit infrastructure, and ensuring their safety during fire emergencies is crucial. This study proposes a novel evacuation strategy for underground metro stations wherein a segment of evacuees descends to the platform level via train, while the remaining individuals evacuate upward to the ground level through station exits. A novel safety assessment methodology is established to evaluate fire evacuation efficacy, incorporating the cumulative effects of smoke, elevated temperatures, carbon dioxide, and reduced oxygen levels. Employing an actual underground metro station in Guangzhou, China, as a case study, fire and evacuation models were developed to compare the traditional upward evacuation method with the proposed partial downward evacuation strategy. The analysis reveals that both evacuation strategies are effective under the assessed fire scenario. However, the partial downward evacuation is completed more swiftly—in 385.5 s compared to 494.8 s for upward evacuation—thereby mitigating smoke inhalation risks, as the smoke height remains above the critical threshold of 1.8 m for a longer duration than observed in the upward evacuation scenario. Simulations further indicate that neither high temperatures nor carbon monoxide concentrations reach hazardous levels in either evacuation mode, ensuring evacuee safety. The study concludes that, with appropriate training arrangements and under specific fire and evacuation conditions, the partial downward evacuation strategy is safer and more efficient than upward evacuation. Full article
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18 pages, 2177 KiB  
Article
Comparison of the Risk of Pneumonia Between Fluticasone Furoate/Umeclidinium/Vilanterol and Multiple-Inhaler Triple Therapy in Patients with COPD Using Health Insurance Claims Data: Final Analysis of Post-Marketing Database Surveillance in Japan
by Shoko Akiyama, Kenji Oda, Hiroko Mizohata, Natsuki Sasakura, Kenichi Hashimoto and Hiroki Maruoka
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(13), 4697; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134697 - 2 Jul 2025
Viewed by 540
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Due to limited current evidence, this post-marketing database surveillance study aimed to investigate the occurrence of hospitalization due to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Japan who received single-inhaler triple therapy (fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium/vilanterol; FF/UMEC/VI) or multiple-inhaler triple [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Due to limited current evidence, this post-marketing database surveillance study aimed to investigate the occurrence of hospitalization due to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Japan who received single-inhaler triple therapy (fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium/vilanterol; FF/UMEC/VI) or multiple-inhaler triple therapy (MITT). Methods: This retrospective cohort study used health insurance claims data from the Medical Data Vision Co., Ltd. database (November 2017–April 2023) to identify overall and incident users of FF/UMEC/VI or MITT. Index date was the start of FF/UMEC/VI or MITT. Hazard ratios (HRs) for CAP hospitalization were assessed using inverse probability of treatment weighting based on propensity scores (PS). Incidence rates and time to occurrence of CAP hospitalization were also assessed. Adjustments were made to the PS model to address missing body mass index data. Results: In total, 8790 and 10,881 patients were included in the overall FF/UMEC/VI and MITT cohorts, and 3939 and 4017 patients were included in the incident FF/UMEC/VI and MITT cohorts, respectively. HR for CAP hospitalization among incident users ranged from 1.05 to 1.15 across all PS adjustments. Similar incidence rates of CAP hospitalization were reported among both cohorts and across all PS adjustments. The cumulative adjusted incidence rates of first CAP hospitalization at 360 days post-index among incident users was 0.060 and 0.054 in the FF/UMEC/VI and MITT cohorts, respectively. Conclusions: There was no difference in the risk of CAP between patients treated with FF/UMEC/VI and MITT. This safety information may help healthcare providers select appropriate treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Respiratory Medicine)
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11 pages, 440 KiB  
Article
Mortality Risk Factors and Survival Outcomes in Infants with Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
by Kokaew Chuaikaew, Gunlawadee Maneenil, Anucha Thatrimontrichai, Supaporn Dissaneevate and Manapat Praditaukrit
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(13), 4502; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134502 - 25 Jun 2025
Viewed by 529
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance, resulting in severe hypoxemia. This study determined the factors associated with increased risk of mortality and survival rate in infants with PPHN. Methods: This retrospective study [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance, resulting in severe hypoxemia. This study determined the factors associated with increased risk of mortality and survival rate in infants with PPHN. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted between 2010 and 2023. The risk factors for mortality were assessed by Cox’s proportional hazard models, and the Kaplan–Meier survival curve was used to analyze the survival rates. Results: This study included 233 neonates with PPHN. Gestational age (GA) less than 28 weeks (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 5.46, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.25–13.24, p < 0.001), Small for gestational age (SGA) (AHR = 2.93, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24–6.92, p = 0.026), acute kidney injury (AKI) (AHR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.27–4.84, p = 0.01), pneumothorax (AHR = 3.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.48–6.21, p = 0.003), vasoactive-inotropic score (VIS) at 24 h of age (AHR = 1.0026, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0004–1.005, p = 0.026), and score for neonatal acute physiology II (SNAP-II) ≥ 43 (AHR = 4.03, 95% CI: 1.66–9.77, p = 0.005) were associated with an increased risk of mortality. The overall survival rate was 82.4%; it rose from 63.8% to 87.1% after inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) were introduced (p < 0.001). The cumulative survival rates at the end of the 30 days were 62.1% (95% CI: 49.0–78.7) in the Pre-iNO era and 87.5% (95% CI: 82.7–92.6) in the Post-iNO/ECMO era, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusions: GA less than 28 weeks, SGA, AKI, pneumothorax, high VIS and SNAP-II scores were associated with mortality in infants with PPHN. The improvement in the survival rate was related to the provision of advanced care, including iNO and ECMO therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Neonatal Diseases)
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20 pages, 2427 KiB  
Review
Procedural Pain Management in Patients with Cerebral Palsy Undergoing Botulinum Toxin Injection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Silvia Faccioli, Alessandro Ehsani, Shaniko Kaleci, Giulia Tonini, Ilaria Tagliani, Mario Vetrano and Silvia Sassi
Toxins 2025, 17(7), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17070317 - 22 Jun 2025
Viewed by 594
Abstract
Background: The aim of this systematic review is to investigate effectiveness and safety of sedation–analgesia techniques in controlling pain during botulinum injections in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: The Pubmed, Cinahl, and Scopus databases were searched. Inclusion criteria were as follows: cerebral [...] Read more.
Background: The aim of this systematic review is to investigate effectiveness and safety of sedation–analgesia techniques in controlling pain during botulinum injections in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: The Pubmed, Cinahl, and Scopus databases were searched. Inclusion criteria were as follows: cerebral palsy; any type of outcome measure regarding pain and side effects assessment; any type of studies; and English language. RoB2 and Robins-I were applied to assess the risk of bias. Tables and forest plots synthetized the findings. Results: Seventeen reports were included; most regarded pain control, and ten investigated side effects. Three were RCTs, three were controlled, and twelve were observational studies. Several techniques were used, often in combination, such as non-pharmacological approaches (clown care or virtual reality); topical anesthesia with Emla®®, vapocoolant spray, or ice; and light-to-deep sedation with inhaled nitrous oxide, intranasal fentanyl, rectal, enteral, or intravenous midazolam, or intravenous ketamine or propofol. Vomiting and oxygen desaturation were uncommon complications. Conversely, the pooled incidence of other minor side effects was 6.39% (95% CI: 1.47–14.42%) under the random-effects model, with considerable heterogeneity. Conclusions: All the techniques are safe, if administered in an appropriate setting. Deep sedation is more effective in pain control but requires an anesthetist. A combined individualized approach is preferrable. PROSPERO CRD42025639999. Full article
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20 pages, 1544 KiB  
Article
Radon/Thoron and Progeny Concentrations in Dwellings: Influencing Factors and Lung Cancer Risk in the Rutile Bearing Area of Akonolinga, Cameroon
by Kitcha Sime Fayette, Gondji Dieu Souffit, Oumar Bobbo Modibo, Ndjana Nkoulou II Joseph Emmanuel, Chutima Kranrod, Masahiro Hosoda, Saïdou and Shinji Tokonami
Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070767 - 22 Jun 2025
Viewed by 541
Abstract
This paper reports the levels of radon (Rn), thoron (Tn), and their progeny (TnP) concentrations in dwellings; studies factors influencing these concentrations; and assesses the associated lung cancer risk in Akonolinga’s area in Cameroon, where rutile deposits have been identified but are not [...] Read more.
This paper reports the levels of radon (Rn), thoron (Tn), and their progeny (TnP) concentrations in dwellings; studies factors influencing these concentrations; and assesses the associated lung cancer risk in Akonolinga’s area in Cameroon, where rutile deposits have been identified but are not yet industrially exploited. Indoor Rn and Tn were determined using CR39-based detectors. Additionally, Rn in soil gas, 226Ra, and 232Th concentrations in soil were measured using Markus 10, high purity germanium detector (HPGe), respectively. On average, indoor Rn, Tn concentration, and the equilibrium equivalent Thoron concentration (EETC) or TnP were 39.5, 68.1, and 5.0 Bq m−3, respectively. Average concentrations of Rn in soil gas, 226Ra, and 232Th in soil were 24.3 kBq m−3, 17 Bq kg−1, and 27 Bq kg−1, respectively. Correlation analysis indicates that indoor radon and thoron levels were tightly linked with factors such as their precursor concentrations in soil, the building materials, dwelling architecture, and inhabitant living habits. Furthermore, it was observed that Rn and TnP were the major contributors to the inhalation effective dose, accounting for 39.6% and 56.7% of the total, respectively. The estimated excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) from the exposition to Rn and TnP was found to be 2.93 × 10−3 and 4.36 × 10−3, respectively, exceeding the global average, raising health concerns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Radon Measurement and Radiation Exposure Assessment)
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22 pages, 667 KiB  
Article
Exposure to Airborne Contaminants and Respiratory Health Among Lithium Mine Workers in Western Australia
by David Gbondo, Viviana Cerpa-Perez, Ngoc Minh Pham, Yun Zhao and Krassi Rumchev
Environments 2025, 12(6), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060206 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 612
Abstract
Background: Lithium is an essential commodity; however, its mining and processing can expose miners to airborne contaminants such as inhalable dust, respirable dust and respirable crystalline silica. These exposures may adversely affect respiratory health. To protect the health of miners, exposure assessment and [...] Read more.
Background: Lithium is an essential commodity; however, its mining and processing can expose miners to airborne contaminants such as inhalable dust, respirable dust and respirable crystalline silica. These exposures may adversely affect respiratory health. To protect the health of miners, exposure assessment and control activities are required, followed by respiratory health monitoring to assess the effect of exposure on respiratory health. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between workgroup exposure to airborne contaminants and respiratory health. To determine group exposure levels, exposure data was collected at the group level, which limits individual-level inference, followed by health monitoring. Methods: Industry health monitoring data were collected from miners in three surface lithium mines in Western Australia for the period between October 2023 and October 2024. Miners from Management Administration & Technical, Crusher/Dry/Wet Plant, and Laboratory Operations participated in a pulmonary function test, completed a health and exposure questionnaire and underwent a low dose high-resolution computed tomography. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors associated with lung function and respiratory symptoms. Results: Older age, smoking and pre-existing respiratory conditions were correlated with poor respiratory airflow. The odds of having a respiratory obstruction or restriction were significantly higher by 3.942 and 2.165 times respectively, for miners who were 40 years old or above, and those who had existing diagnosed respiratory medical conditions. The risk of coughing among current smokers was more than four times higher compared to non-smokers. In addition, working in Crushing and Processing was significantly associated with the risk of experiencing respiratory symptoms compared to working in Management Administration & Technical and Laboratory Operations. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that respiratory health was influenced by non-work-related risk factors. Based on these results, it is recommended that health promotion programs be developed and implemented to empower miners to cease smoking and to manage non-work-related respiratory conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollutant Exposure and Human Health)
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16 pages, 1273 KiB  
Review
The Risks Associated with Inhalation Exposure to Cosmetics and Potential for Assessment Using Lung Organoids
by Yiguang Li, Xin Luo, Rong Hu, Lifeng Tang and Qi Xiang
Bioengineering 2025, 12(6), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12060652 - 13 Jun 2025
Viewed by 560
Abstract
This review addresses the exposure risks associated with the inhalation of aerosolized cosmetic products and explores the utility of lung organoids in assessing these risks. Aerosolized cosmetics such as sprays pose potential health hazards through inhalation, necessitating a thorough evaluation of exposure levels. [...] Read more.
This review addresses the exposure risks associated with the inhalation of aerosolized cosmetic products and explores the utility of lung organoids in assessing these risks. Aerosolized cosmetics such as sprays pose potential health hazards through inhalation, necessitating a thorough evaluation of exposure levels. Traditional methods for assessing inhalation risks have limitations, prompting the exploration of more sophisticated models. Lung organoids, three-dimensional structures derived from stem cells, offer a biologically relevant model for studying lung responses to inhaled substances. This review discusses the construction of lung organoids, their characteristics, and the advantages that they provide over conventional models. Furthermore, it examines existing studies that have employed lung organoids to evaluate the effects of cosmetic inhalation exposure, highlighting the potential of this approach to enhance the safety assessments of cosmetic products. We aim to establish lung organoids as a reliable tool for future research, ensuring the safety and regulatory compliance of cosmetics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Cell Culture Systems: Current Technologies and Applications)
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31 pages, 2910 KiB  
Review
Tyre Wear Particles in the Environment: Sources, Toxicity, and Remediation Approaches
by Jie Kang, Xintong Liu, Bing Dai, Tianhao Liu, Fasih Ullah Haider, Peng Zhang, Habiba and Jian Cai
Sustainability 2025, 17(12), 5433; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125433 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1191
Abstract
Tyre wear particles (TWPs), generated from tyre-road abrasion, are a pervasive and under-regulated environmental pollutant, accounting for a significant share of global microplastic contamination. Recent estimates indicate that 1.3 million metric tons of TWPs are released annually in Europe, dispersing via atmospheric transport, [...] Read more.
Tyre wear particles (TWPs), generated from tyre-road abrasion, are a pervasive and under-regulated environmental pollutant, accounting for a significant share of global microplastic contamination. Recent estimates indicate that 1.3 million metric tons of TWPs are released annually in Europe, dispersing via atmospheric transport, stormwater runoff, and sedimentation to contaminate air, water, and soil. TWPs are composed of synthetic rubber polymers, reinforcing fillers, and chemical additives, including heavy metals such as zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) and organic compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD). These constituents confer persistence and bioaccumulative potential. While TWP toxicity in aquatic systems is well-documented, its ecological impacts on terrestrial environments, particularly in agricultural soils, remain less understood despite global soil loading rates exceeding 6.1 million metric tons annually. This review synthesizes global research on TWP sources, environmental fate, and ecotoxicological effects, with a focus on soil–plant systems. TWPs have been shown to alter key soil properties, including a 25% reduction in porosity and a 20–35% decrease in organic matter decomposition, disrupt microbial communities (with a 40–60% reduction in nitrogen-fixing bacteria), and induce phytotoxicity through both physical blockage of roots and Zn-induced oxidative stress. Human exposure occurs through inhalation (estimated at 3200 particles per day in urban areas), ingestion, and dermal contact, with epidemiological evidence linking TWPs to increased risks of respiratory, cardiovascular, and developmental disorders. Emerging remediation strategies are critically evaluated across three tiers: (1) source reduction using advanced tyre materials (up to 40% wear reduction in laboratory tests); (2) environmental interception through bioengineered filtration systems (60–80% capture efficiency in pilot trials); and (3) contaminant degradation via novel bioremediation techniques (up to 85% removal in recent studies). Key research gaps remain, including the need for long-term field studies, standardized mitigation protocols, and integrated risk assessments. This review emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing TWP pollution and offers guidance on sustainable solutions to protect ecosystems and public health through science-driven policy recommendations. Full article
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16 pages, 2288 KiB  
Article
Unveiling Heavy Metal Distribution in Different Agricultural Soils and Associated Health Risks Among Farming Communities of Bangladesh
by Sumaya Sharmin, Qingyue Wang, Md. Rezwanul Islam, Yogo Isobe, Christian Ebere Enyoh and Wu Shangrong
Environments 2025, 12(6), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060198 - 11 Jun 2025
Viewed by 680
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is a growing public health concern owing to rising environmental pollution throughout the world. The situation is more vulnerable in Bangladesh; therefore, this study assessed contamination levels in different land use categories such as rural, local market, industrial, research, and [...] Read more.
Heavy metal pollution is a growing public health concern owing to rising environmental pollution throughout the world. The situation is more vulnerable in Bangladesh; therefore, this study assessed contamination levels in different land use categories such as rural, local market, industrial, research, and coastal areas, as well as the related health risks for farmers in Bangladesh. A total of 45 soil samples were considered from three depths (0–5 cm, 5–10 cm, and 10–15 cm) across five different areas, with three replications per depth, following the monsoon season. Samples were prepared using a diacid mixture, and heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, Zn, Pb) were investigated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Health risks were evaluated using standard assessment models. The results showed that coastal agricultural soils had the highest heavy metal concentrations (except Pb), while rural areas had the lowest (except Cu and Ni), with no clear depth-based pattern. Two contamination sources were identified: component 1 (Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, Zn) and component 2 (Pb, Zn), indicating mixed and anthropogenic sources, respectively. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) was highest in coastal areas and lowest in rural areas. The average daily intake of metals followed the order of inhalation > dermal > ingestion, with inhalation being the primary exposure route. The highest cumulative cancer risk (CCR) was observed in coastal agricultural soils (5.82 × 10−9), while rural soils had the lowest CCR (8.24 × 10−10), highlighting significant regional differences in health risks. Full article
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16 pages, 2379 KiB  
Article
Distribution, Sources, and Health Risk of Short-, Medium- and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in School-Area Ambient PM1: A Study from the Pearl River Delta, China
by Mo Yang, Xin-Feng Wang, Jing-Wen Huang, Nan-Xiang Jin, Chu Chu, Guo-Feng Huang, Duo-Hong Chen, Min Xie, Yu-Hong Zhai, Yu-Jun Lin, Jun Liu, Li-Zi Lin, Wen-Wen Bao, Zhao-Huan Gui, Pasi I. Jalava, Guang-Hui Dong and Marjut Roponen
Toxics 2025, 13(6), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13060467 - 31 May 2025
Viewed by 506
Abstract
Background: Only a few studies have reported on chlorinated paraffin (CP) levels, especially long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs), in submicron particulate matter (PM1) in the outdoor air around primary and secondary schools. Methods: This study examined concentrations of short-chain CPs (SCCPs), medium-chain [...] Read more.
Background: Only a few studies have reported on chlorinated paraffin (CP) levels, especially long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs), in submicron particulate matter (PM1) in the outdoor air around primary and secondary schools. Methods: This study examined concentrations of short-chain CPs (SCCPs), medium-chain CPs (MCCPs), and LCCPs in PM1 samples from 96 schools across six cities in China’s Pearl River Delta region during the winter (October to December 2018). Results: The median total CP concentration was 34 ng/m3, with median values for SCCP, MCCP, and LCCP of 17.3, 15, and 0.7 ng/m3, respectively. The primary congeners were C13Cl6–8 for SCCPs, C14Cl6–9 for MCCPs, and C18Cl7–10 for LCCPs. The SCCPs and MCCPs largely originated from fugitive dust, whereas the LCCPs were mainly sourced from organic chemical industries. Air masses from the South China Sea contributed most to SCCP and MCCP levels, while those from the east coast accounted for the highest LCCP levels. The concentrations of CP in PM1 were significantly positively correlated with PM1 levels. Conclusions: The exposure risk assessments by age indicated a very low current health risk from PM1-related CP inhalation, although prolonged pollution could raise these risks as CP concentrations in ambient PM may continue to increase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Pollutants in the Air and Health Risks)
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24 pages, 1795 KiB  
Review
SARS-CoV-2 Replication Revisited: Molecular Insights and Current and Emerging Antiviral Strategies
by Bryan John J. Subong and Imelda L. Forteza
COVID 2025, 5(6), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid5060085 - 30 May 2025
Viewed by 1007
Abstract
The replication machinery of SARS-CoV-2 is a primary target for therapeutic intervention, and has led to significant progress in antiviral medication discovery. This review consolidates contemporary molecular insights into viral replication and rigorously assesses treatment methods at different phases of viruses’ clinical development. [...] Read more.
The replication machinery of SARS-CoV-2 is a primary target for therapeutic intervention, and has led to significant progress in antiviral medication discovery. This review consolidates contemporary molecular insights into viral replication and rigorously assesses treatment methods at different phases of viruses’ clinical development. Direct-acting antivirals, such as nucleoside analogs (e.g., remdesivir, molnupiravir) and protease inhibitors (e.g., nirmatrelvir), have shown clinical effectiveness in diminishing morbidity and hospitalization rates. Simultaneously, host-targeted medicines like baricitinib, camostat, and brequinar leverage critical host–virus interactions, providing additional pathways to reduce viral replication while possibly minimizing the development of resistance. Notwithstanding these advancements, constraints in distribution methods, antiviral longevity, and the risk of mutational evasion demand novel strategies. Promising investigational approaches encompass CRISPR-mediated RNA degradation systems, inhalable siRNA-nanoparticle conjugates, and molecular glue degraders that target host and viral proteins. Furthermore, next-generation treatments aimed at underutilized enzyme domains (e.g., NiRAN, ExoN) and host chaperone systems (e.g., TRiC complex) signify a transformative approach in antiviral targeting. The integration of high-throughput phenotypic screening, AI-driven medication repurposing, and systems virology is transforming the antiviral discovery field. An ongoing interdisciplinary endeavor is necessary to convert these findings into versatile, resistance-resistant antiviral strategies that are applicable beyond the present pandemic and in future coronavirus epidemics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Antivirals against Coronaviruses)
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